Ukukhuluma mayelana inani lezinhlobo de peces emhlabeni ukuhlolisisa omunye wemikhakha ethakazelisa kakhulu neyinkimbinkimbi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Izinhlanzi, izakhamuzi zasendulo zemifula, amachibi, izilwandle, nezilwandle, zakha elinye lamaqembu ahlukahlukene kakhulu embusweni wezilwane. Kusukela emsuka wezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kuze kube namuhla, lezi zilwane ziye zabhekana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungavamile. Ukuba khona kwazo kubalulekile ezimisweni zemvelo zasemanzini, futhi ucwaningo lwazo luvusa ilukuluku lesayensi kanye nokutuseka kwabathanda imvelo nochwepheshe.
Umbuzo wokuthi zingaki izinhlobo zezilwane de peces Inani lezinhlobo ezikhona njengamanje lingase libonakale linzima ukulinquma. Nokho, ngenxa yocwaningo oluqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu esayensi athuthukile, ochwepheshe baye bakwazi ukulinganisa izinombolo ezinemba ngokwandayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholakala izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo minyaka yonke, okubonisa ubunjalo obungahloliwe bezindawo eziningi zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi ulwandle olujulile.
Lezi zilwane ezithakazelisayo azigcini nje ngokuletha impilo nombala ezindaweni zemvelo ezihlala kuzo, kodwa futhi zembula ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kwezakhi zofuzo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo . Izinhlanzi zikhona cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zasemanzini ezingacatshangwa, kusukela emanzini abandayo eduze kwezinsika kuya emithonjeni eshisayo, kusukela emifuleni yasezintabeni kuya ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola inani lezinhlobo zezilwane de peces kuqashelwe, amaqembu abo amakhulu nezigaba, imininingwane ngebhayoloji yabo, izinsongo, ukubaluleka kwemvelo nakho konke okusivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono ubukhulu nokubaluleka kwezinhlanzi emhlabeni wethu.
Zingaki izinhlobo de peces zikhona emhlabeni?
Izinhlanzi zihlanganisa iqembu elidala nelikhulu lezilwane ezinomgogodla Zomhlaba. Ngokusho kwedatha yesayensi yakamuva kakhulu, inani lezinhlobo zezilwane de peces balinganiselwa ku-28.000Lesi sibalo siyahlawumbisela futhi sikhula njalo ngenxa yokutholwa okusha kanye nokubuyekezwa kwe-taxonomic okwenziwa emhlabeni jikelele.
Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi izinhlanzi zimelela cishe u-9,6% wazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezaziwayo , okuyisibalo esigcizelela ukubaluleka kwazo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokubaluleka kwemvelo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kusatshalaliswa ezinkulungwaneni zezindawo zokuhlala zasemanzini emhlabeni jikelele, zivumelana nezimo nezinsiza ezihlukene kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe imindeni engama-400 de peces Lawa maqembu ahlanganisa zonke lezi zinhlobo zezilwane, azihlukanise zibe amakilasi kanye nezigaba ezincane ngokusekelwe kunqubo ye-morphological, genetic, kanye ne-evolutionary criteria. Ngaphakathi kwale repertoire ebanzi, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-8.000 zibalulekile ekuhlobiseni, njengoba zikhuliswa ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini nasezingadini zamanzi emhlabeni jikelele.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, ngenxa yobukhulu nokujula kolwandle, inani elikhulu lezinhlobo lisalokhu lingatholakali. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi izinkulungwane zezinhlobo cishe azikaziwa yisayensi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala ezindaweni ezijulile noma ezikude abantu abangakaze bazihlole.
Umsebenzi wokubhala uhlu nokufunda izinhlanzi uwela ngokuyinhloko ngaphansi kwesizinda se- ichthyology , igatsha le-zoology elizinikele ekufundweni kwezinhlanzi. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo kwezinhlobo akusivumeli nje kuphela ukuthola izinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nobudlelwano bemvelo ezindaweni zemvelo zasemanzini.
Imiqondo esemqoka: Iyini inhlanzi futhi iyini uhlobo lwenhlanzi?
Ukuze uqonde ubukhulu bokuhlukahluka de peces Kubalulekile ukucacisa kuqala ukuthi yini ngempela ethathwa njengenhlanzi nokuthi igama elithi uhlobo lisho ukuthini kulo mongo.
Inhlanzi iyisilwane esinomgogodla emanzini esiphefumula kakhulu ngama-gill futhi sinyakaza sisebenzisa amaphiko aso. Imizimba yezinhlanzi ivame ukumbozwa ngama-scales, futhi ezimweni eziningi, inesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi esilula. Nakuba kunezimo ezihlukile, izinhlanzi eziningi zibekela amaqanda futhi zizalane ngaphandle komzimba wesifazane.
Izinhlanzi zingaphila emanzini ahlanzekile namanzi anosawoti, futhi ziye zajwayelana nezinhlobo eziningi zezindawo namazinga okushisa. Ziyizilwane ezinegazi elibandayo (ama-ectotherms), okusho ukuthi izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo lincike endaweni ezungezile.
Leli gama especie, ku-biology, ibhekisela kusethi yezinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukuzalana futhi zikhiqize inzalo evundile. Uhlobo lubonakala ngokuba nesizinda sofuzo esivamile kanye nokwethula izici ezifanayo ze-morphological. Ngakho-ke, uma sikhuluma ngezinhlobo de peces, sibhekisela emaqenjini emvelo abantu ababelana ngobunikazi obuthile bebhayoloji kanye nezakhi zofuzo, bazihlukanisa kwamanye amaqembu abangakwazi ukuzalana nawo ngokuvundayo.
Ukunqunywa kwezinhlobo zezilwane akuhlali kuqondile, njengoba izifundo zofuzo, i-morphological, kanye nokuziphatha ngokuvamile zidingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zingamaqembu ahlukene. Intuthuko yezakhi zofuzo zamangqamuzana yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane nokuqonda kangcono ubudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwazo.
Amaqembu amakhulu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane de peces
Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu de peces Ukwehlukahlukana okukhona sekuholele ekutheni ososayensi bazihlukanise ngamaqembu amakhulu noma amakilasi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe kuzici ze-anatomical, physiological, ne-evolution, okuvumela izinhlobo ezinezici ezifanayo ukuthi ziqoqwe ndawonye futhi kwenziwe lula ukufunda kwazo.
- Inhlanzi engenamihlathi (Agnatha)Bahlanganisa amaqembu akudala kakhulu nambalwa, okwamanje amelwe amalambu nama-hagfish.
- Izinhlanzi ze-Cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes). Ibonakala ngokuba nohlaka lohlaka loqwanga esikhundleni sethambo. Leli qembu lihlanganisa oshaka, imisebe, nama-chimera.
- Izinhlanzi ezingamathambo (Osteichthyes)Bakha isigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi esihluke kakhulu. Amathambo azo enziwe ngamathambo, futhi aphinde ahlukaniswe abe izinhlanzi ezine-ray-finned kanye ne-lobe-finned.
Lawa makilasi akhombisa izigaba ezihlukene zokuvela kwezinhlanzi futhi akhombisa ikhono lalezi zilwane lokuzivumelanisa nezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala.
Inhlanzi engenamihlathi: Agnatha
Ama-Agnathans yizinhlanzi ezindala kakhulu nezindala kakhulu. Zimbalwa izinhlobo ezisaphila namuhla, ezingamalungu amaqembu amabili amancane: ama-lamprey nama-hagfish.
- izibaniZinomzimba omude, we-gelatinous, oyi-cylindrical, ongenasikali futhi oshelelayo ngokwedlulele. Zifana nje nezimbongolo, nakuba zingahlobene eduze. Ama-Lamprey ahlala emanzini amasha nasawoti futhi azala ngokubekela amaqanda. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyizilokazane zezinye izinhlanzi, ezinamathela kuzo ukuze zidle igazi lazo.
- Ama-Mixinos noma "i-hagfish": Bayizihambi ngisho, banemizimba emide embozwe into encane. Zintula imihlathi kodwa zenze izakhiwo zangaphandle ezizivumela ukuba zibambe inyamazane. Ukudla kwazo okuyinhloko ukudla okufile okutholakala ekujuleni kolwandle, lapho kungekho khona ukukhanya. Zinolimi olunamazinyo ezingalusebenzisa ukuklebhula inyama yezinye izilwane.
Womabili la maqembu amele amagatsha okuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezilwane ezinomgogodla futhi anikeza izinkomba ezinyathelweni zakuqala zokuvela kwezinhlanzi.
Izinhlanzi ze-Cartilaginous: oshaka, imisebe nama-chimeras
Izinhlanzi ezidla inyama ( i-Chondrichthyes) zibonakala ngokuba nohlaka lwamathambo olwakhiwe yi-cartilage esikhundleni sethambo. Leli qembu libhekwa njengelinye lakudala kakhulu futhi eliqinile kakhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo.
- OshakaIzilwane ezidla ezinye zasolwandle ezidumile, oshaka banomzimba ohlelekile, imihlathi enamandla, nezinzwa ezibukhali kakhulu. Nakuba bevame ukuba nedumela elesabekayo, izinhlobo eziningi zoshaka zisengozini ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala.
- ImivimboNgemizimba eyisicaba kanye namaphiko e-pectoral anjengephiko, imisebe ihlala eduze nolwandle. Bahlukaniswa noshaka ngokuhleleka kwamagill abo kanye nokuma komzimba wabo.
- AmaChimeraEbizwa ngokuthi "i-ratfish," i-chimaeras iyiqembu elincane lezinhlobo zasolwandle ezihlala emanzini ajulile. I-morphology yabo ikhumbuza kokubili oshaka nemisebe. Zithakazelisa ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngoba zigcina izici zakudala kakhulu.
Izinhlanzi ezidla inyama zidlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni njengezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zasemanzini kanye nabalawuli bezinhlobo zezinye izilwane zasemanzini.
Izinhlanzi ze-Bony: ukuhlukahluka okukhulu embusweni wasemanzini
Iningi le izinhlobo de peces Bangaphansi kwesigaba sezinhlanzi ezinamathambo (Osteichthyes). Leli qembu limelela ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kakhulu, nezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezilwane ezijwayele zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zasemanzini. Izinhlanzi ezingamathambo zinohlaka lwamathambo oluqinile futhi ngokuvamile zinamathambo avikelwe i-operculum.
- Ama-ActinopterygiansLezi izinhlanzi amaphiko azo anemisebe yamathambo noma ye-cartilaginous. Bakha iphesenti elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi basukela ku-clownfish ethandwayo kuya ku-tuna, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zokuphila nobukhulu.
- I-SarcopterygianZiyizinhlanzi ezinamathambo ezinama-lobe fins, iqembu elihlanganisa i-coelacanths ne-lungfish, futhi ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengezinsalela eziphilayo. Ama-Sarcopterygians abaluleke kakhulu njengokhokho bezilwane ezinomgogodla wokuqala wasemhlabeni (ama-amphibians).
Izinhlanzi ezingama-Bony ziye zahlanganisa cishe yonke indawo yasemanzini engokwemvelo emhlabeni futhi zinikeza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha, izimo, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
I-Ecology, ukuphakela kanye nezimo zezinhlanzi
Izinhlanzi zinemikhuba yokudla ehlukene, okuzivumela ukuthi zibambe izindima eziningi zemvelo :
- Izilwane ezidla inyama: Zidla ezinye izilwane, kungaba izinhlanzi ezincane, izilwane ezingenamgogodla noma inyamazane ethile.
- Izitshalo ezidliwayo: Ngokuyinhloko zidla izitshalo zasemanzini kanye nolwelwe.
- ama-omnivores: Ukudla kwayo kuxubile, kuvumelana nalokho okutholakala endaweni yayo.
- IzihlungiNjengoshaka omkhomo, lezi zinhlanzi zihlunga amanzi ukuze zibambe izinto eziphilayo ezincane njenge-plankton.
Ukuma komzimba, ukuhlelwa kwe-fin, kanye nohlobo lomlomo wenhlanzi ngayinye kuwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo endaweni yazo kanye nokudla okutholakalayo. Izinhlanzi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengezixhobo zamakhorali, imifula yezintaba eziphakeme, amachibi ajulile, amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo, ngisho nemithombo yamanzi ashisayo.
Mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwazo, izinhlanzi nazo zihlukaniswa ngokwendawo ezikuyo:
- Inhlanzi yePelagicZihlala kude naphansi, emanzini avulekile, njenge-tuna noma ama-sardine.
- Izinhlanzi ze-Benthic: Ahlala eseduze noma axhumene naphansi, njengama-sole noma ama-conger eels.
- I-Necto-benthic: Bahlanganisa imikhuba yokubhukuda mahhala nokuncika okuthile olwandle.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo kanye neqhaza lezinhlanzi kuma-ecosystem
Izinhlanzi azigcini nje ngokuba ngomunye wemithombo yokudla ebaluleke kakhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni eziningi, kodwa futhi zigcina impilo kanye nokulinganisela kwezindawo zemvelo zasemanzini. Indima yazo ibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla, ukulawula inani lezinto eziphilayo kanye nokwenza kube lula ukuphinda kusetshenziswe izakhamzimba. Funda kabanzi ngokubaluleka kwazo ezindaweni zemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi eziningi zihlanganyela ekufudukeni okumangalisayo, njenge-salmon nama-eels. Lokhu kufuduka kungahlanganisa izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha futhi akubalulekile nje kuphela ekukhiqizeni nasekuphileni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi nasekuhlukeni kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo ezidabulayo.
Ezinye izinhlobo de pecesEzinye izinhlobo, njenge-whale shark ne-catfish enkulu yasemanzini ahlanzekile, zifinyelela ubukhulu futhi ziphila iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Nokho, ezinye zincane futhi zinesikhashana, zizalana ngobuningi kodwa ziphila izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.
Ukongiwa kanye nezinsongo ezinhlobonhlobo de peces
Naphezu kobuningi nokwehlukahluka kwazo, izinhlanzi zibhekene nezinsongo ezinkulu emhlabeni jikelele. Amakhulu ezinhlobo zezinhlanzi asengozini noma anyamalale ngokuphelele ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu njengokudoba ngokweqile, ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukungcola kwamanzi, ukungeniswa kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) iqhubeka njalo nokwenza ukuhlola ubungozi ezinkulungwaneni zezinhlobo zezilwane. de pecesNokho, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zisantula idatha eyanele ukuze zifakwe ohlwini ngendlela efanele futhi zivikelwe. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi iphesenti lezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini liphezulu kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini.
Ukulahleka kwezinhlobo zezilwane de peces Akuthinti nje kuphela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kodwa futhi nokuvikeleka kokudla kwabantu kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasemanzini. Kuye kwasungulwa amamodeli asebenzisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze abikezele futhi abone izingozi zokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezingafundiswanga kahle, okuvumela ukulindelwa kwezinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nokuphathwa okuthuthukisiwe kwezokongiwa kwemvelo.
Ezinye izindawo ezifana neCoral Triangle, iSouth China Sea, kanye nezindawo ezithile zogwini lwase-Australia naseNyakatho Melika zibhekwa njengezindawo ezishisayo zezinto eziphilayo futhi zidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlobo zazo ezitholakala kalula.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngebhayoloji nokuziphatha kwezinhlanzi
- UkuxhumanaIzinhlanzi zixhumana zisebenzisa imisindo, amakhemikhali ancibilike emanzini, ukunyakaza, nokushintsha kwemibala. Bangase benze umsindo, ukuklabalasa, neminye imisindo yokuzivikela, ukukhiqiza kabusha, noma ukumaka indawo.
- IzinzwaBanezinzwa ezithuthuke kakhulu. Izinhlanzi eziningi zingakwazi ukubona ukudlidliza ngomugqa wazo ongaseceleni, zibone izindawo zikagesi, noma zihlukanise imibala namasignali okukhanya ngisho nasezindaweni ezinokukhanya okuphansi.
- Ukuziphatha komphakathiKunezinhlobo ezihlala zodwa kanye nezinye ezithanda ukuhlangana kakhulu ezakha izikole ukuze zizivikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye futhi zandise ukusebenza kahle kokudla.
- Ukuzala: Iningi liyi-oviparous, kodwa kukhona nezinhlobo ze-viviparous noma lezo ezinezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokuzala, njengokunakekelwa kwabazali noma ukushintsha ubulili kukho konke ukuphila.
Ezinye izinhlanzi, njenge-clownfish, zenze izindlela eziyingqayizivele zokuhlonza amalungu eqembu labo ngokusebenzisa izinkomba ze-ultraviolet ezibukwayo, okubonisa ubunkimbinkimbi bokubona kwabo kwezinzwa nezenhlalo.
Namuhla, ukudoba kwezemidlalo, i-aquariophilia kanye ne-gastronomy kuyaqhubeka nokwandisa isithakazelo nolwazi mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane. de peces.
Kuyafaneleka ukugqamisa ukubaluleka kwezifundo zesayensi nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe (njengezakhi zofuzo zamangqamuzana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa) esivumela ukuthi sithole izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane futhi siklame amasu okulondoloza asebenza ngempumelelo.
Uhambo lokuthola ngezinhlobo zezilwane de peces Kusekude ukuphela. Ngohambo ngalunye nokuthuthuka ngakunye kwezobuchwepheshe, ulwazi lwethu nesibopho sethu sokuvikela nokwazisa izinhlobonhlobo nobuhle bezinhlanzi kuyakhula. Ukuzinakekela kusho ukunakekela impilo eMhlabeni kanye nokulinganisela kwe-ecosystem esisisekelayo.
