Njengoba sesishilo izikhathi ezingenakubalwa kule bhulogi, ulwandle aluyeki ukusimangaza. Singathola izinhlobo zasolwandle ezihlukile kangangokuthi besingeke sicabange ukuthi zingaba khona. Lokhu kunjalo ngoshaka onesi. Nakuba kungesiwo uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu, lungenza umbono omkhulu. Igama lalo lesayensi ezindaweni eziningi libhekisela ezinhlotsheni zohlobo lweScyliorhinus ( isibonelo, iScyliorhinus retifer ) emndenini weScyliorhinidae, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi igama elivamile elithi ushaki onesinesi liphinde lisetshenziswe kwezinye izinhlobo, njengeshaka onesinesi ( Ginglymostoma cirratum ). Lokhu kungaqondakali egameni elivamile kubalulekile ekuqondeni kahle i-biology yalo.
Sizokutshela zonke izimfihlo nezici ze-catshark, sicacise ukusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwegama, izici zalo ezibonakala kakhulu, nokuthi lihlala kanjani olwandle oluhlukene emhlabeni jikelele.
Izici eziyinhloko
Iqembu lama-catshark (ikakhulukazi lawo omndeni wakwa-Scyliorhinidae) lakhiwa cishe izinhlobo ezingu-150 ezisakazeke ezindaweni ezishisayo nezinomoya opholile emhlabeni jikelele. Aziwa nangokuthi ama-catshark amancane noma ama-striped catshark ezindaweni eziningi ezisogwini ezikhuluma iSpanishi.
Igama elivamile livela ekufaneni kwamehlo ayo amade namehlo ekati kanye nempumulo yayo emincane , efana nekati. Zinomzimba omude, omncane ogcwele ama-dermal denticles (akuwona ama-scales angempela) awenza abe nokuthungwa okuqinile, okufana nephepha lesihlabathi; yingakho igama lesidlaliso elithi "lime." Zinezimpiko ezimbili zasemuva ezingenamgogodla kanye nephiko lendunu elikhule kahle , izici ezivamile zomndeni.
Oshaka bamakati bahlukaniswa ngamaphethini abo ombala wesikhumba : ngaphezu kombala ompunga ojwayelekile, bavame ukumbozwa ngemivimbo, amabala, noma amabala anombala ophuzi noma o-orenji. La maphethini abasiza ukuba bazifihle emadwaleni angaphansi, emadlelweni otshani basolwandle, noma emahlathini e-kelp.
Ngokuphathelene nobukhulu, azivami ukuba yiziqhwaga: eziningi ziphakathi kuka- 30 cm no-1,2 m , yize ezinye zifinyelela ku -1,6 m . Ukukhulunywa ngamasampula afinyelela ku-4 m kubhekisela ku- nurse shark ( Ginglymostoma cirratum ), olunye uhlobo olubizwa nangokuthi i-catshark ezindaweni eziningi ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo kanye nemikhuba yayo ephansi.
Umhlathi wayo uqinile ngobukhulu bayo, unamazinyo amancane agobile asebenza njengezingwegwe. Lawa ajwayele ukubamba ngokunembile izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi ezincane, ngokuvamile esebenzisa ukumunca okunamandla eduze kwephansi.
Ngaphandle kwama-catshark ajwayelekile anamabala amancane, igama elivamile elithi "cat shark" lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezinezici ezihlukile. Ama- nurse shark anezinzwa ezizungezile imilomo yawo ezisiza ekutholeni izisulu ezingcwatshwe, kanti ezinye izinhlobo, ezibizwa ngokuthi "gatopardos" (catfish) , zibonisa imibala egqamile. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kugcizelela isidingo sokuhlonza iqembu eliqondile esibhekisela kulo.
Kwabesilisa, ukungafani kobulili kubonakala ezithweni zobulili ezifana ne -claspers , okuyingxenye yokuhlangana kwamalungu omzimba phakathi kwamaphiko e-pelvic; abesifazane abanazo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningana, isikhathi sokuphila silinganiselwa eminyakeni embalwa , kanti ezinhlotsheni ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-catshark, njenge-nurse shark, isikhathi sokuphila esiyiminyaka engu-25 kuya kwengu-30 sibhalwe phansi ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, mhlawumbe sikhulu nakakhulu endle.
Okubalulekile : Kwezinye izindawo ezisogwini lwaseMpumalanga yePacific, igama elithi catshark lisetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezingezona ezomndeni wakwaScyliorhinidae, njenge - Heterodontus quoyi ehlala ogwini . Ngokufanayo, igama elithi "ikati" livela kwezinye izinhlobo, njenge- catfish . Lo mehluko we-taxonomic uchaza ukwehluka ngobukhulu, ukuziphatha, kanye nokuzala esixoxa ngakho kulo lonke lesi sihloko.
Indawo yekati kashaka nobubanzi
Ama-Catshark ajwayelene namanzi afudumele namanzi ashisayo , ngakho-ke ukusabalala kwawo emhlabeni wonke kubanzi kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene kuye ngesifunda: ogwini lwase- Asia, e-Afrika, naseMelika , abameleli bemindeni nezizukulwane ezahlukene baningi, abanezintandokazi zendawo ezichazwe kahle.
Lezi zilwane zinemikhuba yase-benthic : zivame ukuhlala eduze kwaphansi, phakathi kwamatshe namatshe e-coral , amadlelo otshani basolwandle , phansi kwesihlabathi noma okunezihlabathi, kanye nama-mangrove asogwini . Izinhlobo eziningi zama-catshark anamabala amancane (isibonelo, lawo avela ogwini lwaseNingizimu Pacific lwaseChile nasePeru) zibonisa ukuthanda amahlathi e-kelp njenge-giant kelp ( Lessonia trabeculata ), ewanikeza indawo yokukhosela kanye nesakhiwo esihle sokuzala.
Amahloni ayisici esivamile. Ngokuvamile, awatholakali kalula , futhi ubukhulu bawo obuphakathi benza kube nzima ukuwabona. Izinhlobo eziningana zithanda amanzi angajulile , kodwa ezinye zehlela ekujuleni okukhulu. Kunemibhalo egciniwe yama-catshark ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 , kanti ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-2000 , okubonisa ukuhlukahluka kwazo kwemvelo.
ELwandlekazi i-Atlantic, ama-catshark amancane atholakala ezindaweni eziningi, futhi abikwe emanzini ajulile kusukela ezindaweni eziphakeme kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo . Nakuba engafuduka, izilwane eziningi zibonisa ukwethembeka okuphezulu endaweni , ngokunyakaza kwendawo kanye nokuhlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinezindawo zokuhlala ezinhle nokudla.
Esinye isici esithinta indlela yabo yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba yikhono labo lokupompa amanzi ngokusebenzisa amagill abo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubhukuda njalo. Le ndlela ibavumela ukuba baphumule benganyakazi phansi kolwandle isikhathi eside futhi basebenzise imifantu, imihume, kanye nemigodi.
Ezifundeni zaseMpumalanga yePacific , ezinye zezilwane ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-catshark ziyizinhlobo zasogwini kuphela , ezihlotshaniswa namatshe asemadwaleni kanye nezindawo ezixubile zesihlabathi namatshe angaphansi. Lawa ama-shark asema-benthic kuphela , axhumene nendawo yase-littoral kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zamatshe asemadwaleni, atholakala kuzo zombili izindawo zase-equatorial kanye nezifundazwe eziseningizimu ezinesimo sezulu esipholile . Le ndlela isiza ukuchaza ukuba khona kwawo ezisekelweni ezingajulile, emaphethelweni amatshe asemadwaleni, kanye nasezintabeni zasogwini.
Ukudla
Ukudla kwe-catshark ngokuyinhloko kuyadla inyama futhi kuqukethe izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezihlala phansi njengezinkalankala , izimfanzi , nezinye izilwane ezinamagobolondo ; zidla nama-mollusk ( ama -bivalves nama-gastropods), ama-cephalopods (ama-squid nama-cuttlefish), ama-echinoderms , kanye nezinhlanzi ezincane . Zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yokumunca kanye nokucindezela komhlathi ukuze zikhiphe inyamazane emifantwini nasezindaweni eziqinile.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaye bafunda imikhuba yabo, ubukhulu bomzimba wabo bunciphisa inyamazane abangabamba, yingakho bethanda izinto ezincane noma ezinganyakazi. Kodwa-ke, izindawo abahlala kuzo zicebile ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo , ngakho-ke bavame ukuthola ukudla ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhamba amabanga amade. Ezindaweni eziningana, kuye kwabhalwa phansi umsebenzi wokuzingela ebusuku, kanye nokuphumula emini ezindaweni zokukhosela.
Ezinhlotsheni lapho igama elithi catshark lisetshenziswa khona ku- nurse shark ( Ginglymostoma cirratum ), ukudla okurekhodiwe kuyafana kakhulu: badla ama-crustaceans (ama-shrimp nama-crabs), ama-cephalopods , ama-sea urchins , kanye nezinhlanzi ezincane (njenge-catfish noma i-mullet). Kukhona ngisho nezifundo ezibonisa uthando oluthile ngama -lobster amancane anama-spiny . Lokhu kuhambisana kokudla kuchazwa yindlela yokuphila efanayo ye-benthic.
Ezindaweni ezinehlathi le-algae elinsundu , ubuningi kanye nesakhiwo sehlathi kungashintsha ukudla kwamanye ama-catshark anamabala amancane: amahlathi aminyene anikeza isiphephelo kwezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla, eqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwamaqembu atholakalayo; lapho ihlathi lingaxinene kakhulu, ukudla kuyashintsha ngokutholakala kwendawo.
Igama elithi "cat shark" lihlanganisa nezinhlobo zasogwini lwasePacific, ngaphezu kwama-crustaceans nama-mollusk, ezibamba ama-echinoderms njenge-starfish kanye nama-sea cucumber, kanye nezinhlanzi ezinamathambo ase-benthic . Izinhlobo eziningana ezinkulu ezaziwa ngokuthi "cat sharks" ziye zachazwa njengezidla inyamazane engavamile, kusukela emisebeni esemncane kuya, ngezinye izikhathi, ezinyoka zasolwandle , kuye ngokuthi indawo itholakala kuphi kanye namathuba okuzingela.
Izinhlobo eziningi ngezinye izikhathi zihambisana nama -remora , izinhlanzi ezinamathela koshaka, zisebenzisa ithuba lokunyakaza kwazo futhi zidle izinsalela zokudla noma izimuncagazi; lobu budlelwano obuhambisanayo abuphazamisi ukuzingela koshaka, kodwa bungandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza endaweni ezungezile.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kukati oshaka
Kuma-catshark amancane ajwayelekile omndeni wakwaScyliorhinidae, ukuzala kuyama -oviparous . Abesifazane bakhiqiza ama-capsule amaqanda aziwa ngokuthi ama-mermaid's purses , avame ukufakwa ama-tendril noma ama-filament avumela ukuthi anamathele ezindaweni ezizinzile: i -algae ensundu (njengeLessonia ), amagatsha e-coral , amatshe, noma iziponji. Ngokuvamile babekela amaqanda amabili ngokuzala futhi bangaphinda inqubo njalo ezinsukwini ezimbili noma ezintathu amasonto, kuye ngohlobo kanye nesimo sensikazi.
Ezinhlotsheni zasogwini ezihlotshaniswa namahlathi e-kelp eNingizimu yePacific, abesifazane baboniswe ukuthi bakhetha ulwelwe olukhulu , olukuphakama kwalo kanye nesakhiwo salo kuvikela emanzini kanye nezilwane ezidla amaqanda (njengezinkalankala ezithile). Ukukhula kwesibeletho ngaphakathi kwe-capsule kuvame ukuhlala izinyanga eziningana futhi kuhambisana kahle nendawo ukuze kwandiswe ukusinda kwamaphuphu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ushaka oncelisayo ( Ginglymostoma cirratum )—owaziwa ezindaweni eziningi ngokuthi i-catshark—ubonisa i-ovoviviparity : amaphuphu akhula ngaphakathi kwesibeletho sikamama, ondliwe yi- yolk yamaqanda akhe, futhi azalwa akhiwe ngokugcwele. Ama-litter angaba namaphuphu angu-20 kuya kwangu-30 anobude obungaba ngu- 30 cm . Ukuqomisana kuhlanganisa ukugoba amaphiko kanye nenduna ibambe owesifazane, ukuziphatha okuchazwe kabanzi kuma-carpet shark kanye nezinhlobo ezihlobene nawo.
Ngokuphathelene nezindlela zokuzivikela, ezinye izinhlobo eqenjini ezaziwa ngokuthi i-pufferfish ( Cephaloscyllium ) ziyakwazi ukudla amanzi amaningi (ngisho nomoya) ukuze zandise ubukhulu bemizimba yazo futhi zivimbele ukudla kwazo lapho zizizwa zisongelwa. Lesi simo singanikeza umbono wokuthi lesi silwane siphinda kabili noma kathathu inani laso, yize kungesona isici sazo zonke izinhlobo ze-catshark.
Ama-juvenile avame ukuvakashela izindawo ezingajulile nezivikelekile njengemihlume kanye nama-reef , lapho athola khona indawo yokukhosela nokudla. Ukuhlangana kwamaqanda kuye kwabonwa emahlathini e-kelp, futhi kwezinye izindawo, abesifazane babonisa ukwethembeka okuphawulekayo ezindaweni ezinhle zokubeka amaqanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuhlangana koshaka kuhilela ukufakwa kwe- clasper yesilisa e-urethra yesifazane futhi kungase kuhambisane nokubamba ukuluma . Kwezinye izinhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-catshark, isikhathi sokukhulelwa esingaba yizinyanga eziyisithupha siphakanyisiwe; yize lokhu kuhambisana nokubonwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo koshaka abahlengikazi, abukho ubufakazi obuqinile bokudla inyama ngaphakathi kwesibeletho njengesu elijwayelekile kulolu hlobo, isici esibonakala kwezinye izinhlobo zoshaka.
Amasiko nokuziphatha
I-catshark ivame ukuba sebusuku , inomsebenzi omkhulu ekuseni nakusihlwa. Emini, iphumula phansi kolwandle, ifihliwe emifantwini , emihumeni , noma phakathi kwe -algae . I-physiology yayo iyivumela ukuthi iphefumule ngaphandle kokubhukuda , ngenxa yokumpompa amanzi ngamandla ngokusebenzisa amagill ayo, okwenza kube lula isikhathi eside sokungakwazi ukuhamba. Ezinye izifundo ziphakamise imijikelezo yokuphumula efana nokulala lapho lesi silwane sinciphisa khona umsebenzi waso kakhulu.
Ezindaweni ezinokudla okuningi, amaqembu abantu angabonakala elele eduze, yize ama-catshark amancane ngokuvamile ehlala yedwa . Ezindaweni zokuhlala ezihlelwe kahle, i-acoustic telemetry ibonise ukuhlala endaweni ephezulu , kanti abantu bahlala eduze kwendawo lapho betholakale khona isikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Umsebenzi wabo ungase wehle ebusika , mhlawumbe ngenxa yezinguquko zemvelo, izinguquko zokuzala, noma ukufuduka kwesikhashana baye emanzini ajulile.
Ezindaweni zokudla zasogwini, ama-catshark amaningi anamabala amancane asebenza njenge- mesopredators , axhumanisa amazinga aphansi e-trophic (izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi ezincane) nezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane eziphezulu. Le ndima inegalelo ekubaleni imvelo kanye nokudluliselwa kwezakhamzimba phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala njengoba zihamba phakathi kwezindawo zokukhosela, izindawo zokudla, kanye nezindawo zokuzalela.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-catshark, njenge-nurse shark, zingakha amaqembu okuphumula ezinhlobo eziningi, ngezinye izikhathi zize ziqoqeke phezulu phezu komunye nomunye ezindaweni zokukhosela ezinhle. Lokhu kuziphatha komphakathi kubonakala kuhlotshaniswa nezimo zendawo njengokudla okuningi noma ukuba khona kwezindawo eziphephile, futhi akusho ukuthi kukhona ulaka kubantu.
Kuvamile ukuthi oshaka abaningana balandelwe yizimpukane ezizibopha zisebenzisa i-cephalic disc; laba bangane badla izimuncagazi kanye nezinsalela zokudla, bazizuzele ukusinda ngaphandle kokuthinta oshaka.
Ingabe i-catshark iyingozi?
Kubantu, i-nurse shark ayinangozi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Ubukhulu bayo, amahloni, kanye nemikhuba yayo yokulala phansi kusho ukuthi ukuxhumana nabantu kuyinto engavamile. I -nurse shark , efana negama elivamile ezindaweni eziningi, ivame ukuthula futhi ibekezelela ukuba khona kwababhukudi; nokho, njenganoma yisiphi isilwane sasendle, ingaluma uma ihlukunyezwa, ibanjwa, noma uma indawo yayo yokukhosela ihlaselwa. Umthetho oyisisekelo uwukugcina ngaphandle kokuphazamisa.
Isimo sokulondoloza kanye nezinsongo
Isimo sokulondolozwa siyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo. Ama-catshark amaningana asogwini abhekwa njengangenandaba kangako emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi awasengozini. Izinsongo eziyinhloko ukulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala kanye nokuwohloka kwayo (kufaka phakathi ukuvunwa kolwelwe olunsundu ezindaweni lapho amaqanda eboshelwe khona), ukubanjwa ngama-gillnet, kanye nezinguquko zemvelo ezihlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu (izinga lokushisa, imisinga yamanzi, ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba).
Ezindaweni lapho abesifazane bebekela amaqanda abo ku- giant kelp ( Lessonia trabeculata ), ukususwa kolwelwe olukhulu kunciphisa izindawo ezifanele zokubeka amaqanda , okuphoqa ukuthi basebenzise ulwelwe oluncane olungenasivikelo esiningi . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkalankala nezinenke zidla amaqanda, ngakho - ke isakhiwo sehlathi kanye nokuphathwa kwalo kuthinta ukusinda kwezitshalo ezisakhula.
Ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi nge-bycatch kuthinta kokubili izingane ezincane kanye nabantu abadala. Nakuba ama-catshark amaningi anamabala amancane angasinda uma ekhululwa ngesikhathi ngenxa yokumelana kwawo nokubanjwa, ukufa okwandayo kanye nokulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala kubeka ingcindezi kwezinye izilwane. Imfundo, ukuqapha , kanye nokwamukelwa kwemikhuba emihle yokubamba nokukhulula kubalulekile lapho ukubanjwa kwawo kungeyona inhloso.
Izinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwendawo kanye nokufinyelela emphakathini nazo ziyakhuthazwa ukuze kutholakale ama-egg capsules alahlekile futhi kube lula ukuwathutha uma kungenzeka, kanye nezinhlelo ze -telemetry kanye nezifundo zomlando wokuphila (ubudala, ukukhula, kanye nokuvuthwa), ezibalulekile ekwakheni izindlela zokuphatha ezisebenzayo. Kwezinye izifunda, uhlobo olwaziwa ngokuthi i-catshark luthintwa ukuhweba ngesikhumba salo , olubhekwa njengemboni yesikhumba ngenxa yokuqina kwalo, kanye nokudoba ogwini okwenziwa ngezandla nangokuhweba.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-dogfish ne-cat shark
- I-catshark inazo i-anal fin (eyodwa), ewusizo ekuqhubekiseni nasekuqondiseni; i-dogfish (I-Squalus SPP.) Alinayo i-fin yangemuva.
- I-catshark Alinawo ameva emaphikweni angemuva; inhlanzi inayo iqolo evelele.
- I-dogfish ikhombisa a umbala ompunga okufiphele kanye nomzimba oqinile; i-catshark ivame ukunikeza amaphethini adonsa amehlo (amabala, amabhendi noma ama-moles) kanye nomzimba omncane.
- Emacatsharks, i amaphiko omhlane ngokuvamile iqala ngemuva kwe-pelvicKu-dogfish, kutholakala amaphiko angemuva ngaphambili noma ngaphezulu yemisipha ye-pelvic, enikeza ukubukeka komzimba okuhlangene.
Zithanda amanzi afudumele nashisayo anokudla okuningi, kusukela ezitsheni ezingajulile kuya ezinzulwini nasezintabeni zasogwini. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyimfihlo, zisebusuku, futhi zise -benthic , futhi zivumelana nezimo zemvelo ngendlela emangalisayo. Indima yazo njenge- mesopredators igcina ukuxhumana kwe-trophic kwezindawo zemvelo zasogwini kanye nezijulile, kuyilapho amasu azo okuzala—amaqanda amaningi kuma-catshark amancane anamabala kanye nama-ovoviviparous ezinhlotsheni ezibizwa nangokuthi ama-catshark, njenge-nurse shark—angumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhlelwe kahle endaweni ngayinye yokuhlala.
Ukuzalanisa okuthunjiwe (akunconyiwe)
Nakuba ezinye izinhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-catshark ziboniswa ezindaweni zokubhukuda zomphakathi ngezinjongo zemfundo nezokulondolozwa, ukuzigcina akukhuthazwa kubantu ngabanye. Zidinga amanzi amaningi kakhulu , izinhlelo zokuhlunga kanye ne-oxygenation ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukudla okuhlukahlukene okulawulwa kokudla okunempilo , kanye nemingcele yekhwalithi yamanzi eqinile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemithetho evimbela ubunikazi bazo kanye nokuhweba kwazo. Inhlalakahle yazo iqinisekiswa kangcono endaweni yazo yemvelo noma ezindaweni zobungcweti ezenza izinhlelo zesayensi eziqinile .
Lapho zithunjiwe, zombili izinhlanzi ezincane ezinamabala amancane kanye nezinhlanzi ezincelisayo zingabonisa ukuziphatha kokuqapha kanye nokuphumula isikhathi eside, kodwa zidinga isikhala esanele sokugwema ukucindezeleka, ukulimala kwamaphiko, kanye nokushayisana nezakhiwo. Ukuqaphela ngobuqotho endaweni yazo yemvelo noma ezikhungweni ezigunyaziwe kuyindlela enobulungiswa kakhulu yokujabulela lezi zinhlobo.
Igama elithi "cat shark" lihlanganisa iqembu elihlukahlukene lezinhlobo ezinezici ezifanayo: indlela yokuphila yase-benthic, umsebenzi wasebusuku, ukudla okusekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi ezincane, kanye namasu okuzala ahambisana nendawo yazo yokuhlala. Ukuhlonza iqembu elithile esifundeni ngasinye kuvumela ukuqonda okungcono ngobukhulu bazo, ukuziphatha komphakathi (kufaka phakathi amaqembu okuphumula ), ukuzithoba kwazo kubabhukudi , kanye nezinyathelo zokulondoloza ezifanele kakhulu.
