Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo oluthile lukashaka olungajwayelekile. Imayelana ne- ushaka obhasikidi. Igama layo lesayensi ngu I-Cetorhinus maximus futhi kubhekwa njengenhlanzi yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Iyakwazi ukufinyelela kumamitha ayi-10 ubude futhi kuze kufike kumathani we-4 ngesisindo. Ine-silhouette ekhangayo eyenza kube ushaka wokuzingela nempumulo ebukhali. Kuyaziwa kubantu abathanda ulwandle.
Kulesi sihloko, sizokutshela konke mayelana ne-basking shark, kusukela ezicini zayo kuye ekutheni zizala kanjani. Sizophinda sifake amaqiniso abalulekile mayelana nayo i-anatomy yokuhlunga, it indawo yokuhlala abafudukayo kanye nalo isimo sokulondoloza ukuze ube nombono ophelele nowakamuva.
Izici eziyinhloko
Inesimo esikahle se-hydrodynamic yize ihamba kancane. Impumulo yayo ebukhali iyayisiza ngokudla ngokusefa amanzi. Ivamise ukubhukuda ivule umlomo ukukwazi ukuwenza round futhi ukuhlunga amanzi ngokusebenzisa amagill.
Zivame ukubonakala ngasogwini, futhi izivakashi zivame ukubuza ukuthi zingazibona kanjani. Zivame ukubonakala phezulu futhi ziyakubekezelela ukuba khona kwabantu. Nakuba ukubukeka kwabo kungase kushaqise, akuyona ingozi Lutho neze. Uma uhamba ngesikebhe phakathi nezwe, ushaka cishe uzofika kuwe ngenxa yelukuluku, kodwa ngeke ukulimaze.
Lokhu kuziphatha okuhle kumuntu kukwenza kube yinto yokuzingela ngokungakhethi ngabadobi. Ubukhulu nesisindo Lokhu kubavumele ukuthi bathole inzuzo ephezulu emikhunjini yokudoba. Ushaka oyedwa nje ungakhiqiza ithani lenyama kanye namalitha angu-400 kawoyela. Isibindi sinothe kakhulu ngamavithamini futhi singamela kuze kufike ku-25% wesisindo esiphelele esinakho isilwane.
Ukushushiswa lesi silwane esike sabhekana nakho kudala abantu bayancipha kangangokuthi abantu abaningi bamanje bavikelwe umthetho emazweni amaningi.
Laba oshaka bane- umzimba ojwayelekile we-fusiform wama-lamniforms Futhi, ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho, bangase baphanjaniswe noshaka omhlophe omkhulu. Nokho, zihlukaniswa kalula ngezazo umlomo omkhulu we-cavernous (ngezifanekiso ezinkulu ububanzi bungadlula imitha eyodwa), ngenxa yayo izimbobo zegill ezinde kakhulu cishe ukuzungeza ikhanda kanye nesiqu esincanyana. Amazinyo ayo i-minuscule (cishe 5–6 mm), okumise okwehhuku; imigqa embalwa kuphela emhlathini ngamunye esebenzayo, ngakho amazinyo awo ayakhelwe ukubamba inyamazane enkulu.
Esinye isici esihlukile yilo i-peduncle enkulu ye-caudal enezimbotshana ezingemuva kanye ne-caudal fin ebanzi. Kubantu abakhulu, i-dorsal fin ingase iphumele ngaphandle futhi ishiye ukuvuka okubonakalayo. Isikhumba kubi kakhulu ngenxa ye-dermal denticles, kulolu hlobo lwezilwane ezikhonza hhayi kakhulu ukuthuthukisa i-hydrodynamics njengokuvikela umzimba ekuqothulweni nasezifweni. Umbala wayo uyaguquguquka, unama-shades of ensundu ngokumnyama kuya kokumnyama ngasemuva lokho kufiphala ku-a i-ventral emhlophe-grey, futhi ingase ibonise amamaki noma izibazi zokuhlangana namalambu noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Isibindi se-basking shark singabala phakathi 20% kanye 25% wesisindo somzimba wabo futhi igijima engxenyeni enkulu yesisu. Lokhu kunomthelela ubuhle futhi kuya ukugcinwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwabo. Kwabesifazane, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi kuphela i-ovary efanele Kubonakala sengathi kusebenza ngokugcwele, isici esiyingqayizivele sebhayoloji phakathi koshaka.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
I-basking shark ingatholakala ezindaweni ze-pelagic, ngakho-ke ibonakala kaningi ezindaweni ezisogwini. Ibanga lokusatshalaliswa kwalo libanzi kakhulu, emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ezindaweni ezipholile kuya olwandle olushisayo. Banekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Zingabonakala ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kwamashalofu ezwekazi. Nakuba bethanda amanzi abandayoNgokuvamile bahlala ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-8 no-14 degrees Celsius, nakuba abantu betholakala emazingeni abanzi (cishe ku-6–16°C) kuye ngendawo. Zivame ukubonakala ezindaweni ezisogwini futhi zivame ukufika emathekwini nasemachwebeni.
Zidla ngobuningi be-plankton emanzini angashoni. Zivame ukubonakala zibhukuda eduze nendawo. Lolu hlobo lukashaka lunamaphethini okufuduka; iyakwazi ukuhamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha olwandle, kulandela izinguquko zesizini kanye nokutholakala kwe-zooplankton. Bakhangwa ikakhulukazi izilwandle, ama-capes neziqhingi lapho ukukhuphuka nokugxila kwe-plankton kwenzeka.
Ebusika bachitha isikhathi eside eduze nolwandle befuna ukudla, ngoba kuncane okunye okukhona ngaphandle. Iyakwazi ukwehlela emakhulwini noma ezinkulungwaneni zamamitha ujule futhi udlise i-deep-sea plankton. Ngokuphambene nalokho okwakukholakala esikhathini esidlule, ayi "hibernation": Ihlala isebenza unyaka wonkeukushintshana phakathi kwezendlalelo ezingaphezulu nezakwalasha.
Ukudla kwe-shasking shark
Nakuba ubukhulu bazo kanye nokubukeka kwazo okwesabekayo kungase kusikisele ukuthi zidla ezinye izilwane ezifana nezimvu zamanzi nezinye izinhlanzi, akunjalo. Naphezu kokubukeka kwabo okwesabekayo, ukudla abakuthandayo... umabhebhanaokuhlanganisa izilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla nezibungu, kanye namaqanda futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, izinhlanzi ezincane kakhuluZiyizilwane zasemanzini kanye nababhukudi abampofu, ngakho zibanjwa kalula.
Njengoba i-surface zooplankton iba yindlala ebusika, oshaka abagibela emanzini kufanele bafudukele emanzini ajulile ukuze bathole ukudla noma bahambe izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukuze bakuthole. Ngokuvamile zibhukuda kancane. amafindo angadluli ku-2umlomo wayo uvuleke kakhulu njengoba umsinga wamanzi udlula ezimbotsheni zawo.
Indlela yakhe iyisibonelo se ukuhlunga okungenzi lutho noma “ukuphakela izinqama”: amanzi angena ngomlomo aphume ngemifantu yegill ngaphandle kokuthi ushaka amunce amajusi awo. Lokhu kuyayihlukanisa ne-whale shark kanye ne-megamouth shark, ekwazi ukwenza lo msebenzi. ukumunca okusebenzayoNoma kunjalo, inakho ama-bulbs amakhulu ezisiza ukuthi iziqondise ezindaweni ezinenani eliphakeme le-plankton.
Ukuhlukanisa i-plankton emanzini, isebenzisa izakhiwo ezibizwa ama-rakers we-gill (ama-rakes egill), "ama-rakes" amade, amancane ahlelwe kuma-arch agill. On ikhothamo ngayinye kungaba ngokohlelo 1.000 kuya ku-1.300 ama-gill rakers cishe 10-15 cm ubudeezisebenza njengesisefo. Izilinganiso zesayensi zibeka umthamo wazo wokuhlunga kumthamo ophezulu kakhulu: kusuka izinkulungwane zamathani amanzi ngehora (cishe amathani angu-2.000) kuze kulingane ne umthamo wedamu lokubhukuda lama-Olympic ngehorakuye ngomongo kanye nosayizi wesifanekiso.
Ivala umlomo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze igwinye isisindo esihlungiwe; isisu salo singaqongelela inani elimangalisayo lokudla, ngisho amakhulu amakhilogremu Ngezikhathi zokuchichima okukhulu, ama-gill rakers avuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Bavame ukulahleka ezinyangeni ezibandayo. Ziyakha kabusha entwasahlobo lapho i-surface plankton yanda futhi, nakuba kungebona bonke abantu abalandela le phethini ngokufanayo.
Ukuzala
Lezi zilwane ukufinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokocansi lapho befinyelela cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ubudala, nakuba ucwaningo lwabantu lusikisela izinhlobonhlobo eziningi phakathi kweminyaka engama-6 kuye kwengama-13 (ubude busondele ku-4,5-6 m). Ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi, abazami ukuzala ngenxa yokuthi izitho zabo zokuzala azikavuthwa ngokwanele ukuba zikhiqize inzalo. Uhlobo lokuzala abanalo i-ovoviviparous (i-aplacental viviparity). Lokhu kusho ukuthi, nakuba amaphuphu echanyuselwa emaqandeni, akwenza engaphakathi esibelethweni sikanina. Lamaqanda akhula ngaphakathi kwensikazi kuze kube yilapho imibungu yakheka ngokugcwele.
Isikhathi sokuzalanisa sikashaka esithandwayo sisekuqaleni kwehlobo, sihlala isikhathi esithile. ukukhulelwa yonyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-ecosystem ayikuthandi futhi ayikukhuthazi ukukhulisa izingane zayo. Ngakho-ke, bayakwazi ukunweba isikhathi sokukhulelwa. kuze kudlule unyaka...kanye nemijikelezo esondelayo yeminyaka emi-2–3 ngokwezinye izilinganiso. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuzinikeza inzuzo ekuvumelaniseni ukuzalwa nezinkathi zempumelelo enkulu enzalweni yazo.
Abesifazane babonakala benezikhawu zokuzala ihlukaniswe (iminyaka engu-2-4)Ubukhulu ekuzalweni buyamangalisa: abancane bayafinyelela 1,5-2 m ubude futhi sebevele sebevule imilomo ngenkathi bebhukuda, njengabantu abadala abancane. Inani eliqondile lemidlwane ngodoti ayaziwa kancane; icala elilodwa lilotshwe nge imibungu eyisithuphaNgaphakathi kwesibeletho, ama-fetus angadla amaqanda angavundisiwe (i-oophagy). Kulolu hlobo, njengoba kuphawuliwe, i i-ovary efanele Yilona elivame ukusebenza.
Lo mjikelezo wokuzala ohamba kancane, onamalitha amancane kanye nezikhathi zokumitha ezinde, wenza lezi zinhlobo sengozini kakhulu ekuxhashazweni ngokweqileAbantu abaningi babhekwa njengabangakwazi ukuphila amashumi ambalwa eminyaka, kanti abesifazane bathatha isikhathi eside ukuvuthwa kunabesilisa, okwehlisa nakakhulu umthamo wabantu wokululama.
Ukuziphatha koshaka koshaka
Mayelana nokuziphatha kwalesi silwane, singasho ukuthi siyathanda ukubhukuda ezindaweni eziseduze nangaphezulu kogu ngenxa yokuthi kulapho kukhona izakhamzimba eziningi nenani elingaphezulu le-zooplankton elingangena khona. Izinga lokushisa okukhona kokubili amanzi nengaphandle yisimo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingahlala ngaphezulu isikhathi eside noma kufanele ifudukele ekujuleni.
Kuyisilwane esithandana kahle esivame ukudala amaqembu we kufika kumakhophi ayi-100 Futhi azilimazi abantu. Bayakwazi ukuxhumana okubonakalayo nabangane babo ngokumane banyakazise amehlo abo ngapha nangapha. Lokhu kuzisiza ukuthi zibone izilwane ezidla ezinye, izikebhe, njll. Zike zabonwa ukuhlanganisa ngocansi kanye nokuziphatha lapho kubonakala sengathi ihlola imikhumbi eseduze, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokudideka namanye amalungu ohlobo lwayo.
Naphezu kokuthi ushaka we-basking mkhulu futhi uhamba kancane, ezinye izibonelo ziye zabonwa zenza agxume aphume emanziniImbangela isalokhu ingacacile; omunye umbono ukuthi bazama ukuqeda izimuncagazi zangaphandle (izibani nezinye), nakuba singekho isiqinisekiso esiqondile.
Izilwane ezizingelayo zemvelo zimbalwa, kodwa ama-orcas nama-tiger sharks Bangase bahlaselwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Isikhumba sazo esiwugqinsi kanye namazinyo anesandla ekuzivikeleni. Phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, azisebenzi. yehlela ekujuleni okukhulu futhi iyaqhubeka nokudla, okuphikisana nemibono emidala mayelana nokulala okucatshangwayo.
Isimo sokongiwa kanye nobudlelwano nabantu
Naphezu kokungabi nangozi kwawo, ushaka obizwa ngokuthi i-basking shark ubenjalo ngokomlando waxhashazwa kakhulu ukuze bayisebenzisele ukuhweba: inyama edliwayo kanye nokudla kwenhlanzi, amafutha esibindiisikhumba kanye nenani lamaphiko. Kwezinye izindawo, ngisho nama-derivatives afana ne- inhliziyo emalungiselelweni emithi yendabuko, ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqinile besayensi kokuningi kwalokho kusetshenziswa.
Ngenxa yalokho ukwehla ngokushesha izibonelo ezindaweni ezithile, uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokudoba okuhlosiwe kukhona kuvinjelwe noma kunqatshelwe ezindaweni eziningi. Uhlobo luyathokozela ukuvikelwa okuphelele emazweni amaningana nasezindaweni ezinkulu ze I-Atlantic neMeditherangohlu olusemthethweni lwezinsongo ezigabeni ezihlukene zesifunda. Imithethonqubo eyahlukene iyakwenqabela ukuthwebula kwabo, ukugcinwa ebhodini, nokudayiswa, futhi ikhuthaza izinyathelo zabo ukongiwa.
Intshisekelo ekhulayo kwezokuvakasha kwemvelo ikhulise ezokuvakasha kwezinye izifunda ukubuka kanye nohambo lokuthatha izithombe ngezimiso eziyisisekelo zomthelela omncane, enye indlela, lapho ilawulwa kahle, ingathuthukisa inani lenhlalo lezinhlobo zezilwane futhi ingenise imali ngaphandle kokuyilimaza.
Ungayihlukanisa kanjani noshaka omhlophe omkhulu
Ukudideka noshaka omhlophe kuyaqondakala ekuqaleni, kodwa kunezimpawu ezicacile zokuzihlukanisa. I-basking shark ibonisa a umlomo omkhulu uhlale uvulekile Ngesikhathi sokuncelisa, amazinyo abukhali kakhulu abancane futhi ezinye ama-gill slits amade kakhulu lokho kucishe kuzungeze ikhanda lakhe. i-dorsal fin Kubantu abakhulu ishiya umzila omakiwe kanye nawo ijubane lokubhukuda lihamba kancaneNgakolunye uhlangothi, ushaka omkhulu omhlophe, unamazinyo amakhulu, aminyene, ukuzingelwa okumatasa, futhi awubhukudi ukuncelisa umlomo uvule umlomo.
Izilinganiso nosayizi
I-basking shark ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezaziwayo, ezihlala e- indawo yesibili ngosayizi ngemva kwe-whale shark. Kuvamile ukuthola abantu 6-8 mnamarekhodi ezikhathi ezithile angaphezu kwe-10 m. Ngemuva kwezikhathi zokudoba kakhulu, ukubonakala kwezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu akuvamile. Ngenjwayelo, abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa.
Ukubhekwa kwendawo
Ama-Basking sharks adla njalo phezu noma eduze kwendawoNjengoba imilomo yazo ivulekile futhi izimbotshana zamathambo zinwetshiwe ngokugcwele, zihamba ngesivinini esincane. Abavamisile ukugwema ukuba khona kwezikebhe, ezisele ongenandaba nokubekezela nabantu ababhukudayo noma abatshuza eduze, inqobo nje uma amabanga ehlonishwa futhi nokunyakaza kwabo kungaphazanyiswa.
Izithakazelo zemvelo
Kuwo wonke umlando, izidumbu ezibolayo Izinsalela zoshaka abakhulu be-basking ziye zenziwa iphutha ngokuthi “izinyoka zasolwandle” noma ezinye izilwane ezingaqondakali, okubhebhezela izinganekwane zasolwandle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, njengoba zibola, i-anatomy iba nokukhubazeka futhi kungase kufane nesinye isidalwa.
Iphepha leqiniso nolwazi olusebenzayo olusheshayo
Igama lesayensi: I-Cetorhinus maximus. Umndeni: I-Cetorhinidae Oda: Lamniforms. inhlanzi enesigaxa. Ukudla: i-zooplankton kanye nezidalwa ezincane ze-planktonic. Indlela yokondla: Ukuhlunga okwenziwa ngama-gill rakers. Indawo yokuhlala: amanzi apholile ukuya kumakhaza, ishalofu lezwekazi kanye nomthambeka; ekwazi ukwehlela ekujuleni okukhulu. Ukuziphatha: abantu, abafudukayo, abakhuthele unyaka wonke. Ingozi kubantu: ubuncane.
Okuqukethwe kwangempela okunwetshiwe: imikhuba, usayizi nokuvikelwa
El ushaka obhasikidi Ushaka omkhulu omhlophe (Cetorthinus maximus) ungushaka wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemva kukashaka womkhomo. Loshaka udla uswebezane lwe-plankton, ubhukuda emanzini uvule umlomo wawo omkhulu ukuze ucwenge amalitha amanzi angaphezu kuka-2 000 ngehora ngokusebenzisa ama-raker awo ahlungayo lapho efuna ama-crustaceans amancane nama-copepod akha i-plankton. Lapho isiqoqe inani elanele lokudla, ivala imihlathi yayo futhi isebenzisa ukucindezela ukuze ikhiphe amanzi avaleleke ngezimbotshana zayo, ngaleyo ndlela igwinye i-plankton.
I-basking shark Ilinganisa phakathi kwamamitha angu-9 no-10 I-basking shark ivamise ukuba ngamamitha angu-1.5 ubude, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ingafinyelela kumamitha angu-12. Oshaka be-basking besifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa, abalinganiselwa ku-4 kuya ku-5 wamamitha ubude. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, oshaka bama-baking balinganiselwa ku-170 cm. Isisindo sabo esijwayelekile singamakhilogremu angama-3.500.
Naphezu kobukhulu bazo obukhulu, azibeki usongo kubantu futhi kungenzeka ukubhukuda eduze nesikole soshaka osolwandle ngoba Azinangozi nhlobo.
I-basking shark inemikhuba yokufuduka futhi ingabonwa Lapho uwedwa, ngamaqembu amancane futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngamaqembu abantu abangaphezu kwe-100 ndawonye.
Loshaka utholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, uncamela amanzi apholile anamazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-8 no-14 degrees Celsius. Phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele kwezinye izindawo zase-Atlantic, ingenye yezindawo emhlabeni lapho itholakala khona kakhulu. Ivame ukubonakala emanzini asogwini ibhukuda eduze nangaphezulu ifuna i-plankton. Inganekwane yokuthi "i-hibernates" ayinasisekelo. ihlala isebenza futhi ebusika yehlela emanzini ajulile ukuze iqhubeke nokudla.
I-basking shark inombala onsundu ngokumpunga ngekhala elimangelengele, elihlukile, elicijile kanye namehlo amancane uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu bayo obukhulu. Umzimba wayo uyi-fusiform, mude, futhi uyi-cylindrical nomlomo omkhulu. Ihamba kancane kakhulu, ngokunyakaza okunensa, okwenziwe ngamabomu okungaphezu... 2 amafindo ngehora. Isibindi salo shaki sikhulu kakhulu, sifinyelela ingxenye yesine yesisindo somzimba wonke.
Ukuzala kwayo kuyi-ovoviviparous, okusho ukuthi ibekela amaqanda ngaphakathi kukamama kuze kube yilapho umbungu usukhule ngokugcwele. Kungaba... 2 kuya ku-6 abasha nenkathi yokumitha engadlula unyaka owodwa, nemijikelezo emide kuye ngezimo.
Ukudoba ngokweqile, ngenxa yenzuzo ephezulu ye-basking shark enanini lenyama kanye namalitha acishe abe ngu-400 kawoyela atholakala ngesampula ngayinye ngenxa yobukhulu besibindi sakhe, kuholele ekwehleni kwawo. kusondele ekuqothulweni Esikhathini esidlule, zazisengozini, kodwa namuhla zivikelekile emazweni amaningi, ngezigaba zosongo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene (ngokwesibonelo, eMedithera) yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Ohlwini lwaseSpain lwezilwane ezisengozini, zibhekwa njengezisengozini eMedithera nase-Iberian Atlantic Ocean.
IZIHLOKO EZIHLOBANE:
Ushaka Whale
Ukutshuza emanzini Ngoshaka. Izindawo ezingu-10 ezihamba phambili emhlabeni
Ngakho konke lokhu okungenhla, ushaka we-basking ubonakala njenge Umdondoshiya wasePacific zolwandle: isihlungi esikhethekile, esinesitayela sokubhukuda esinensayo kanye nemvelo ehlangene, esihamba amabanga amade silandela i-plankton. Ukuqonda ibhayoloji yayo kanye nokuhlonipha izindawo zayo zokuhlala kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuphila kwayo isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye izinga lokuzala eliphansi kanye nomlando wayo wokuxhashazwa. Namuhla, ukubhekwa kwayo okunesibopho nokuvikelwa okusemthethweni emanzini amaningi emhlabeni wonke kungamathuluzi angcono kakhulu okuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyaqhubeka kumangalisa izizukulwane ezizayo.