Omunye woshaka abanelukuluku kakhulu futhi ongaqondakali abakhona kuzo zonke izilwandle yi ushaka wesipoki, okukodwa kwe izinhlanzi eziningi curiousIngolunye lwezinhlobo de peces amathambo e-cartilaginous ashelela kakhulu, ngakho Kunzima kakhulu ukukubona. kanye nokufunda ngebhayoloji yayo ngokuningiliziwe. Kuyiqembu esisafunda kulo ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yokurekhodwa, okutholwe emikhankasweni yocwaningo, kanye nezibonelo ezigeza zifile ogwini.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana ne-ghost shark nokuthi yini eyaziwayo mayelana nokuziphatha nemikhuba yayo, ukuhlanganisa idatha emisha eyinhloko mayelana nayo. isimilo, indawo yokuhlala, ukondla, ukuzala y isimo sokulondoloza.
Izici eziyinhloko
Yiqembu de peces okuyinto, nakuba ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi oshaka, eyaziwa kangcono ngegama ama-chimera. abomndeni Chimaeridae (phakathi kweminye imindeni yohlelo olufanayo) kanye nobulili I-Hydrolagus ngezinhlobo zayo eziningana; umyalelo uthi I-Chimaeriformes, okuwukuphela kommeleli ophilayo wesigaba esingaphansi I-HolocephaliEsikhundleni "soshaka" oyedwa, namuhla siyaqaphela inqwaba yezinhlobo zama-chimera, konke okunezici ezivamile nezici ezimangazayo.
Ukubukeka kwayo kuyamangalisa ngempela: ikhanda libonisa imigqa kanye nezinto ezisikhumbuzayo amapuleti suturedokubanikeza lokho kubukeka kwakudala. Amehlo abo amakhulu, anombala ongajwayelekile avela "engilazi," ukujwayela ukuntuleka kokukhanya ekujuleni. Ngokungafani nabanye oshaka, abanawo amazinyo abukhali angashintshwa; esikhundleni salokho, banayo amapuleti amazinyo ezisebenza njengezigayo zokuchoboza inyamazane eqinile.
Umbhalo wokuqala wawuthi “ayinawo amazinyo amakhulu asabekayo; esikhundleni samazinyo, inamathambo agaya ngawo ukudla kwayo.” Leli phuzu liyisihluthulelo: amapuleti amazinyo unomphela futhi imelana kakhulu, ilungele ama-crustaceans nama-mollusk.
Ukubukeka kwalolu hlobo, olukhona kusukela ngaleso sikhathi amakhulu ezigidi zeminyakaIhluke kakhulu kangangokuthi ivame ukubizwa nangokuthi i-ratfish o i-rabbitfish, kubhekwe phakathi kwe izinhlanzi ezingavamile emhlabeni ngenxa yokuma komlomo nomsila wayo. Esinye sezici zayo ezihluke kakhulu yi- umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mpunga noma omhlophe kwezinye izibonelo, okufaka isandla esiteketisoni esithi "ghost". Ikhala layo likhomba futhi, kwabesilisa, elivelele... isitho sokuzala esingahlehla ekhanda (i-cephalic tentacle), ngaphezu kwe- ama-clasps noma i-pterygopodia yokukopisha.
Omunye umehluko obalulekile koshaka "wakudala" ukuthi ama-chimera abonisa a i-operculum elimboza amagill, ukuze kuvuleke igill eyodwa ohlangothini ngalunye. Nabo abaphikisi ngoba iva elinobuthi phambi kwe- dorsal fin yokuqala, esetshenziswa njengesivikelo; nangendlela yayo yokuhamba “ngokutshuza” ngamandla ukuvuvukala kwe-pectoral fins.
- I-cartilaginous skeleton futhi umhlathi uhlangene nogebhezi (holocephaly).
- Amapuleti amazinyo unomphela wokuchoboza inyamazane eqinile.
- Umgogodla onobuthi ekugcineni kokuvikela.
- I-operculum yegatsha kanye nokuvuleka okukodwa ohlangothini ngalunye.
- Ukuqothula ngokuqaqa amaphiko e-pectoral.
- Imibala okuguquguqukayo: okunsundu, okumpunga, okumhlophe noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
- talla isilinganiso sizungeze i-1 m, nezinhlobo ezisukela kumadesimitha ambalwa kuya cishe kuma-2 m.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu kukhona I-Hydrolagus trolli (ushaka oyisipoki onekhala elicijile), I-Hydrolagus melanophasma, I-Hydrolagus matallanasi, kanye nama-chimera eminye imindeni njenge I-Callorhinchus milii eningizimu nenkabazwe. Ngayinye ithatha ama-niches ajulile futhi ikhombisa ukuhluka kombala, usayizi, kanye nokuma kwekhala.
Ibanga nendawo yokuhlala
I-ghost shark ine- indawo yokusabalalisa ebanzi kakhuluItholakala olwandle. Indian, Pacific kanye Atlanticezichumayo emanzini apholile futhi, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, nasezifundeni ezishisayo. Indawo yayo ejwayelekile itholakala olwandle (imikhuba ye-benthic), emithambekeni nasezintabeni, lapho ukukhanya kucishe kungabi khona.
Ngokuvamile zikhula futhi zihlala ekujuleni kusukela amamitha angamakhulu amaningana emazingeni adlulayo amamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbiliNakuba uhla lwayo oluvame kakhulu luzungeze indawo yokugezela, izehlakalo zilotshwe kuyo amanzi angashoni kunokujwayelekile, okusize ukubonwa kwakamuva nokuqoshwa kusetshenziswa izimoto eziqhutshwa kude (ama-ROV).
Isihloko sokuqala sikhuluma ngokuthi indawo yayo yemvelo Itholakala eduze neTasman Sea futhi ziningi kakhulu phakathi kwePacific eseningizimu-mpumalanga nemaphakathi. Ngempela, izinhlobo eziningana zigxile kuleso sifunda, kodwa kukhona okunye ukusatshalaliswa okuphawulekayo: isibonelo, Chatham RiseEMpumalanga ye-New Zealand, kube yindawo yokutholwa okubalulekile, futhi amarekhodi nawo abikiwe California kanye Hawaii ngezinhlobo ezifana ne-Hydrolagus trolli.
Ukuziphatha kwakhe escurridizo kanye nezimo zemvelo ejulile zenza kube nzima ukulandelela. Ziyizinhlanzi ezisheshayo ezishintshana phakathi kokuhamba kancane kanye isivinini ukuqhuma kanye nezinguquko ezingazelelwe lapho zithola inyamazane noma izinsongo ezingaba khona.
Ukudla kwe-Ghost shark
Lolu hlobo lukashaka (chimaera) ludla ngokuyinhloko i-a ukudla okudliwayoUkudla okuqondile kohlobo ngalunye akwaziwa ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa kukhona ukuvumelana ukuthi kudla ama-invertebrates we-benthic (njenge-mollusk nama-crustaceans) kanye izinhlanzi ezincaneI-morphology yomlomo wayo, etholakala engxenyeni engezansi yomzimba futhi ifakwe amapuleti amazinyo, ihambisana nesu trituration amagobolondo nama-carapaces.
Isici esisodwa esiphawulekayo sokuphila siwukuthi uhlelo lokugaya ukudla olululaUkungabikho kwesisu esihlukanisiwe kuchazwa ngezinhlobo eziningana, ngakho ukudla kudlula ngqo emathunjini. Lokhu kuvumela ukugaya okuqhubekayo nokusebenza kahle kwakho kokubili ukudla okunzima nokuthambile.
Ukucwaninga ukudla kwabo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngoba ukujula abahlala kuzo kanye nokuhamba kwabo. Noma kunjalo, okuqukethwe yisisu kuyahlaziya futhi kubhekisiswe ngqo ngama-ROV kukhomba ekuzingeleni njengokuthi ama-decapod crustaceans, i-bivalve molluscs kanye ne-gastropods, ama-polychaetes nezinhlanzi ezincane ze-demersal. Imisipha yomhlathi enamandla kanye nokuhlangana kwamapuleti amazinyo kuchaza ukusebenza kahle kwawo ekuphuleni izakhiwo ezibaliwe.
Okuqukethwe kwangempela sekuvele kubonisiwe ukuthi "ukudla kwabo kuqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane," futhi lo mbono uqiniswa idatha yomkhankaso yakamuva: ukudla kungokusebenzisa amathuba, okuncamelayo inyamazane engezansi nangokuhlukahluka kuye ngohlobo nesifunda.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha komoya oshaka
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala kwazo, lezi zinhlanzi zibonisa i-oviparityZanda ngamaqanda. I-copulation ingaphakathi futhi abesilisa basebenzisa ama-clasps (izithasiselo zokukopisha) kanye a i-cephalic tentacle ehoxiswayo ukuvimba owesifazane. Abesifazane bayakhiqiza ama-capsules amaqanda imicu yesikhumba ehlala phansi, lapho imibungu iqeda ukukhula kwayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwabo kuqala lapho befika endaweni ukuvuthwa ngokocansiUmbhalo wokuqala wabonisa ukuthi lesi sigaba senzeka lapho zidlula amasentimitha angama-55 ubude; nakuba ihlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, iphethini ifanelana: okokuqala ziyakhula, bese zifuduka zibheke amanzi angashoni noma izindawo ze-substrate efanelekile yokubeka, futhi ekugcineni ikhulule amaqanda avikelwe ama-capsules ngendlela "yesikhwama".
Kunamarekhodi ambalwa aqondile okukhwelana endle, okuningi kwalokho esikwaziyo ukuthi kuvela kukho ukubhekwa okuqondile nasekufundweni kwamaqanda nemibungu. Ezinye izinhlobo zibonisa izinkathi zonyakaKwezinye izinhlobo, i-oviposition ingase isakazeke kakhulu, kanti kwezinye inganwetshwa kakhulu. isikhathi sokuphila Kulinganiselwa ukuthi, kuma-chimera ambalwa, kuzoba phakathi kweminyaka engaphezudlwana kweshumi nambili, ngokuhlukahluka kwe-interspecific.
Umniningwane owodwa we-anatomical ovusa ilukuluku elikhulu ukuthi, ezinhlotsheni ezithile, iduna linayo isithasiselo esihoxiswayo esiphongweni, okusacutshungulwa ukusebenza kwayo okuqondile. Lesi sici, kanye nama-claspers nezinye izithasiselo ze-prepelvic, zakha a i-arsenal yokuzala eyingqayizivele ezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous.
Izinsongo nokulondolozwa
Namuhla, izinhlobo eziningi zama-chimera zibalwe njenge ukukhathazeka okuncane ekuhloleni ukongiwa kwemvelo, kodwa lokhu akusho ukungabikho kwezingozi. Bavame ukuthinteka yi- bycatch ngezimpahla zokudoba ezingaphansi, ikakhulukazi amanetha nolayini abade, futhi Ukudonsa ngaphandle kokulawula kwezinye izifunda.
Okwakhe ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziseningizimu nenkabazwe, isibonelo, I-Callorhinchus milii E-Australia naseNew Zealand, ithengiswa esikhundleni sezinye izinhlanzi. Kukhona nemibiko yokudotshwa kwemidlalo, nakuba ngokuvamile kungezona izinhlobo ezihlosiwe. Ezinhlwini zomhlaba, ama-chimera ambalwa awakatholakali idatha eyanele, okubonisa ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuqapha.
Icala elithile I-Hydrolagus matallanasi, ebhekwa njengesesimweni esisengozini kakhulu ngenxa yengcindezi yokudoba engxenyeni yohlu lwazo. Ukuntuleka kokubonakala kwesayensi ezinhlotsheni ezijulile zolwandle kudinga a ukuphathwa kwezokuphepha kanye nokuqiniswa kwezinhlelo zokubuka.
Ubunzima bokufunda kanye nemiphumela evelele
Lolu hlobo luhlala ukujula okwedlulele, cishe amakhilomitha angu-2 ngaphansi kobuso ezimweni eziningi, futhi velocity Ukunyakaza kwabo kwenza ukubheka okuqhubekayo kube nzima. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo luthembele emikhankasweni nge izimoto ezingenamuntu kanye nokutholwa kwamathuba.
Ingqopha-mlando eyathakazelisa ngokukhethekile kwaba ukuqoshwa kwe-video ka-ghost shark yi-ROV enyakatho-mpumalanga yePacific, ngasogwini California kanye Hawaiiendaweni lapho lolo hlobo lwezilwane ezithile (ngaphambilini olwaluhlotshaniswa nezinye izindawo) lwalungalindelekile. Umazisi ukhombe I-Hydrolagus trolli, ngekhala elicijile, umhlathi uhlanganise ukhakhayi futhi amapuleti amazinyo qina. Lezi zinhlobo zamarekhodi zandisa imephu yokusabalalisa futhi zisikhumbuza ukuthi ama-chimera amaningi maningi ivulekile ngalokho okwakukholakala.
Ngokufanayo, umehluko wezakhi zofuzo kanye ne-morphological uchazwe ohlukanisa abantu ngaphambilini ababebhekwa njengohlobo olulodwa. Esifundeni se Chatham Rise (empumalanga ye-New Zealand), ucwaningo lwe-oceanographic lwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza ama-chimera amasha futhi ichaze kangcono ukuba khona kwamafomu anamafinyila amancane emanzini Australia naseNew ZealandLe ntuthuko igcizelela ukuthi kuncane kangakanani esikwaziyo ngempilo yasemhlabeni. ulwandle olujulile.
Isiphetho sokusebenza sicacile: njengoba okokusebenza kuthuthuka futhi nomzamo wamasampula ukhula, i ukubona ekujuleni okungajwayelekile kanye nezibuyekezo ze-taxonomic. Lokhu kuye kwavumela incazelo yezinhlobo zezilwane ezazingahambisani nalezo ezaziwa eNyakatho Pacific kanye nokwakhiwa kwemibono ye ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kunokulindelekile.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano nodumo lwe-ghost shark
Lezi zinhlanzi Zisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuthengisa ezifundeni eziseningizimu ye-Australia naseNew Zealand, nakuba ngokuvamile bengebona okuhlosiwe okuyinhloko: ngokuvamile bavela njenge ukuthwebula isisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokudoba ezifana ne-cod. Amanye ama-chimera abanjwa ogwini lwaseNew Zealand futhi ikakhulukazi aqondiswe ezimakethe eziseduze.
Inani lenhlalo-mpilo liyathakazelisa: a isizwe eyaziwa ngokuthi Ngai Tahu Maori Ngokwesiko ibheka ama-chimera athile njengokudla okuhlonishwayo. Ngesikhathi sasehlobo ziyadotshwa, zinjalo zase zomisa futhi zazigcinwa ezikhwameni zokhula lwasolwandle, isibonelo sokusetshenziswa zendawo kanye nezinkathi ezithile zonyaka kuxhumene namasiko nokutholakala.
Njengoba ungase ubone, ulwandle luyikhaya lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibonakala ziyinganekwane. Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana noshaka oyisipoki. Ngenxa yobudala bayo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, yayo izici eziyingqayizivele ze-anatomical Futhi naphezu kokuphila kwabo endaweni yobumnyama, ama-chimera ayaqhubeka engabalingiswa ekutholakaleni okushintsha lokho esikwaziyo ngokujulile kolwandle; lapho sizitadisha ngokwengeziwe, siba sobala nakakhulu isidingo vikela izindawo zabo zokuhlala kanye nokweseka ucwaningo olusivumela ukuba siwaqonde ngaphandle kokuwaphazamisa.
