Izwe loshaka liyathakazelisa kakhulu. Bayizilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Abanye baziwa kakhulu futhi besatshwa kunabanye, njengoshaka omkhulu omhlophe noma ushaka omkhulu , ngenxa yolaka lwabo olukhulu. Namuhla sikhuluma ngoshaka womkhomo . Luhlobo lwe-orectolobiform elasmobranch oluvela emndenini we-Rhincodontidae. Igama lalo lesayensi yi -Rhincodon typus , futhi lubhekwa njengenhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngoshaka we-whale? Lapha sikutshela konke mayelana nezici zawo nendlela yokuphila , nokuthi kungani kuyinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Izici eziyinhloko
Emvelweni, kunezikhathi lapho igama elivamile lohlobo oluthile libangelwa ukufana kwalo nesinye isilwane noma into. Sithola izinhlobo ezifana ne- crocodilefish kanye ne- hatchetfish , zombili eziqanjwe ngokufana kwazo nengwenya kanye nesaha, ngokulandelana. Yebo, i-whale shark iqanjwe ngokufana kwayo nemikhomo , hhayi nje ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, kodwa futhi nangenxa yezici eziningana kanye nokwakheka kwayo.
Inobukhulu obukhulu, ngokuvamile obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10-12 ubude , kanye namarekhodi abhalwe kahle obude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12 kanye nobunzima obungaphezu kwamathani angama-20. Ihlala emanzini ashisayo nangaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo futhi, ngenxa yezici zayo zomzimba nezomzimba, ibhekwa njengenhlanzi yokubhukuda engafanele uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni ezisoshaka, ihamba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha ayi-5 ngehora futhi isebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yomzimba wayo ukuze iqhube.
Isisu se-whale shark simhlophe , kanti umhlane waso umpunga noma umnyama, umbozwe amabala amaningi kanye nemigqa eqondile nekhanyayo—iphethini elikhumbuza ibhodi le-chess. Leli phethini lihlukile kumuntu ngamunye futhi lisetshenziswa "njengeminwe" yokuhlonza izithombe kanye nokubalwa kwabantu, okuwusizo ekubhaleni izibazi zokudoba nezokuvakasha . Kwezinye izindawo, yaziwa nangokuthi inhlanzi i-domino noma inhlanzi ye-checkerboard.
Isikhumba sayo singafinyelela ku-10 cm ubukhulu futhi simbozwe ngama-dermal denticles anciphisa ukungqubuzana. Umzimba mude futhi uqinile, unezinsika ezinde ekhanda nasemhlane; ikhanda libanzi futhi liyisicaba futhi linama -gill amahlanu amakhulu anezimbobo ezinkulu. Amaphiko esifuba anamandla, anamaphiko amabili asemhlane, kanti iphiko lesifuba liyashintsha ngokuguga: ezinganeni ezincane, i-lobe ephezulu inkulu , kanti ezinganeni ezindala iba nesimo se-crescent, esiyisihluthulelo sokushukuma.
Umlomo mkhulu kakhulu (ungavuleka ube ngu -1,5 m ububanzi ) futhi uqukethe amakhulu emigqa emincane yamazinyo, empeleni, engadlali indima ebalulekile ekudleni . Lo mgodi uvumela i-whale shark ukuthi igwinye amanzi amaningi aqukethe izisulu ezincane, futhi ngokumangalisayo, ibambe izinhlanzi ezincane.
Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwayo kwangaphandle, i-whale shark inezici zangaphakathi ezihlukile: uhlaka lwe-cartilaginous oluguquguqukayo nolulula , ukungabikho kwe-rib cage (ethathelwe indawo yi-"corset" ye-collagen engaphansi kwesikhumba), kanye nesistimu yezinzwa ethuthuke kakhulu. Ine -ampullae ye-Lorenzini yokuthola amasimu kagesi, umugqa osemaceleni we-mechanosensory ukubona izinguquko zokucindezela, kanye nendlebe enkulu yangaphakathi eqoshwe phakathi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla, ezwela imisindo ephansi.
Indawo yokuhlala i-Whale shark
Lo shaka uhlala emanzini afudumele, ashisayo, nangaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo , ukhetha amazinga okushisa aphezulu aphakathi kuka-20 no-35°C. Ubonakala olwandle oluvulekile nasezindaweni ezisogwini ezikhiqizayo, ngokuvamile uhlala phakathi kwe-latitude engaba ngu-30° . Uvame ukutholakala ogwini, kodwa futhi naseziqhingini zama-coral , emachibini, naseduze kwemilomo yemifula, lapho umkhiqizo ophezulu udonsela khona amazinga e-plankton.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ziyizinhlanzi ze-pelagic ezichitha isikhathi esiningi eduze kwamanzi, yize ngezinye izikhathi zehlela ekujuleni okungaba amamitha angu-700 . Phakathi nezinkathi ezithile, ziyahamba ibanga elide ziye ezindaweni ezisogwini ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuhlangana kwazo: iNingaloo Reef eNtshonalanga ye-Australia; iDonsol neBatangas ePhilippines; iHolbox Island, iYucatán Peninsula, kanye neBaja California eMexico; i-Utila eHonduras; ogwini lwaseZanzibar (iPemba ne-Unguja) eTanzania ; kanye nezindawo zaseCaribbean njengeBelize kanye namaphuzu asePacific esempumalanga yetropiki.
Ngokuvamile iphila impilo yodwa , yize ngezikhathi zokudla okuningi yakha amaqembu amaningi noma amakhulu ezinhlanga ezindaweni ezithile. Phakathi kwalaba oshaka, abesilisa bavame ukuhamba kakhulu futhi babonakale ezindaweni ezingafani, kuyilapho abesifazane bebonisa ukwethembeka ezindaweni ezithile.
Izifundo zokufaka amathegi e-satellite kanye nokuhlonza izithombe ziveze amaphethini ahlukahlukene okufuduka , lapho izingane ezincane zihlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezivikelwe (ukudla kanye nengozi ephansi) kanye nabantu abadala abenza uhambo lwezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha phakathi kwezindawo zokudla kanye nezindawo ezingase zizalele kuzo.
Ukudla
Esinye isizathu sokuthi ibizwe ngokuthi i-whale shark kungenxa yemikhuba yayo yokudla. Naphezu kwalokho ongakucabanga uma uzwa igama elithi "shark," aliyona ingozi kubantu . Ngokuphambene nalokho, alinawo usongo futhi alinaki kakhulu ababhukudi.
Iphakelwa ngu ukuhlunga, njengemikhomo ye-baleen. Kanye ne ushaka obhasikidi futhi i megamouth shark, ingenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zoshaka abahluza. Ukudla kwayo kusekelwe ku-phytoplankton, zooplankton kanye nekton.: ulwelwe oluncane, i-krill, amaqanda nezibungu, ama-crustaceans amancane (njengezibungu zezinkalankala), izikole de peces izinhlanzi ezincane (ama-sardine, ama-mackerel, i-tuna encane, ama-anchovies) kanye ne-squid. Ngemicimbi ekhethekile, zuza ukuzala okukhulu (isibonelo, amakhorali noma izinhlanzi) ezikhiqiza “isobho” lamaqanda nezibungu kukholamu yamanzi.
Amazinyo mancane futhi awadlali indima ekudleni . I-whale shark imunca amanzi amaningi, futhi uma ivala umlomo wayo, iyawahlunga ngama-gill rakers ayo, ikhipha amanzi acishe abe "ahlanzekile". Ingapompa amanzi ngaphandle kokuya phambili , ivame ukuthatha indawo eqondile futhi ihambe phezulu naphansi ngenkathi ihlunga. Iyakwazi ukupompa cishe amalitha angu-1,7 ngomzuzwana futhi ihlunge izinkulungwane zamalitha ngehora, ibambe izinhlayiya ezinkulu kuno-2-3 mm futhi igcine izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zangaphakathi kanye nama-dermal denticles.
Isebenzisa amasu amaningana okondla: ukondla izinqama (ukubhukuda umlomo uvulekile lapho ubuningi bezinyamazane buphansi); ukumunca okungaguquki (ukugwinya amanzi nokudla ngenkathi uphumule, okulungele ubuningi obuphakathi); kanye nokondla izinqama okusebenzayo (ukubhukuda ngezindilinga nengxenye yomzimba wayo ngaphezu kobuso ngama-plankton amaningi). " Ukukhwehlela kwegill " kuchazwe ngokususa izinto eziqongelelwe ezihlungini.
Ekusebenzelaneni kwabo nabantu, bavame ukubonakala benobugovu futhi bezolile lapho behlangana nababhukudi . Kunemibiko echaza indlela abanye abantu abaphuma ngayo esiswini, okuvumela ababhukudi ukuthi basuse izilokazane, yize kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ukugwema ukuzithinta ukuze kungalimazi uqweqwe lwazo lwamafinyila.
Ukuzala
Nakuba kuthathe umzamo omkhulu ukuthola indlela yokuzala, kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi izinsikazi zi-ovoviviparous . Izinjana zichanyuselwa emaqandeni ngaphakathi komama wazo futhi, uma sezikhulile, zizalwa ziphila. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zinobude obuphakathi kuka-40 no-60 cm futhi zinesilinganiso esiphansi sokusinda. Izinsikazi zibhalwe phansi zinezimbungu eziningi emaqandeni azo, okungenye yezinombolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezake zabhalwa koshaka.
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngezinhlobo ezincane, njengoba zingavamile ukubonwa . Akukho futhi idatha ephelele mayelana nokukhula kwazo kwasekuqaleni endaweni yazo yemvelo, kodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi zifinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokobulili cishe ngamamitha angu-9 ubude nokuthi isikhathi sazo sokuphila singadlula kalula amashumi ayisishiyagalombili eminyaka . Ingxenye yomjikelezo wazo wokuzala ingase yenzeke ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle , okwenza kube nzima ukuzibona ngqo.
Ukwehluka kobulili kungabonakali (abesilisa banezimbotshana futhi , ngokuvamile, bathambekele kakhulu ekuhambeni phakathi kwezindawo). Ukuba khona kwezinsikazi ezinkulu ezikhulelwe emigwaqweni yolwandle kusikisela imizila yokufuduka ehlobene nokuzala.
I-Taxonomy namagama
I-whale shark okuwukuphela kwelunga eliphilayo yomndeni i-Rhincodontidae kanye neyohlobo I-Rhincodon. Ihlukaniswa ngokuthi: Umbuso we-Animalia, Filo I-Chordata, I-Subphylum I-Vertebrata, Ikilasi Skhokho, Isigaba esingaphansi elasmobranchii, I-Superorder i-selachimorpha, Ukuhleleka I-Orectolobiformes, Umndeni I-Rhincodontidae, Ubulili I-Rhincodon, Izinhlobo R. uhlobo. Ezifundeni ezahlukene kanye nezincwadi zomlando elikutholile bomcondvofana njengoba I-Rhineodon, I-Rhinodon o I-Micristodus punctatusEVietnam uhlonishwa ngokuthi “Ca Ong"(UMnu. Fish), nasemazweni akhuluma iSpanishi kuvamile ukuzwa i-domino fish noma i-ladyfish, ngenxa yephethini yayo enamabala.
Ukuziphatha, ukufuduka kanye nokuhlalisana kwabantu
Oshaka bemikhomo babhekwa njengabangasondelene kangako , yize bakha ukuhlangana kwesizini ezindaweni ezicebile ngokudla. Bavame ukubonakala bemi endaweni eqondile lapho bedla i-plankton egxilile futhi benza ukunyakaza kwekhanda okusheshayo eduze kwendawo ukuze babambe kakhulu.
Ukulandelela ngesathelayithi kwembule imizila yokufuduka ethatha izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha phakathi kwezindawo zokudla kanye nemizila yokuzalela engaba khona. Emachwebeni nasezindaweni ezikhiqiza kakhulu, inani elikhulu labantwana abancane lihlala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba lihlakazeke; okwamanje, abesifazane abaningi abadala bashintsha imizila yabo baye eziqhingini zaselwandle lapho kuqoshwa khona njalo ukubonwa kwabantu abakhulelwe.
Ezingxenyeni ezithile zaseCaribbean, oshaka bemikhomo babuthana ukuze badle inyamazane ye-snapper ngesikhathi senyanga ethile. Lawa "mafasitela" okudla achaza ukuphakama okubikezelwayo kokubonwa kanye nokwanda kokuvakasha kwezemvelo okulawulwa kahle.
Isayensi kanye ne-genomics: okhiye bokuphila isikhathi eside
I-genome ye-whale shark icishe ibe ngu-3,2 Gb ngobukhulu , enokuqukethwe kwe-GC okucishe kube ngu-42% kanye nengxenye ephezulu yezakhi zofuzo ezingaguqulwa (cishe ingxenye ye-genome, enenqwaba ye-LINES). Kubikezelwe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo zokubhala ikhodi , futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye i-chordates, izinga layo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo lihamba kancane kakhulu . Ingxenye enkulu yezakhi zofuzo zayo ingokwasendulo, yize ingxenye enkulu ibonisa ukusungulwa okusha kwamuva.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ubudlelwano phakathi kwesilinganiso sabo esiphansi se-basal metabolic (esilungiswe ngenxa yobukhulu kanye nokushisa), isisindo somzimba esikhulu, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside okumangalisayo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu be-intronic kanye nobezakhi zofuzo buvame ukuba bukhulu ezindleleni ezihlotshaniswa nokuxhumana kwe-neuronal, i-metabolism, kanye nokugcinwa kwe-telomere—izici ezihlangene ezingaba negalelo ekuphileni isikhathi eside kanye nesilinganiso esibonakalayo sokushintsha kwama-molecule.
Ukongiwa kwemvelo, izinsongo kanye ne-ecotourism enesibopho
Lolu hlobo lubhalwe njengolusengozini yi-IUCN . Izinsongo ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ngokungafanele, ukuzingela okungekho emthethweni, ukushayisana nemikhumbi , ukungcola kolwandle (kufaka phakathi ipulasitiki ), kanye nokuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu , kanye nokufudumala kolwandle kanye noshintsho ekukhiqizeni, kungashintsha izindawo zokudla ezibalulekile futhi kuthinte imizila yokufuduka.
Emazweni amaningana, ukudoba kwabo akuvunyelwe , futhi izindawo ezivikelwe olwandle kanye nemithethonqubo sekusungulwe ukuphatha ezokuvakasha. Izifundo zamuva zibonisa ukuthi ingcindezi yezivakashi engalawulwa kahle ingashintsha ukuziphatha kwazo (isikhathi esiningi esichithwa ukugwema izikebhe, amazinga aphansi okuphakela, kanye nokwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kwamandla). Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi: ungazithinti noma uvimbele ukunyakaza kwazo , ugcine ibanga elincane lamamitha ama-3 (futhi ungalokothi usondele ngaphambili), ungasebenzisi izithombe ze-flash, nokuthi izikebhe zigcine ibanga okungenani lamamitha angama-20 futhi zinciphise isivinini ezindaweni ezibonayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukushintshwa kokusetshenziswa kokumba ngezokuvakasha zemvelo ezilawulwa kahle kusiza imiphakathi yendawo ngokuguqula uhlobo lwezilwane lube yimpahla ephilayo nehlala njalo, okuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwalo ngokomthetho nangokwenhlalo.
Ungabona kuphi oshaka be-whale?
Amaqoqo aziwa kakhulu atholakala ku: Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia), Donsol, Batangas, kanye ne-Oslob (Philippines), Holbox Island, Isla Mujeres, kanye nogu olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yeQuintana Roo (Mexico), La Paz Bay kanye neGulf of California (Mexico), Utila (Honduras), Belize (Caribbean), Zanzibar kanye neMafia Islands (Tanzania), Tofo (Mozambique), Pearl Islands archipelago (Panama), Maldives , Djibouti , ngisho nezindawo ezithile zePacific ne-Atlantic ezifudumele. Lezi zifunda zinikeza izinkathi zokuhlangana ezinamathuba aphezulu, ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa neziqongo ze-plankton kanye nokuzala, ikakhulukazi phakathi kokuphela kwentwasahlobo nehlobo noma phakathi nezinyanga zokuguquka kwezindawo ezishisayo.
I-whale shark ( i-Rhincodon typus ) iyinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke olwandle, futhi nakuba ukuyibona endle nokubhukuda nayo kuyinto emangalisayo, ukudla kwayo kuqukethe ikakhulukazi i-plankton . Amavolontiya Abambisanayo abambisana ezindaweni ezahlukene lapho, ngesikhathi sakho sokuphumula, ungathatha uhambo futhi, ngenhlanhla, ubabone. Kuyinto engasoze yalibaleka.
Namuhla sizokutshela okwengeziwe ngabo kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo ongase ungawazi. Lesi silwane singakhula sibe ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12 ubude futhi sibe nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angama-21; yingakho siyinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Futhi naphezu kobukhulu bayo obukhulu, iyisiqhwaga esimnene esaziwa ngokuziphatha kwayo okuzolile kanye nokudla okuhluzwayo.
Umzimba wayo omude umbozwe amabala nemigqa , iphethini ehlukile kumuntu ngamunye. Ikhanda liyisicaba futhi libanzi, linezinsika ezincane zamakhala, futhi umlomo wayo ungafinyelela ku-1,5 m ububanzi. Nakuba inamakhulu emigqa yamazinyo amancane, ayiwasebenzisi ukuhlafuna : ihlunga amanzi ngokusebenzisa ama-gill ayo, igcine i-plankton, izinhlanzi ezincane, kanye nezilwane ezinamagobolondo. Ithanda amanzi afudumele lapho ilandela ukufuduka kwe-plankton, ngakho-ke itholakala olwandle olushisayo nolufudumele.
Ukuzala kwe-whale shark kusenezimfihlakalo eziningi. Kwaziwa ukuthi i -ovoviviparous ; izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zikhula phakathi kuka-40 no-60 cm, kanti ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kukholakala ukuthi kufinyelelwa cishe kumamitha angu-9. Kuye kwabhalwa icala elilodwa elinemibungu engaphezu kuka- 300 kwensikazi eyodwa. Lolu hlobo lubhalwe njengolusengozini yi-IUCN ngenxa yokubanjwa okungafanele, ukuhamba olwandle, ukungcola, kanye nokuzingela okuqondiwe ezindaweni ezithile, kanye nokulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala ehlobene nesimo sezulu.
Emhlabeni jikelele, kuye kwaqaliswa izinyathelo zokulondoloza imvelo , okuhlanganisa nokuvinjelwa kokudoba kanye nezindawo ezivikelwe olwandle. Ukuvakasha koshaka bemikhomo kukhiqiza imali engenayo eqhubekayo , okukhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwabo, uma nje kulandelwa imikhuba emihle yokunciphisa ukucindezeleka ezilwaneni.
EZINYE IZICISO
- Bangaphila amashumi eminyaka (80-100 iminyaka); ukulinganisa iminyaka yabo, amabhande okukhula kwama-vertebral nezindlela zokumaka ziyafundwa.
- Thola amagama endawo ngokuthi "butanding" ePhilippines noma "domino" eMexico; eVietnam ihlonishwa ngokuthi “Ca Ong”.
- Kuyinto a umbhukudi ophuzayo (cishe i-5 km/h) kodwa ekwazi ukufuduka isikhathi eside phakathi kwezindawo zokudla kanye nokuzalela.
- Nakuba inezinkulungwane amazinyo amancane, ukuphakelwa kuncike kumakama amagill kanye nokumuncwa.
SINGAZITHOLA KUPHI?
- I-MEXICO: Holbox Island, Isla Mujeres, Yucatán Peninsula, kanye neLa Paz Bay. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesizini okuxhumene ne-plankton nokuzala.
- EPHILIPPINES: Donsol kanye Oslob. Ukubuka kungokwemvelo eDonsol; kunemikhuba yokudla eyimpikiswano e-Oslob.
- I-AUSTRALIA: I-Ningaloo Reef. Ukufuduka okubikezelwayo ngezikhathi zonyaka eziphakeme kakhulu.
- I-MALDIVES ne-DJIBOUTI: Ukubona kwenzeka unyaka wonke, ngeziqongo phakathi nezikhathi zezimvula.
- I-SEYCHELLES, MOZAMBIQUE kanye ne-TANZANIA: I-Tofo ne-Mafia Island yizindawo eziyisakhiwo sodumo ngezikhathi zamaplankton amaningi.
- ABANYE: I-Belize, i-Utila, i-Pearl Islands kanye namaphoyinti asempumalanga yePacific eshisayo.
I-whale shark ingenye yezimangaliso zolwandle, umdondoshiya ovuzayo egcina ibhalansi yolwembu lokudla ngokudla i-plankton namaqanda de pecesNgithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana noshaka omkhomo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukwazisa ukubaluleka kokuwuvikela ukuze ukuba khona kwawo kuqhubeke kumangalisa ezilwandle emhlabeni jikelele.
