Esinye sezilwane ezibaluleke kakhulu emanzini olwandle ushaka. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zikashaka emhlabeni jikelele. Kukhona labo ababambelele kakhudlwana futhi abayingozi kangako futhi kukhona labo abayingozi kubantu nakunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwasolwandle olusondela eduze kwalo. Kulokhu, sizokhuluma ngakho ushaka wesando. Indima yayo njengesilwane esidlayo ibalulekile ngoba ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekulawuleni abantu abahlukahlukene ezindaweni eziphila olwandle.
Kulesi sihloko, uzofunda konke mayelana ne-hammerhead shark, kusuka kuzimpawu zayo eziyinhloko kuye ukuthi yondla kanjani nokuthi izala kanjani. Sizophinde futhi sihlanganise isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, indawo yokuhlala, intela kanye nesimo sokongiwa kwemvelo. ukuze ube nomhlahlandlela ophelele futhi ohlale uluhlaza.
Izici eziyinhloko
Loshaka waziwa nangamanye amagama ajwayelekile njengokuthi impisi enkulu enezimpondoIgama layo lesayensi nguSphyrna mokarran. Ingowomndeni wakwaSphyrnidae. Phakathi kwezici ezigqama kakhulu Kulo shaka, sithola ikhanda lakhe elimise okwe-T. Yingakho le nhlanzi yaziwa ngokuthi i-hammerhead shark. Uma sihlola wonke umzimba walo shaka, sizobona ukuthi umise okwesando. Umzimba wonke kungathiwa isibambo esiwubamba ngaso. Ikhanda elimise okwe-T ligcina liyingxenye yensimbi esishayelela ngayo izinzipho.
Leli khanda elimise okwe-T alikuniki nje kuphela obekuyisici esibukwayo esihlukile. Ngenxa yalesi simo esehlukile, Loshaka uyakwazi ukubona ama-degree angu-360Njengoba ungacabanga, lezi zinhlobo zezici zithuthukisa kakhulu amakhono azo ezinzwa kanye nethalente lazo lokuzingela nokusebenza njengezilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukuma kwekhanda (cephalofolio) nakho kudlala indima i-maneuverability kanye ne-buoyancy, okuvumela ukuphenduka okubukhali ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuzinza.
Isilwane esikhulu esinosayizi omaphakathi Amamitha ayi-3,5 kuye kwangama-4Kwezinye izindawo, kutholwe abantu abangaba ngamamitha angu-6 ubude. Lokhu kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka komzimba, i-ecosystem ezihlala kuyo, inani lokudla elitholakalayo, amandla azo, njll. Kushaka omkhulu we-hammerhead (S. mokarran), i i-dorsal fin yokuqala yinde futhi iyinkohliso, isici esibalulekile esikhombayo uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izando.
Ikhanda layo elimise okwe-T liyisiza ukuba ithuthukise ukubona kwayo futhi, ngenxa yokujwayela kwayo indawo yasolwandle, ingakwazi nokuguqula umzimba wayo ngokushesha. Esilwaneni sobukhulu obunjalo, ukushintsha isiqondiso nomuzwa ngenkathi sixosha inyamazane yaso kuyinkimbinkimbi. Kulokhu, ikhanda layo elimise okwe-T liyayisiza lindela ukunyakaza kwempango futhi bagcine beshintsha indlela kanye nomuzwa ngesivinini esikhulu. Iphinde ibe nombala ohlukile: umhlane ompunga noma oluhlaza kanye nesisu esilula, i-camouflage eyifihlayo lapho ibukwa phezulu noma ngaphansi.
Mayelana nokukhula nokuvuthwa kwezocansi, umehluko ngokobulili kanye nesifunda kubhaliwe. Abesilisa nabesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngobude obusukela ku-2,1 kuya ku-2,7 m ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu, futhi bayaqhubeka nokukhula babe ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-4 ezinsikazini ezinkulu kakhulu. Ubukhulu ekuzalweni kuvame ukuba phakathi kuka-50 no-70 cm., okunikeza amaphuphu isiqalo ezindaweni ezisogwini.
Ukuhluka kwabanye oshaka
Bayizilwane ezihlaba umxhwele ngempela. Kuthiwa ukuthi Ushaka omhlophe Iyesatshwa kakhulu futhi yaziwa kubo bonke. Kodwa-ke, i-hammerhead shark inezici ezithile ezenza ikhetheke. Ziyakwazi ukukhula 7 izinzwa kakhulu. Abagcini nje ngokuba nezinzwa esizaziyo kubantu, kodwa banezinye ezimbili. Enye isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa amaza avamile kanti enye isetshenziselwa ukubona indawo kagesi ekhiqizwa ezinye izinhlanzi. Lezi zinzwa ezimbili ezintsha ziwusizo kakhulu lapho usesha futhi uthumba inyamazane. Akusizi ukucasha ngemuva kwamadwala; ushaka we-hammerhead uzokwazi ukubathola ngalezi zinzwa ezimbili ezithuthuke kakhulu.
Umlomo walesi silwane utholakala engxenyeni engezansi yekhanda. Umlomo wayo awumkhulu ngokwanele ukuthi ungabamba inyamazane enkulu, kodwa yebo, unamazinyo abukhali ukudabula kangcono. Ngenxa yamazinyo ayo abukhali, inezinga eliphezulu lokubanjwa elinamathuba aphezulu okuphumelela. E-S. mokarran, amazinyo maningi i-triangular futhi i-serrated kunase-S. lewini (ama-oblique cusps amaningi), awusizo ekuhlonzeni izinhlobo zezilwane.
Umbala unompunga ngokukhanyayo ukuya koluhlaza okotshani, ukuwuvumela ukuthi uhlangane nolwandle futhi ugweme ukubonwa. Ingxenye ye-ventral ilula ngombala kunezinye. Leli phethini elihlukile lisho ukuthi, uma libhekwa ngaphansi, liyanyamalala endaweni ekhanyayo, futhi lapho libhekwa phezulu, lihlangana nesizinda esimnyama, okwandisa impumelelo yalo njengomzingeli.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye oshaka be-hammerhead, umdondoshiya u-S. mokarran uhlukaniswa futhi umkhawulo wangaphambili “wesando” cishe uqonde, amaphiko e-pectoral afakwe ngemuva kwamagill kanye a i-dorsal yokuqala iphakeme kakhuluI-hammerhead shark ebushelelezi (S. zygaena) ikhetha amanzi afudumele, angashoni, kuyilapho isando esivamile (S. lewini) Yakha izikole ezinkulu ze-diurnal futhi ivame kakhulu eziqhingini eziningi zasezindaweni ezishisayo.
- Ukuhlonza okusheshayo: i-cephalofolio ebanzi, amehlo asemaceleni anolwelwesi olu-nictitating, ama-gill slits ama-5, i-dorsal yokuqala ephezulu (ku-S. mokarran).
- Isistimu yezinzwa: i-ampullae ye-Lorenzini isakazeka ku-cephalofolio ukuze ibone izinkambu zikagesi futhi ziziqondise ngozibuthe woMhlaba.
- Ukufakelwa kwamazinyo: amazinyo aphezulu naphansi afanayo, abukhali futhi angenayo i-cusps yesibili; imigqa eminingana yokushintsha.
Ukuziphatha nendawo yokuhlala
Emini, bavame ukubonakala benza amaqembu abantu abambalwa. Uma zingamaqoqo amakhulu, azivamile ukuzingela kakhulu ngoba azikwazi ukucasha noma ukucasha. Njengoba abantu abaningi kangaka kanye nobukhulu babo obukhulu, kunzima ukunganakwa phakathi kwezinye izisulu. Kwezinye izinhlobo, lezi izikole zamabanga aphansi idlule abantu abayikhulu.
Ebusuku kungenye indaba. Yilapho bathambekele ekubeni nezikhathi zokuzingela ezihamba phambili., kwazise bahamba bodwa. Ezinye izifanekiso zithambile futhi azinangozi kunezinye. Ngokuvamile, zinolaka kakhulu kuye ngobukhulu bazo. Oshaka abakhulu be-hammerhead banokuhlasela okuyingozi kakhulu futhi banolaka kakhulu. Iminyaka yazo yokuphila ngokuvamile iba phakathi kwamashumi amathathu-4 eminyaka endle, kuye ngokuthwebula ngephutha nomthelela womuntu.
Ngokuqondene nendawo ehlala kuyo, yize isengozini yokuqothulwa ngokwedatha ye-IUCN, singakuthola cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Inala yayo inkulu kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamanzi ashisayo futhi aphakathi nendawo. Abakhethi amakhaza, zama ukuwugwema. Indawo okusetshenzwa kuyona kakhulu yilena eseduze noguUkujula kwamanzi ezibhukuda kuwo ngokuvamile kungaphansi kwamamitha angama-300 ezinhlotsheni ze-coastal-pelagic, nakuba ezinye zehlela ngaphezu kwama-270 m.
Ngokuvamile babhukuda emanzini azolile. Ngokwendawo, sithola inani elikhulu kunawo wonke le-hammerhead shark e-Indian Ocean, eGalapagos Islands naseCosta Rica. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezindawo ezibalulekile: i Ulwandle lwaseCortez Yindawo yokukhwelana; imihlume yasogwini yaseningizimu Belize Zisebenza njengezindawo zokuzalela; futhi ibonwe eBahamas naseFlorida ukwethembeka kwesayithi kanye nokuhlala kwesizini. Abanye abantu bathatha uhambo olude lwasogwini kanye ne-semi-oceanic.
Ukunyakaza okubalulekile kanye nokusetshenziswa "kwezitobhi" emizileni efudukayo kurekhodiwe, okuphakamisa ukuthi basebenzisa ithuba amaphasishi emvelo kanye nezindawo zokuhlanganisa zokuzalanisa, ukuphakela, noma ukushintshwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ngezikhathi ezithile. Le mizila ikhulisa ukuba sengozini kwawo amanetha okuvikela amabhishi kanye nezintambo ezinde zasogwini.
Ukondla nokuzala kabusha
Njengoshaka abaningi, kuyisilwane esidla inyama. Lokhu kudla kwenziwa kakhulu izinhlanzi, ama-squid, ama-eel, amahlengethwa, izinkalankala, iminenke nokudla okuthandwa yibo okuyimisebe.
Idumela lokuba inyamazane enkulu litholwe ngenxa yekhono layo lokubamba izilwane kalula. Nokho, azibadli abantu, futhi akufanele ucabange ukuthi usengozini uma uhlangabezana nazo, iqiniso elichaza isibopho phakathi koshaka nabantuNgokwemigomo ye-trophic, ushaka omkhulu we-hammerhead u-a i-apex predator osomathuba: idla ama-crustaceans (izinkalankala, amalobster), ama-cephalopod (squid, octopus), izinhlanzi ezinamathambo (ama-sabalo, amasardine, ama-snappers, amaqoqo, i-flatfish) kanye amanye ama-elasmobranch, kuhlanganise nezimbaza nemisebe.
Ushaka we-hammerhead uphephela isisulu sakhe futhi usebenzisa ikhanda lakhe ukuze ashaye futhi abe buthakathaka inyamazane yabo. Eziqhingini zasePacific baye babonwa bedla izilwane oshaka abampunga abakhathele emva kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi. Kunamarekhodi okudliwa kwabantu, kanti i-paleontology isikisela ukuthi kungenzeka bake basizakala ama-megalodon amancane lapho zihlangana ngokwesikhashana nangokwendawo.
Njengoba izilwane ezihlala zodwa, ukuzala akwenzeki kaningi. Kuwuhlobo lwe-viviparous. Ikhiqiza njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili uma isifinyelele ekuzaleni ngokocansi. Inani lenzalo ngokuvamile liyahlukahluka kuye ngobukhulu bensikazi. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa ngokuvamile sithatha cishe Izinyanga ze-10.
Ukwandisa: zonke izinhlobo zoshaka be-hammerhead zikhona I-viviparous ene-pseudoplacenta. Imibungu iqala ngokuzondla nge-yolk sac, eshintsha ibe isakhiwo esifana ne-placenta esidlulisela imisoco kumama. E-S. mokarran, udoti ungasukela 15-31 imidlwane (ngokuqina okuphezulu okubhaliwe), futhi eqenjini lesando ukuzalwa kugxilwe phakathi izinkathi ezifudumele nezindawo ezisogwini ezingashoni. Izingane zizalwa zakhiwe ngokugcwele futhi azikutholi ukunakekelwa kwabazali.
I-Taxonomy, izinhlobo kanye ne-morphology enemininingwane
Igama lekhodi yesayensi: Sphyrna mokarran (ushaka omkhulu we-hammerhead). Umndeni: I-Sphyrnidae (ama-sphinxes); ikilasi inhlanzi enesigaxa (Ama-Chondrichthyes); oda Carcharhiniformes; kusho uNeoselachii. Umndeni uhlanganisa izigaba ezimbili: I-Sphyrna (izinhlobo eziningi) kanye Eusphyra (inqe elinezimpondo ezitshuzayo).
- Uhlobo lwe-Eusphyra: I-Eusphyra blochii (indiza enezimpondo).
- Uhlobo lwe-Sphyrna:
- I-Sphyrna mokarran - ushaka omkhulu we-hammerhead.
- I-Sphyrna lewini - shark evamile ye-hammerhead.
- I-Sphyrna zygaena - ushaka we-hammerhead obushelelezi.
- I-Sphyrna tiburo - ushaka we-shovelhead.
- I-Sphyrna tudes - ushaka onekhanda elincane onamehlo amancane.
- I-Sphyrna corona - ushaka othweswe umqhele we-hammerhead.
- I-Sphyrna media - ushaka we-spoon-hammer.
- I-Sphyrna couardi - ushaka we-hammerhead onamaphiko amhlophe.
Izici ezihlukile ze-cranial kanye nomzimba: i i-cephalofolio ingase imele u-17-33% wobude obuphelele (kufika ku-40-50% e-Eusphyra). Amehlo atholakala emaphethelweni asemaceleni futhi abe ulwelwesi oluchazayo. Amakhala anezimbobo ezimfishane; ukuhlukana kwamakhala kuhlobene nobubanzi bamakhala (ibanzi kakhulu e-Sphyrna, encane e-Eusphyra). Umlomo unjalo i-subterminal kanye ne-parabolic.
Amazinyo ayafana phakathi kwamakhothamo: amazinyo amancane kuya kosayizi ophakathi, abukhali futhi angenawo ama-cusps asesekeli. Umhlathi ongenhla unamazinyo angama-25 kuya kwangu-37 engxenyeni yomhlathi, kanti umhlathi ongezansi unama-24 kuya ku-37, nemigqa eyengeziwe yangemuva. Banezikhala ezinhlanu zamagill, i-spiracle encishisiwe, kanye ne- dorsal fin yokuqala emaphakathi ukuya kwenkulu kakhulu; amaphiko esibili omhlane kanye nangemuva mancane. I-caudal fin i-heterocercal, ene ithuthukiswe i-lobe ephezulu kanye nelobe engezansi emfushane kodwa esebenzayo.
I-neurocranium ayinawo ama-primary supraorbital ridges; izandiso zangaphambi nangemuva zihlangana ukuze zakheke izintambo ze-supraorbital yesibili ehlukile eqenjini. Izikhungo ze-vertebral ziyathuthuka izibalo ze-wedge okuqinisa umgogodla, okunomthelela ekuhambeni kahle.
Ukusabalalisa, ukujula kanye nokuguquguquka kwabantu
Oshaka be-Hammerhead bahlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni izindawo ezisogwini ezishisayo nezishisayo kusuka kuwo wonke umhlaba nasemashalofini ezwekazi, amasimu esiqhingi nama-atoll pass. E-S. mokarran, ububanzi bayo bunwebeka kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezishisayo ezimaphakathi ne-latitudes, zitholakala ukusuka phezulu kuye ngaphezu kwama-80 m futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibe ngaphansi kwama-200-300 m kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni kanye nendawo.
Ezinye izinhlobo zibonisa amaphethini acacile: the i-scalloped hammerhead (S. lewini) Ingafinyelela ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-270 futhi yakhe amaqoqo amakhulu; i-hammerhead ebushelelezi (S. zygaena) uyisakhamuzi esikha phezulu; ikhanda lefosholo (S. tiburo) Ithatha amatheku anezikhukhula namachweba, ijwayelana namanzi angashoni. Izinhlobo ezincane zivame ukuba nezindawo ezinemikhawulo eyengeziwe yokusabalalisa, kuyilapho ezinkulu, njenge-S. mokarran, zikhona ukufuduka kanye ne-semi-oceanic.
Ama-nuclei okuzala achazwe ku imihlume yasogwini kanye nezindawo zamachweba, ezinikeza indawo yokukhosela amaphuphu. Lezi zindawo "zokunakekelwa kwezingane" zibalulekile ukusinda kusenesikhathi futhi ziphakathi kwezindawo ezisongelwa kakhulu izenzo zabantu kanye nezinguquko zemvelo.
Ukongiwa kwemvelo, izinsongo nokuvikelwa
Ngokohlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN, izinhlobo eziningana ze-hammerhead shark zihlukaniswa phakathi Abasengcupheni futhi Basengozini Ebucayi, kuye ngohlobo nesifunda. Izinto ezichaza ukwehla kwazo zifaka isidingo esikhulu samafins kanye ne umthelela wokubanjwa oshaka, izinga eliphezulu lokufa kwezinhlanzi ezingabanjwanga kanye namazinga aphansi okuzala (amalitha aminyaka yonke kanye nokuvuthwa sekwephuzile). Izifundo zesikhathi eside kwezokudoba zibhaliwe ukuncishiswa kwabantu okukhulu ezitsheni eziningana zolwandle.
Oshaka be-Hammerhead babanjwa ezindaweni zokudoba ezentengiselwano nezemidlalo besebenzisa izintambo ezinde, amanetha angaphansi kanye nezinhlanzi zokudoba ngamanethi, futhi bavamile e ukubamba ngephutha egiyeni eliqondise ezinye izinhlobo zasogwini. Ukubamba okuvamile kuze kuqoshwe ngisho nakumanethi "okuvikela ulwandle". Ezingeni lokuvuna, ngaphezu kwamaphiko, inyama (enosawoti noma ebhemayo), isikhumba, namafutha esibindi asetshenziswa; izinsalela zilahlwa phakathi i-fishmeal.
Uhlaka lokulawula lwamazwe ngamazwe luthuthukile: umndeni wakwaSphyrnidae usuthuthukile ezisohlwini lwe-CITES (uhwebo olulawulwayo), i-CMS kanye ne-Sharks MoU (ukubambisana kwezinhlobo ezifudukayo), i-SPAW Protocol e-Caribbean, kanye nokuvikelwa okuqondile emigwaqweni yesifunda efana I-ICCAT (ukugcinwa kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezohwebo ezindaweni ezithile). Kwezinye izifunda, njengeFlorida, kunohlu lwezifundazwe ukwenqatshelwa kokubamba ngamakhanda amakhulu. Nakuba izikhala zokulawula ziqhubeka, lezi zinyathelo ziye zasiza ekusimamiseni abantu abathile lapho ukuphathwa kuqinile.
Izihluthulelo zokuthola kabusha: vikela izinkulisa zasogwini, qinisa ukulawulwa kwe-fin trade, ukunciphisa ukubanjwa okungabanjwanga (imishini yokunciphisa, ukushintsha amagiya) futhi kukhuthaze isayensi yesakhamuzi kanye nokusebenzisana nomkhakha wezokudoba ukuze uthole futhi ukhiphe idatha.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-hammerhead shark kanye nezici zayo eziyinhloko. Manje uyazi ukuthi i-morphology eyingqayizivele, isimiso sayo sezinzwa esivelele, ukudla kwaso nokukhiqizwa kabusha, izinga lokusatshalaliswa kwaso kanye nokwanda izinselele zokongiwa kwemvelo ukuthi ibhekane. Ukuqonda ukuthi ihlala kanjani futhi kuphi, idlani, nokuthi ikhiqiza kanjani kubalulekile ekwaziseni indima yayo yezemvelo kanye nokusekela izinqubo zokuphatha eziqinisekisa ikusasa layo olwandle.
