Izwe loshaka lithakazelisa ngokuphelele. Ziyizilwane ezinkulu ezidla olwandle ubuhle obusezingeni eliphezulu. Abanye baziwa kangcono futhi besatshwa kunabanye, njengoba kwenzeka ku- Ushaka omhlophe noma i inkunzi ushaka, ngenxa yobudlova bayo obukhulu. Namuhla sikhuluma ngakho ushaka whale. Luhlobo lwe-orectolobiform elasmobranch elingelomndeni wakwaRhincodontidae. Igama layo lesayensi ngu I-Rhincodon typus y Ibhekwa njengenhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Ingabe ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-whale shark? Lapha sikutshela konke mayelana yayo izici nendlela yokuphila futhi kungani kunjalo inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Izici eziyinhloko
Emvelweni kunezikhathi lapho igama elijwayelekile lezinye izinhlobo kungenxa yokufana kwalo nesinye isilwane noma into. Sithola izinhlobo ezithile ezifana ne- inhlanzi yengwenya futhi i inhlanzi yezembe, bobabili baqanjwe ngokufana kwabo nengwenya nesaha, ngokulandelana. Awu, I-whale shark ithola igama layo ngokufana kwayo nemikhomoHhayi nje ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, kodwa futhi ngenxa izici eziningana kanye morphology yayo.
Inosayizi omkhulu ovame ukudlula amamitha ayi-10-12 ubude., enamarekhodi abhalwe kahle obude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12 nobuningi obungaphezu kwamathani angama-20. Ihlala emanzini ashisayo nangaphansi komhlaba futhi, ngenxa yezimpawu zayo ze-anatomical kanye ne-physiological, ithathwa njengombhukudi ongasebenzi kahle uma uqhathaniswa nabanye oshaka, ihamba ngesivinini esingaba ngu-5 km/h kanye nokusebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yomzimba ukuqhubeza.
Isisu sikashaka womkhomo simhlophe kanye nomhlane ompunga noma omnyama, onenqwaba yamavukuzane nemigqa evundlile neqondile elula, iphethini ekhumbuza ibhodi le-chess. Lo mklamo uhlukile kumuntu ngamunye futhi Isetshenziswa "njengezigxivizo zeminwe" ngokuhlonza izithombe nokubalwa kwabantu, okuwusizo ekubhalweni izibazi zokudoba nezokuvakashaKwezinye izindawo yaziwa nangokuthi i-domino fish noma i-checker fish.
Isikhumba sakho singafinyelela kuze kufike ku-10 cm ubukhulu futhi imbozwe ngama-dermal denticles anciphisa ukungqubuzana. Umzimba mude futhi uqinile, unobude obude ekhanda nangemuva; ikhanda libanzi futhi liyisicaba futhi line amapheya amahlanu amakhulu amagila enemifantu emikhulu. I-pectoral fin inamandla, inamaphiko amabili omhlane, kanti i-caudal fin iyashintsha ngokuya ngeminyaka: Kubantu abasha, i-lobe engenhla inkulu, kuyilapho kubantu abadala ithatha ukuma kwe-semilunar, ukhiye wokuqhuba.
Umlomo mkhulu (ungavuleka cishe 1,5m ububanzi) futhi iqukethe amakhulukhulu emigqa emincane yamazinyo, empeleni, Azidlali indima ebalulekile ekudleniLeli gape livumela i-whale shark ukuthi ibambe amanzi amaningi ngezilwane ezincane futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukubamba izinhlanzi ezincane ngamaqembu.
Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwayo kwangaphandle, i-whale shark inezici zangaphakathi eziyingqayizivele: i-cartilaginous skeleton eguquguqukayo futhi engasindi, ukungabi khona kwe-rib cage (ithathelwe indawo yi-collagen engaphansi kwesikhumba "i-corset") kanye nesistimu yezinzwa ethuthuke kakhulu. Ine I-Lorenzini ampoules ukuthola amasimu kagesi, umugqa we-mechanosensory lateral ukuze ubone izinguquko zokucindezela kanye nendlebe enkulu yangaphakathi erekhodiwe phakathi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla, ezizwelayo imisindo yefrikhwensi ephansi.
Indawo yokuhlala i-Whale shark
Ushaka lo uyaphila amanzi afudumele, ashisayo kanye namanzi ashisayo, ngokukhetha izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-20 no-35 ºC. Ibonwa olwandle oluvulekile nasezindaweni ezikhiqizayo ezisogwini, ezisele ngokuvamile phakathi kwe-±30° latitudeIvame ukutholakala ogwini, kodwa futhi ezindaweni zama-coral, amachweba kanye eduze nemilomo yemifula, lapho ukukhiqiza kudonsela ukugcwala kwe-plankton.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi izinhlanzi ze-pelagic ezichitha isikhathi esiningi eduze nendawo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi, yehlela ku-700 mPhakathi nezinkathi ezithile zonyaka, bathuthela amabanga amade ezindaweni ezisogwini ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuhlanganisa kwazo: I-Ningaloo Reef eNtshonalanga Australia; I-Donsol ne-Batangas ePhilippines; I-Holbox Island, i-Peninsula yaseYucatan, ne-Baja California eMexico; Utila eHonduras; ogwini lwe IZanzibar (ePemba nase-Unguja) eTanzania; kanye nezindawo zaseCaribbean ezifana Belize kanye nezindawo ezisempumalanga ye-tropical Pacific.
Ngokuvamile ithwala a ukuphila wedwa, nakuba ngezikhathi zenala yokudla kwakha amaqembu abantu abaningi noma amakhulu ezindaweni ezithile. Phakathi kwalaba shark, Abesilisa bavame ukuhamba kakhulu futhi ingabonakala ezindaweni ezahlukene, kuyilapho abesifazane bebonisa ukwethembeka ezindaweni ezithile.
Ukumaka kwesathelayithi nezifundo zokuhlonza izithombe zibonisiwe amaphethini okufuduka ahlukahlukene, nentsha esele isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezivikelekile (zokudla kanye nengozi ephansi) kanye nabantu abadala abahamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha phakathi kwezindawo zokudla kanye nezindawo ezingase zizalela kuzo.
Ukudla
Esinye isizathu esibizwa ngokuthi i-whale shark kungenxa yemikhuba yayo yokudla. Naphezu kwalokho ongase ukucabange lapho uzwa igama elithi "shark," ayiyona ingozi kubantu. Ngokuphambene nalokho: ayifaki usongo futhi ayivamisile ukunaka abatshuzi.
Iphakelwa ngu ukuhlunga, njengemikhomo ye-baleen. Kanye ne ushaka obhasikidi futhi i megamouth shark, ingenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zoshaka abahluza. Ukudla kwayo kusekelwe ku-phytoplankton, zooplankton kanye nekton.: ulwelwe oluncane, i-krill, amaqanda nezibungu, ama-crustaceans amancane (njengezibungu zezinkalankala), izikole de peces izinhlanzi ezincane (ama-sardine, ama-mackerel, i-tuna encane, ama-anchovies) kanye ne-squid. Ngemicimbi ekhethekile, zuza ukuzala okukhulu (isibonelo, amakhorali noma izinhlanzi) ezikhiqiza “isobho” lamaqanda nezibungu kukholamu yamanzi.
Amazinyo mancane futhi Abangeneleli ekondleniI-whale shark imunca amanzi amaningi futhi, lapho ivala umlomo wayo, iwuhlunga ngamakhekheba awo, ikhiphe amanzi "ahlanzekile". Iyakwazi ukumpompa amanzi ngaphandle kokudinga ukuqhubekela phambili, ngokuvamile ukuthatha ukuma okume mpo futhi yehla naphezulu ngenkathi ihlunga. Iyakwazi futha amalitha angu-1,7 ngomzuzwana futhi ihlunge izinkulungwane zamalitha ngehora, ibambe izinhlayiya ezinkulu kuno-2-3 mm futhi igcine izinhlayiya ezingcono nakakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zangaphakathi nama-denticles esikhumba.
Isebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokondla: ukudla kwenqama (ukubhukuda uvule umlomo lapho ubuningi bezinyamazane buphansi); ukumunca okumile (ukugwinya amanzi nokudla ngesikhathi sokuphumula, kulungele ukuminyana okuphakathi); futhi i-RAM esebenzayo ngaphezulu (ibhukuda embuthanweni nengxenye yomzimba wayo iphume ngokugxila kakhulu kwe-plankton). A “ukukhwehlela kwe-branchial” ukuhlanza okokusebenza okunqwabelene kuzihlungi.
Ekuziphatheni kwabo nabantu kuvamile ukubabona curious futhi ezolile nabatshuziKunemibiko echaza ukuthi abanye abantu baphuma kanjani esiswini bevumela abatshuzi ukuthi basuse ama-parasite, nakuba into esemqoka ukuthi gwema ukubathinta ukuze ungalimazi ulwelwesi lwamafinyila.
Ukuzala
Nakuba kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi yayiyini indlela yokukhiqizwa kwayo, sekuqinisekisiwe lokho abesifazane kukhona ovoviviparousAmaphuphu achanyuselwa eqandeni ngaphakathi kukanina futhi, uma esekhulile, azalwa ephila. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zilinganisa phakathi kuka-40 no-60 cm ngobude futhi izinga labo lokusinda liphansi. Abesifazane balotshwe nge amakhulu emibungu kuma-oviducts abo, enye yezinombolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezirekhodiwe koshaka.
Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo mayelana nezibonelo ezincane kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abavamile ukubonakalaAyikho futhi imininingwane egcwele mayelana nokukhula kwayo kwasekuqaleni endaweni yemvelo, kodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezocansi cishe ngamamitha ayi-9 ngobude nokuthi ubude bazo bokuphila bungedlula kakhulu amashumi ayisishiyagalombili eminyakaIngxenye yomjikelezo wokuzala ingenzeka ezindaweni ulwandle olujulile, okwenza kube nzima ukubuka ngokuqondile.
I-dimorphism yocansi icashile (abesilisa bakhona i-pterygopodia futhi, njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ukuthambekela okukhulu kokuhamba phakathi kwezifunda). Ukuba khona kwezinsikazi ezinkulu ezikhulelwe emihubheni yolwandle kusikisela izindlela zokufuduka ezixhumene nokuzala.
I-Taxonomy namagama
I-whale shark okuwukuphela kwelunga eliphilayo yomndeni i-Rhincodontidae kanye neyohlobo I-Rhincodon. Ihlukaniswa ngokuthi: Umbuso we-Animalia, Filo I-Chordata, I-Subphylum I-Vertebrata, Ikilasi Skhokho, Isigaba esingaphansi elasmobranchii, I-Superorder i-selachimorpha, Ukuhleleka I-Orectolobiformes, Umndeni I-Rhincodontidae, Ubulili I-Rhincodon, Izinhlobo R. uhlobo. Ezifundeni ezahlukene kanye nezincwadi zomlando elikutholile bomcondvofana njengoba I-Rhineodon, I-Rhinodon o I-Micristodus punctatusEVietnam uhlonishwa ngokuthi “Ca Ong"(UMnu. Fish), nasemazweni akhuluma iSpanishi kuvamile ukuzwa i-domino fish noma i-ladyfish, ngenxa yephethini yayo enamabala.
Ukuziphatha, ukufuduka kanye nokuhlalisana kwabantu
Kucatshangelwa i-whale shark ongekho emphakathini, nakuba yakha ukuhlanganisa kwesizini ezindaweni ezinothe ngokudla. Zivame ukubonakala phakathi isikhundla esime mpo lapho udla i-plankton egxilile futhi wenza ukunyakaza kwekhanda ngokushesha eduze kwendawo ukuze kwandiswe ukubamba.
Ukulandelela isathelayithi kudaluliwe imizila yezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha phakathi kwezindawo zokudla kanye nezindlela zokuzalanisa ezingase zibe khona. Kuma-gulf namatheku anokukhiqiza okuphezulu, amaphesenti abalulekile we intsha isala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuqhakaza; ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane abaningi abadala banyakazisa imizila yabo ngaseziqhingini zasolwandle lapho kuqoshwa khona ukubona abantu abakhulelwe.
Kwezinye izindawo eCaribbean, oshaka be-whale babuthana ukuze bazondle i-snapper roe ngezigaba ezithile zenyanga. Lezi trophic "amafasitela" Bachaza iziqongo ezibikezelwe kakhulu ekubonweni kanye nokukhuphuka kwe-ecotourism elawulwa kahle.
Isayensi kanye ne-genomics: okhiye bokuphila isikhathi eside
I-whale shark genome iseduze I-3,2 Gb ngokuqukethwe kwe I-GC isondele ku-42% kanye nenani eliphezulu lezakhi zofuzo ezidluliselwayo (cishe uhhafu wegenome, nenqwaba yamaLINE). amashumi ezinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo zokubhala amakhodi futhi, uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-chordates, izinga layo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ikakhulukazi i-lentaIngxenye enkulu yezakhi zawo zofuzo ingeyokhokho, nakuba ingxenye ebalulekile ibonisa ukuqanjwa kwamuva nje.
Kuphakanyiswe ubudlelwano phakathi kwayo izinga eliphansi le-basal metabolic (ilungiselwe isisindo kanye nezinga lokushisa), isisindo somzimba esikhulu nokuphawulekayo impilo ende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i amasayizi we-intronic kanye nofuzo Zivame ukuba phezulu ezindleleni ezihlotshaniswa nokuxhumana kwe-neuronal, i-metabolism, nokugcinwa kwe-telomere, izici ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuphileni okude kanye nezinga elihamba kancane loshintsho lwamangqamuzana olubonwayo.
Ukongiwa kwemvelo, izinsongo kanye ne-ecotourism enesibopho
Uhlobo lubhalwe yi-IUCN njenge IsengoziniPhakathi kwezinsongo eziyinhloko kukhona: ukuthwebula ngephutha kwezokudoba, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, ukushayisana nemikhumbi, ukungcola olwandle (okuhlanganisa amaplastiki) kanye nokuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala. I ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ngokufudumala kwamanzi olwandle kanye nezinguquko ekukhiqizeni, kungasusa izindawo ezibalulekile zokudla futhi kuthinte imizila efudukayo.
Emazweni amaningana wenqabela ukudoba futhi izindawo ezivikelwe zasolwandle kanye nemithethonqubo ziyasungulwa ukuze kulawuleke ezokuvakasha. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi ingcindezi yabavakashi ephethwe kabi Ingakwazi ukushintsha ukuziphatha (isikhathi eside esichithwa ukugwema izikebhe, amanani aphansi okuphakelayo, kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zamandla). Ngakho-ke, kuyanconywa: ungabathinti noma uvimbe ukuqhubeka kwabo, gcina ibanga elincane le 3 m (futhi ungalokothi usondele usuka ngaphambili), ungasebenzisi i-flash ekuthwebuleni izithombe nokuthi imikhumbi igcina okungenani ama-20 m kanye nokunciphisa isivinini ezindaweni zokubona.
Ngokuhambisanayo, ukushintshwa kokusetshenziswa kokukhishwa kwe i-ecotourism elawulwa kahle Kuzuzisa imiphakathi yendawo ngokushintsha uhlobo lwempahla ephilayo nehlala njalo, luqinise ukuvikelwa kwalo kwezomthetho nezenhlalo.
Ungabona kuphi oshaka be-whale?
Izilinganiso ezaziwa kakhulu zitholakala ku: I-Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia), I-Donsol, i-Batangas ne-Oslob (Philippines), I-Holbox Island, i-Isla Mujeres, kanye nogu olusenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Quintana Roo (EMexico), ILa Paz Bay kanye nenyakatho yeGulf of California (EMexico), Utila (Honduras), Belize (I-Caribbean), I-Zanzibar ne-Mafia Islands (eTanzania), I-Tofo (Mozambique), Pearl Islands (Panama), Maldives, I-Yibuti ngisho nezindawo ezithile zePacific ne-Atlantic epholile. Lezi zifunda zinikeza izinkathi zonyaka zamathuba aphezulu okuhlangana, ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nawo ama-plankton spikes kanye nokuzala, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentwasahlobo nehlobo noma phakathi nezinyanga zezinguquko zasezindaweni ezishisayo.
I-whale shark (I-Rhincodon typus) inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke olwandle, futhi nakuba ukwazi ukuyibona endle futhi ubhukude nayo kuyamangaza, Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe ku-planktonAmavolontiya Asebenzisanayo asebenzisana nezindawo ezahlukahlukene, lapho phakathi nesikhathi sakho samahhala ungathatha uhambo futhi, ngenhlanhla, uze uwabone. Ngoba kuyisenzakalo esingasoze salibaleka.
Namuhla sizokutshela okwengeziwe ngabo futhi ilukuluku elithile okungenzeka ukuthi ubungazi. Lesi silwane singakhula sibe ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12 ubude futhi sibe nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angama-21; yingakho kuyinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Futhi naphezu kobukhulu bayo, obubekayo, iyi-a umdondoshiya omnene eyaziwa ngokuzola kwayo kanye nokudla okusefayo.
Umzimba wayo omude umbozwe nge amabala nemigqa, iphethini ehlukile kumuntu ngamunye. Ikhanda liyisicaba futhi libanzi, linama-barbel amancane ekhala, futhi umlomo wayo ungafinyelela ku-1,5 m ububanzi. Nakuba ihlala amakhulu emigqa yamazinyo amancane, ayiwasebenziseli ukuhlafuna: ihlunga amanzi ngamagill ayo, igcina i-plankton, izinhlanzi ezincane nama-crustaceans. Ikhetha amanzi afudumele lapho ilandela ukufuduka kwe-plankton, yingakho ikhona olwandle olushisayo nolufudumele.
Ukuzala kukashaka womkhomo kuseyizimfihlakalo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kunjalo i-ovoviviparous; izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zilinganisa phakathi kuka-40 no-60 cm futhi kukholakala ukuthi ukuvuthwa ngokocansi Ifinyelela cishe ku-9 m. Icala elinokuningi 300 imibungu kowesifazane oyedwa. Uhlobo luyi Isengozini ngokwe-IUCN ngenxa yokudoba ngengozi, ukuhamba olwandle, ukungcola nokuzingela okuhlosiwe ezindaweni ezithile, ngaphezu kokulahleka kwendawo okuhlobene nesimo sezulu.
Zenziwe emhlabeni wonke izinyathelo zokulondoloza: ukuvinjelwa kokudoba kanye nezindawo ezivikelekile zasolwandle. I-Whale shark ebuka ezokuvakasha ikhiqiza imali engenayo esimeme, ekhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwazo, uma nje kulandelwa imikhuba emihle ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezeleka ezilwaneni.
EZINYE IZICISO
- Bangaphila amashumi eminyaka (80-100 iminyaka); ukulinganisa iminyaka yabo, amabhande okukhula kwama-vertebral nezindlela zokumaka ziyafundwa.
- Thola amagama endawo ngokuthi "butanding" ePhilippines noma "domino" eMexico; eVietnam ihlonishwa ngokuthi “Ca Ong”.
- Kuyinto a umbhukudi ophuzayo (cishe i-5 km/h) kodwa ekwazi ukufuduka isikhathi eside phakathi kwezindawo zokudla kanye nokuzalela.
- Nakuba inezinkulungwane amazinyo amancane, ukuphakelwa kuncike kumakama amagill kanye nokumuncwa.
SINGAZITHOLA KUPHI?
- I-MEXICO: Holbox Island, Isla Mujeres, Yucatán Peninsula, kanye neLa Paz Bay. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesizini okuxhumene ne-plankton nokuzala.
- EPHILIPPINES: Donsol kanye Oslob. Ukubuka kungokwemvelo eDonsol; kunemikhuba yokudla eyimpikiswano e-Oslob.
- I-AUSTRALIA: I-Ningaloo Reef. Ukufuduka okubikezelwayo ngezikhathi zonyaka eziphakeme kakhulu.
- I-MALDIVES ne-DJIBOUTI: Ukubona kwenzeka unyaka wonke, ngeziqongo phakathi nezikhathi zezimvula.
- I-SEYCHELLES, MOZAMBIQUE kanye ne-TANZANIA: I-Tofo ne-Mafia Island yizindawo eziyisakhiwo sodumo ngezikhathi zamaplankton amaningi.
- ABANYE: I-Belize, i-Utila, i-Pearl Islands kanye namaphoyinti asempumalanga yePacific eshisayo.
I-whale shark ingenye yezimangaliso zolwandle, umdondoshiya ovuzayo egcina ibhalansi yolwembu lokudla ngokudla i-plankton namaqanda de pecesNgithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana noshaka omkhomo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukwazisa ukubaluleka kokuwuvikela ukuze ukuba khona kwawo kuqhubeke kumangalisa ezilwandle emhlabeni jikelele.
