Njengoba sesishilo izikhathi ezingenakubalwa kule bhulogi, ulwandle aluyeki ukusimangaza. Singathola izinhlobo zasolwandle zihluke kakhulu kangangokuthi asisoze sacabanga ukuthi zingaba khona. Lokhu kunjalo ngoshaka ongumhlengikazi. Nakuba kungelona uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu, lingenza umbono omkhulu. Igama layo lesayensi ezindaweni eziningi libhekisela ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ubulili I-Scyliorhinus (ngokwesibonelo, Isikali seScyliorhinus) emndenini we-Scyliorhinidae, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi igama elivamile elithi catshark libuye lisetshenziswe kwezinye izinhlobo ezifana ne ushaka ongumhlengikazi (Isifo se-Ginglymostoma). Lokhu kungaqondakali kwegama elivamile kubalulekile humusha ngendlela efanele biology yabo.
Sizokutshela konke ngakho. izimfihlo kanye nezici mayelana ne-catshark, icacisa ukusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwegama, izici zayo ezibonakala kakhulu kanye nendlela ehlala ngayo olwandle oluhlukahlukene lweplanethi.
Izici eziyinhloko
Eqenjini lama-catshark (ikakhulukazi lawo omndeni wakwaScyliorhinidae) singathola cishe cishe 150 izinhlobo Zitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezipholile emhlabeni jikelele. Abuye aziwe ngokuthi ama-catsharks amancane o amalimu ezindaweni eziningi ezisogwini ezikhuluma iSpanishi.
Igama elidumile lingenxa ye- ukufana kwamehlo abo zinde njengalezo zefeline kakade zayo ikhala elihle ngokubukeka okwekati kancane. Zinomzimba omude futhi ozacile, ombozwe ama-dermal denticles (okungezona izikali zangempela) ezinikeza ukuthungwa okumaholo, okufana ne-sandpaper; yingakho isidlaliso "ifayela." Bayabukisa amaphiko amabili angenamgogodla futhi a i-anal fin ithuthukiswe kahle, izici zomndeni ezijwayelekile.
Oshaka bekati bahlukaniswa ngezabo amaphethini ombala Esikhumbeni: ngaphezu kokumpunga okujwayelekile, kukhona ukuchichima imivimbo, amabala noma ama-moles ngamathoni aphuzi noma awolintshi. Le miklamo ibasiza ukuba ukufihla phezu kwamadwala, izimfunda zasolwandle noma amahlathi e-kelp.
Ngokuqondene nosayizi, ngokuvamile awawona ama-giants: iningi lilinganisa phakathi 30 cm futhi 1,2 mnakuba abanye bekwazi 1,6 mUkukhulunywa kwezibonelo ezifika ku-4 m kuhambisana ne ushaka ongumhlengikazi (Isifo se-Ginglymostoma), olunye uhlobo lwezilwane ezindaweni eziningi olubuye lubizwe ngokuthi i-catshark ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo kanye nemikhuba ye-benthic.
Umhlathi wayo uqinile ngosayizi wayo, nge amazinyo amancane agobile ezisebenza njengezingwegwe. Zijwayelwe bamba izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi ezincane ngokunemba, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa enamandla ukumunca eduze naphansi.
Ngale kwama-catshark anamabala amancane ajwayelekile, kunezinhlobo ezinezici ezithile eziwela ngaphansi kwegama elivamile le-catshark. ushaka ongumhlengikazi beka izilevu zezinzwa emlonyeni ezisiza ekuboneni inyamazane egqitshiwe, nezinye izinhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi endaweni izingwe Zibonisa imibala egqamile kakhulu enamabala. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwamafomu kuqinisa isidingo sokukhomba iqembu eliqondile esibhekise kuyo.
Kwabesilisa, i-dimorphism yobulili ibonakala ku- i-pterygopodia (clspers), ama-appendages atholakala phakathi kwama-pelvic fins; abesifazane bayantula. Ezindaweni eziningi, i- isikhathi sokuphila kulinganiselwa ku amashumi eminyaka ambalwanasezihlotsheni ezibizwa nangokuthi ama-catshark, njengoshaka ongumhlengikazi, ukuphila isikhathi eside kwe I-25 eminyakeni engu-30 ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, mhlawumbe ephakeme endle.
KubalulekileKwezinye izindawo ezisogwini olusempumalanga yePacific, igama elithi catshark lisetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezingezona ezomndeni wakwaScyliorhinidae, njenge I-Heterodontus quoyi, nemikhuba yasogwini. Ngokufanayo, igama elithi "ikati" livela kwezinye izinhlobo ezifana ne inhlanzi eyikatiLe mehluko taxonomic Bachaza ukuhlukahluka kobukhulu, ukuziphatha, nokuzala esixoxa ngakho kuso sonke isihloko.
Indawo yekati kashaka nobubanzi
Ama-Catsharks azivumelanisa nawo amanzi apholile futhi ashisayoNgakho-ke, ukusatshalaliswa kwawo emhlabeni wonke kubanzi kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi isifunda: ogwini E-Asia, e-Afrika naseMelika Kukhona abameleli abaningi abavela emindenini eyahlukene kanye nobulili, abanezintandokazi zendawo ezichazwe kahle.
Ziyizilwane zomkhuba. i-benthicNgokuvamile zihlala eduze naphansi, phakathi izixhobo ezinamatshe namakhorali, izimfunda zasolwandle, izinqe eziyisihlabathi noma ezinogwadule kanye umhlume izindawo ezisogwini. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-catshark anamabala amancane (isibonelo, lawo aseNingizimu Pacific eChile nasePeru) abonisa ukuhlobana kwezindawo ezisogwini. amahlathi ama-brown kelp njengenduku ye-kelp (I-Lessonia trabeculata), okubanikeza indawo yokukhosela kanye nesakhiwo esikahle sokuzalanisa.
Amahloni yisici esivamile. Ngokuvamile, banjalo eshelelayo futhi ubukhulu bazo obuphakathi bubenza kube nzima ukuzibona. Izinhlobo eziningana zithanda amanzi engajulilekodwa abanye behlela emazingeni abalulekile. Kunamarekhodi ama-catsharks at ngaphezu kwe-100 m ejulile, futhi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziphila ngisho ngezansi 2000 m, okubonisa ukuhlukahluka kwayo kwemvelo.
Olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, ama-catshark anamabala amancane atholakala ezindaweni eziningi, futhi abikwa ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle kusukela lapho. ukuphakama kuya ezindaweni ezishisayoNakuba bekwazi ukunyakaza, abantu abaningi bayabonisa ukwethembeka kwesayithi eliphezulu, ngokunyakaza kwendawo nokuhlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinendawo yokuhlala enhle nokudla.
Isici esisodwa esithanda indlela yabo yokuphila ye-benthic yikhono labo lokwenza ukumpompa amanzi ngamagill ngaphandle kokudinga ukubhukuda njalo. Lo mshini uyabavumela ukuphumula unganyakazi phansi isikhathi eside futhi usebenzise imifantu, imigede nemigodi.
Ezifundeni ze I-Eastern PacificEzinye zezilwane ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ama-catshark ziyizinhlobo ngasogwini kuphelaLaba oshaka, abahlotshaniswa nezixhobo zamatshe kanye nesihlabathi esixubene namatshe aphansi. ngokuqinile benthic, exhunywe emgqeni osogwini kanye nendawo yokuhlala yezixhobo, ekhona kuzo zombili lezi zindawo inkabazwe njengasezifundazweni izindawo ezishisayo eziseningizimuLe phethini isiza ukuchaza ubukhona bayo ezinkundleni ezingashoni, emaphethelweni amatshe, nasezintabeni ezisogwini.
Ukudla
Ukudla kwe-catshark ikakhulukazi esidla inyama futhi kusekelwe ezingenamgogodla kusukela phansi, njenge izinkalankala, imfanzi y amanye ama-crustaceansBaphinde badle ama-molluscs (ama-bivalves nama-gastropods), umabhebhana (i-squid ne-cuttlefish), echinoderms y izinhlanzi ezincaneBasebenzisa inhlanganisela ye ukumunca kanye nokucindezela komhlathi ukuze kukhishwe inyamazane emifantwini nakuma-substrates aqinile.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaye bafunda imikhuba yabo, yabo usayizi womzimba Lokhu kunciphisa inyamazane abangayibamba, yingakho ukukhetha kwabo izinto ezincane noma ezinganyakazi. Nokho, izindawo abahlala kuzo ecebile ngokwehlukahlukanaNgakho-ke, ngokuvamile bathola ukudla ngaphandle kokudinga ukuhamba amabanga amade. Ezindaweni eziningana, uphawu umsebenzi wasebusuku ukuzingela, nokuphumula kwasemini ezindaweni zokukhosela.
Ezizweni lapho igama elithi catshark lisetshenziselwa khona ushaka ongumhlengikazi (Isifo se-Ginglymostoma), ukudla okurekhodiwe kuhambisana kakhulu: bayadla crustaceans (izimfanzi nezinkalankala), umabhebhana, ama-erizos nezinhlanzi ezincane (njenge-catfish noma i-mullet). Kukhona ngisho nezifundo ezikhomba ukuthanda okuthile ama-lobster amancaneLokhu kufana kokudla kuchazwa ukufana kwayo indlela yokuphila ye-benthic.
Ezindaweni ezine amahlathi ama-brown kelpukuminyana kanye nokwakheka ehlathini can shintsha ukudla amanye ama-catshark anamabala amancane: amahlathi aminyene anikeza isiphephelo ezilwaneni ezithile ezingenamgogodla, eziqondisa ukusetshenziswa emaqenjini atholakalayo; lapho ihlathi lingaminyene kakhulu, umkhondo wezokudla uyashintsha ngokunikezwa kwendawo.
Igama elithi catshark liphinde lihlanganise nezilwane ezisogwini ePacific, okuthi, ngaphezu kwama-crustaceans nama-mollusk, zithwebule. echinoderms ezifana ne-starfish nolwandle ukhukhamba, kanye izinhlanzi zamathambo yemikhuba ye-benthic. Ezinhlotsheni eziningana ezinkulu zendawo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-catshark, inyamazane engavamile iye yachazwa, kusukela imivimbo yentsha ngisho ngezikhathi ezithile, izinyoka zasolwandle, njalo kuye ngokutholakala kwendawo kanye namathuba okuzingela.
Izinhlobo eziningi zihamba nazo ngezikhathi ezithile ukukhumbulaIzinhlanzi ezinamathela oshaka, zisebenzise ukunyakaza kwazo futhi zidle izinsalela zokudla noma izimuncagazi; lobu budlelwano be-commensal akuphazamisi ukuzingela kukashaka, kodwa kungandisa ukuxhashazwa kwezinsiza ku-ecosystem.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kukati oshaka
Kuma-catsharks anamabala amancane omndeni wakwa-Scyliorhinidae, ukuzalana i-oviparousAbesifazane bayakhiqiza ama-capsules amaqanda waziwa ngo izikhwama ze-mermaid, evame ukunikezwa izintambo noma imicu ebavumela ukuthi babambelele kuma-substrates azinzile: ukhula olwandle onsundu (njenge isifundo), amagatsha amakhoraliamatshe noma izipontshi. Ngokuvamile bekela amaqanda amabili ngomcimbi ngamunye futhi ingaphinda ukusebenza ngakunye izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu amasonto, kuye ngohlobo nesimo sensikazi.
Ezinhlotsheni ezisogwini ezihlobene namahlathi e-kelp aseNingizimu Pacific, kutholakale ukuthi abesifazane Bakhetha ama-algae amakhulu, ubude nokwakheka kwayo kuhlinzeka ukuvikeleka emisinga nasezilwaneni ezidla ezinye amaqanda (njengezinkalankala ezithile). I ukuthuthukiswa kwe-embryonic ngaphakathi kwe-capsule ngokuvamile ihlala Izinyanga eziningana futhi ivunyelaniswe kahle nendawo ezungezile ukuze kwandiswe ukuphila kwenzalo lapho ichanyuselwa.
Ngokuphambene, ushaka ongumhlengikazi (Isifo se-Ginglymostoma) —eyaziwa futhi ezindaweni eziningi ngokuthi i-catshark—iyanikela i-ovoviviparityInzalo ikhula ngaphakathi esibelethweni sikamama, yondliwe yisisu ihlumela Zichanyuselwa emaqandeni futhi zizalwe seziphelele. Ama-litters angaba yi- 20 kuya ku-30 abasha ngobude eduze 30 cmUkuqomisana kuhlanganisa ukuluma emaphikweni kanti eyeduna ibamba insikazi, ukuziphatha okuchazwa kabanzi koshaka abakhaphethi kanye nezinhlobo ezihlobene.
Mayelana nezindlela zokuzivikela, ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo zeqembu ezaziwa ngokuthi oshaka abagcwele umoya (I-Cephaloscyllium) ziyakwazi ukugwinya imilomo emikhulu yamanzi (futhi ngisho nomoya) ukukhulisa usayizi womzimba wabo futhi vimbela ukudliwa lapho bezizwa besongelwa. Lesi simo singanikeza umbono wokuthi isilwane siphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu umthamo waso, nakuba singesona isici sawo wonke ama-catshark.
Intsha ivame ukuvama izindawo ezingajulile futhi ivikelwe, njengaye umhlume y imifulalapho abathola khona indawo yokuhlala nokudla. Baye babhekwa amaqanda aggregations emahlathini e-kelp futhi, kwezinye izindawo, kunophawu ukwethembeka kwabesifazane ezindaweni ezivundile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuhlangana koshaka kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwe i-pterygopod yowesilisa embotsheni yesifazane, futhi ingase ihambisane nayo ukuluma kokunamathiselwe. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-catshark, kunenkathi ephakanyisiwe kwezokuxhumana cishe ingxenye yonyaka; nakuba ezinyonini zabahlengikazi lokhu kuhambisana nokubhekwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, abukho ubufakazi obuqinile ba i-intrauterine cannibalism njengesu elivamile kulolu hlobo lwezilwane, isici esiwuphawu lwezinye izizukulwane zoshaka.
Amasiko nokuziphatha
I-catshark ngokuvamile ebusukungomsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu ekuseni nakusihlwa. Emini ihlala ekuphumuleni ngemuva, kufihlwe phakathi imifantu, cuevas noma phakathi ulwelweI-physiology yayo iyakuvumela ukuphefumula ngaphandle kokubhukudaNgenxa yokumpompa okusebenzayo kwamanzi ngama-gill, okuvumela izikhathi zokungakwazi ukuhamba isikhathi eside. Ezinye izifundo zihlongozile imijikelezo yokuphumula eduze nokulala, lapho isilwane sinciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi waso.
Ezindaweni ezinokutholakala okuphezulu kokudla, umuntu angabheka amaqembu kwabantu abaphumule eduze komunye nomunye, nakuba ngokuvamile ama-catshark anamabala amancane imikhuba yokuba wedwaEzingosini ezakhiwe kahle, i-acoustic telemetry ibonisiwe indawo yokuhlala ephezulu yendawonabantu abahlala eduze nendawo lapho betholwe khona isikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Umsebenzi wabo kungenzeka ukwehla ebusika, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezinguquko zemvelo, izinguquko zokuzala, noma ukuthuthela endaweni amanzi ajulile okwesikhashana.
Ezindaweni zokudla ezisogwini, ama-catshark amaningi anamabala amancane enza njenge ama-mesopredatorsukuxhuma amazinga aphansi (izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi ezincane) nezilwane ezidla ezinye eziphezulu. Le ndima ineqhaza ku ibhalansi ye-ecosystems kanye ukudluliswa kwezakhi phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala lapho zihamba phakathi kwezindawo zokukhosela, izindawo zokudla kanye nezindawo zokuzalela.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezibizwa nangokuthi ama-catshark, njengoshaka ongumhlengikazi, zingakheka amaqembu okuphumula nenqwaba yabantu, ngisho nokubhekwa izinqwaba oshaka banqwabelana phezu komunye ezindaweni ezikahle zokucasha. Lokhu kuziphatha komphakathi kubonakala kuxhumene nakho izimo zendawo njengenala yokudla noma ukuba khona kwezindawo eziphephile, futhi akusho ulaka olubhekiswe kubantu.
Kujwayelekile ukuthi oshaka abaningana balandelwe ukukhumbula ezinamathisela nge-cephalic disc; laba abangani bayadla izimuncagazi nezinsalela zokudla, ezizuzisa ukuphila kwazo ngaphandle kokuthinta ushaka.
Ingabe i-catshark iyingozi?
Kubantu, i-catshark injalo akunangozi Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ubukhulu bayo, amahloni, nemikhuba yokuziphatha kahle yenza ukuthintana nabantu ngezikhathi ezithile. ushaka ongumhlengikazi, enegama elivamile ezindaweni eziningi, nayo ivamile Pacific nokubekezelela ukuba khona kwabahlukahlukene; nokho, njenganoma yisiphi isilwane sasendle, ingakwazi ukuluma Uma ihlukunyezwa, ivinjwa, noma isiphephelo sayo sihlaselwa, umthetho oyisisekelo uthi... qaphela ngaphandle kokuphazamisa.
Isimo sokulondoloza kanye nezinsongo
Izimo zokongiwa ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwezilwane. Ama-catsharks asogwini amaningana abhekwa njengawo ukukhathazeka okuncane emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi azikho izingozi. Izinsongo ezinkulu yilezi ukulahlekelwa kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala (kuhlanganise ne ukuxhashazwa kwe-algae ensundu ezindaweni lapho amaqanda ihange), the bycatch ku-gillnetting kanye ne- izinguquko zemvelo okuhambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu (izinga lokushisa, imisinga, ukutholakala kwezakhi).
Ezindaweni lapho abesifazane bezalela khona amaqanda hhayi kancane (I-Lessonia trabeculata), ukukhishwa kwe- ulwelwe olukhulu kunciphisa ama-substrates afanelekile i-oviposition, okuphoqa ukusetshenziswa kwe-algae encane nge ukuvikeleka okuncaneNgaphezu kwalokho, kuqinisekile izinkalankala y iminenke Zidla amaqanda, ngakho ukwakheka kwehlathi kanye nokuphathwa kwalo kunomthelela ukusinda kwe-embryonic.
La bycatch Kuthinta intsha kanye nabantu abadala. Nakuba ama-catshark amaningi anamabala amancane angakwazi sisinde Uma zidedelwa ngesikhathi ngenxa yokumelana kwazo nokubambeka, inani lokufa elinqwabelene kanye nokunciphisa indawo yokuhlala kubeka ingcindezi kwabanye abantu. Imfundo, i ukuqapha kanye nokwamukelwa kwe imikhuba emihle izinto ezibuyiswayo ziwukhiye lapho ukuthwebula kwazo kungeyona inhloso.
Izinhlelo zasendaweni nazo ziyakhuthazwa ukongiwa nokusabalalisa ukuqaphela ama-capsules amaqanda bahlukunyezwe futhi bathande labo ukuthutha uma kungenzeka, kanye nezinhlelo ze telemetry kanye nezifundo zomlando wempilo (iminyaka yobudala, ukukhula, nokuvuthwa), kubalulekile ekuklameni izindlela zokuphatha ezisebenzayo. Kwezinye izifunda, uhlobo olwaziwa ngokuthi i-catshark luyathinteka ukumaketha kwesikhumba sabo, eyaziswa imboni yesikhumba ngenxa yamandla ayo, nokubamba izinhlanzi ezobuciko nezohwebo izindawo ezisogwini.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-dogfish ne-cat shark
- I-catshark inazo i-anal fin (eyodwa), ewusizo ekuqhubekiseni nasekuqondiseni; i-dogfish (I-Squalus SPP.) Alinayo i-fin yangemuva.
- I-catshark Alinawo ameva emaphikweni angemuva; inhlanzi inayo iqolo evelele.
- I-dogfish ikhombisa a umbala ompunga okufiphele kanye nomzimba oqinile; i-catshark ivame ukunikeza amaphethini adonsa amehlo (amabala, amabhendi noma ama-moles) kanye nomzimba omncane.
- Emacatsharks, i amaphiko omhlane ngokuvamile iqala ngemuva kwe-pelvicKu-dogfish, kutholakala amaphiko angemuva ngaphambili noma ngaphezulu yemisipha ye-pelvic, enikeza ukubukeka komzimba okuhlangene.
Ithanda amanzi apholile nashisayo ngokudla okuyinala, kusukela emizileni engashoni kuya phansi ogwini kanye nasemithambekeni. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlakaniphile, zasebusuku, futhi empeleni benthicngokuguquguquka okumangazayo kwemvelo. Indima yayo njenge ama-mesopredators Igcina ukuxhumana kwe-trophic kwemvelo yasogwini kanye ne-deep-sea, kuyilapho amasu ayo okuzala-oviparous kuma-catsharks anamabala amancane kanye nama-ovoviviparous ezinhlobonhlobo ezibizwa nangokuthi oshaka bamakati, njengoshaka ongumhlengikazi-isabela ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo okucushwe kahle endaweni ngayinye.
Ukuzalanisa okuthunjiwe (akunconyiwe)
Nakuba ezinye izinhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-catshark zikhonjiswa ku izindawo zasemanzini zomphakathi ngezinjongo zemfundo nokongiwa, ukugcinwa kwayo Akunconywa Okwabantu abazimele. Zidinga umthamo wamanzi. phezulu kakhuluUkusebenza okuphezulu kokuhlunga kanye namasistimu okufaka umoya-mpilo, okuphakelayo okuhlukahlukene nge ukulawula ukudla okunomsoco kanye nemingcele yekhwalithi yamanzi ezinzile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zikhona okwejwayelekile ezivimbela impahla nokuhweba kwazo. Inhlalakahle yabo iqinisekiswa kangcono endaweni yemvelo noma ezikhungweni zobuchwepheshe ezithuthukayo izinhlelo zesayensi sina.
Ekuthunjweni, kokubili ama-catshark anamabala amancane noshaka abahlengikazi bangabonisa ukuziphatha patrol nokuphumula isikhathi eside, kodwa zidinga ivulekile Ukuze ugweme ingcindezi, ukulimala kwamaphiko, kanye nokushayisana nezakhiwo, ukubhekwa okunesibopho endaweni yazo yemvelo noma ezikhungweni ezigunyaziwe kuyindlela engcono kakhulu. ukuziphatha ukujabulela lezi zinhlobo.
Okubizwa nge-catshark kuhlanganisa a ukwehluka kwezinhlobo ezinezici ezivamile: indlela yokuphila ye-benthic, umsebenzi wasebusuku, ukudla okusekelwe ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi ezincane, namasu okuzala ajwayelane nendawo yazo. Khomba ukuthi yikuphi iqembu elithile Sibhekisela esifundeni ngasinye, esivumela ukutolika okungcono kobukhulu baso nokuziphatha komphakathi (okuhlanganisa amaqembu okuphumula), iziqu zabo ukuzithoba ebhekene nabatshuzi kanye ne izinyathelo zokulondoloza ezifaneleka kakhulu.
