Imvelo ingasimangaza ngendlela engakholeki. Ubukhulu bezilwane bungaba ngokweqile. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesilwane esincelisayo esiyinhloko salesi sihloko, i- umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuyisilwane esikwazi ukukala amafidi angama-108 (cishe Amamitha angu-33) bese ukala nxazonke Amathani we-190Bahlala ezilwandle nasezilwandle. Zibhekwa njengezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi indlela yazo yokuphila ihluke kakhulu.
Woza nathi ungene esihlokweni lapho ungathola khona izici, indlela yokuphila, ukudla kanye nokuzala we-blue whale.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kuthiwani isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke. Futhi ingumkhomo omkhulu kunayo yonke. Esinye sezici zalo eziyinhloko ukuthi, nakuba lide kakhulu, liphinde libe mncane ngokulinganayo. Lena yindlela evumela ngayo umzimba wakho ukuthi usatshalaliswe ngokulinganayoUkube isisindo sawo besingahlukaniswa ngokungalingani, bekuyoba nobunzima bokubhukuda. Ngenxa yalokhu kusakazwa kwesisindo esihle kanye nokuncipha kwayo, kungahamba ngokushesha emanzini.
Umkhomo oluhlaza unezimpiko ezinde kakhulu eziwuvumela ukuba unyakaze wonke umzimba wawo. Lokhu kuyenza ikwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu emanzini naphezu kobukhulu bayo obukhulu. Ngokuvamile ifinyelela isivinini 12 ama-millis ngehora (cishe. 22 km/h). Kodwa uma isimo sikudinga, izokwazi ukubhukuda ize ifike kumamayela angama-30 ngehora (cishe i-50 km/h).
Ekuziphatheni kwabo, sithola amaqembu anezici ezihlukene. Ngokuvamile bavame ukuba izilwane nginesizungu, njengoba zidinga indawo enkulu yokuhlala ukuze zithuthuke futhi ziphile. Nokho, ezikhathini eziningi, sihlangana nemikhomo emibili ibhukuda futhi ihlala ndawonye. Akuvamile ukuthola imikhomo engaphezu kwemibili. Isikhathi esiningi sibona imikhomo emibili ihlangene, kuba ngumama nosana lwakhe.
Sizokwazi kuphela ukubona imikhomo eminingana ndawonye uma indawo isinayo ukudla okukhuluLokhu kubavumela ukuthi bahlale ndawonye isikhathi eside futhi bahlale emphakathini. Njengoba sesazi, Umkhomo uyisilwane esincelisayo, ngakho-ke awunawo ama-gill, kodwa unamaphaphu.Ingakwazi ukubamba umoya wayo futhi ihlale ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu efika kwengama-20. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, kuzodingeka ukuthi ivele phezulu ukuze iphefumule. Lokhu kwenza kube isilwane esifunwa kakhulu ukuze sibukwe. Ngokuvamile azihlali ekujuleni, njengoba zidinga ukukhuphuka ukuze ziphefumule. Ilungele ukubukwa kwesikebhe.
Ngale kosayizi, i-anatomy yayo ikhethekile kakhulu: ikhanda likhulu futhi liyisicaba ngesimo sika-U, ama-spiracles amabili ukuphefumula kanye nendiza ebonakalayo engadlula amamitha amaningana ukuphakama; kanye ne-dorsal fin, etholakala engxenyeni yokugcina yomzimba, i encane futhi eguquguqukayo semzimbeni. Umphimbo unenqwaba ukugoqa kwe-ventral (ama-grooves andayo) eyivumela ukuthi ikhulise umlomo wayo lapho idla. Esikhundleni samazinyo, inakho intshebe ama-cornea alenga emhlathini ongenhla futhi asebenze njengesisefo.
Kuneziningana subspecies ngomehluko ngosayizi nokusabalalisa: leyo ye-northern hemisphere (I-Balaenoptera musculus musculus), Antarctica (B. m. imidiya, ezinkulu) kanye ne-pygmy (B. m. i-brevicauda) ehlala ikakhulukazi oLwandle i-Indian kanye neNingizimu Pacific. Umbala ojwayelekile ngu grey eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka inamabala, nesisu ngesinye isikhathi sibe phuzi ngenxa yama-diatom, namaphiko amade, acijile e-pectoral; ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amarekhodi okubonwe kamuva kanye nokutholakele.
Izilinganiso zayo ezidlulele zihambisana namarekhodi okuphila: inhliziyo yayo ingasondela 600 kg, umthamo wamaphaphu useduze izinkulungwane zamalitha, futhi i-aorta yayo ibanzi ngokumangalisayo. Noma kunjalo, umphimbo wayo umncane futhi awukwazi ukugwinya inyamazane enkulu; ijwayele ukuhlunga ama-crustaceans amancane.
Ukondliwa nokusatshalaliswa komkhomo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Ekudleni kwakho ngenisa ama-krill amaningi kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila ezincane. Ukudla ezikuthanda kakhulu ama-squid, futhi zidla kakhulu uma ziziningi. Bangadla ukudla okungafika kumakhilogremu angu-8.000 nsuku zonke noma nini lapho bekwazi khona. (phakathi kwamathani angu-3 no-4 ngosuku lokutholakala okuphezulu, neziqongo eziphakeme ezihlanganisweni eziminyene).
Ukondla umntwana womkhomo kuwumsebenzi impela kumama, njengoba ekwazi ukudla phakathi 100 kanye namalitha ayi-150 obisi kusesikhathini.
Njengoba kunezinhlobo eziningi zemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuyinto ejwayelekile ukudideka nezinye izinhlobo zemikhomo uma ungeyena uchwepheshe kuyo. Ngokuvamile, ibanga okusakazwa ngalo Ihlanganisa i-Atlantic ne-Pacific OceanAbanye abantu basihlonze lesi silwane e-Indian Ocean, nakuba kufanele ngisho ukuthi lawa kungaba amaphutha.
Indawo yokusabalalisa Inani lalesi silwane esincelisayo lehlile. Kokubili izindawo zemvelo kanye nezimo zasolwandle seziwohlokile. Ulwandle lungcoliswe kakhulu, futhi imikhomo ibhekana nemiphumela. Zake zasakazwa cishe kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba.
I-blue whale, ngaphezu kwakho konke, a uchwepheshe wokuhlunga inyamazane encane. Idla ngokuncelisa amaphaphu: ivula umlomo wayo phambi kwesikole se-krill, idle amanzi amaningi futhi emva kwalokho. exosha amanzi ngolimi lwayo ngokusebenzisa i-baleen yalo, egcina ukudla. Nakuba i-krill iwukudla kwayo okuyisisekelo, ithatha kancane inhlanzi kanye nesquid lokho kuhlangana nezixuku.
Ukukhethwa kokudla kuyehluka ngokwesifunda: e-Atlantic naseNyakatho Pacific kudla izinhlobo eziningana ze ama-euphausiids (krill) nama-copepods, kuyilapho emanzini ase-Antarctica i-ice krill kanye ne-Antarctic krill kubusa. Umuntu omdala angangenisa amashumi ezigidi zabantu be-krill ngosuku olulodwa, okulingana 1,5 million kilojoule noma ngaphezulu ukuze ugcine i-metabolism yakho.
Isu lokuphakela liphinde liphendule kumjikelezo wansuku zonke we-krill. Emini izikole zivame ukuncipha, imikhomo idla ukudla ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 julile; ebusuku, lapho i-krill ikhuphuka, kuvamile ukubona ukudla eduze kwendawoUkuntywila okuhlala imizuzu eyi-10 kuye kwengama-20 kuvamile, nokuma isikhashana phezulu ukuze kukhishwe umoya-mpilo.
Uhlobo luyi cosmopolitan. Ikhona ezitsheni ezinkulu zolwandle, yakha amayunithi abantu eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, eNyakatho Pacific, eseNingizimu Nenkabazwe kanye nase-Indian Ocean. Ubukhona bayo bugxile lapho i-krill iyiningi: ama-upwellings, ama-ocean fronts namaphethelo eqhwa esizini. Abantu abaningi bayayenza ukufuduka phakathi kwezindawo zokudla okubandayo ezikhathini ezipholile/ezibandayo kanye nezindawo ezipholile lapho izala futhi izale, nakuba kukhona namaqembu ahlala ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo zase-Indian Ocean.
Olwandle oluvulekile, ngokuvamile zibonakala zodwa noma phakathi imibhangqwana; Kwesinye isikhathi, ukuhlanganiswa kwesikhashana kwenzeka lapho ukudla kuminyene kakhulu, inqwaba yabantu isatshalaliswa endaweni eyodwa yokudla. Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu bawo, ukubonakala kwawo akunaphutha: ukushaywa okuphezulu, okuqondile, iqolo elide liyavela, futhi, ngaphambi kokutshuza okujulile, ukuphakama kwe-caudal fin.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kanye nokongiwa
Lezi zilwane zinenkathi ende yokuzalanisa. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi ezineminyaka emifushane, i-blue whale iyaqala Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngasekupheleni kwekwindla futhi siqhubeke kuze kube ubusika.Alukho ulwazi oluningi mayelana nenqubo yokuthola umngane womshado, ngakho-ke asikwazi ukuchaza ngokugcwele inqubo yokuqomisana noma ukuthi bayathumela yini izimpawu zokubizana. Cishe lena indlela abayisebenzisayo.
Abesifazane bayavuthwa uma befika eminyakeni yobudala iminyaka 10. Amaduna athi emva kwesikhathi futhi ayadinga iminyaka 12 ukuvuthwa. Insikazi ingase ibe namathole njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu. Nakuba zibizwa ngokuthi izingane noma ezincane, umkhomo osanda kuzalwa ungakala ngokuphelele 23 amamitha (7-8 m) ubude nesisindo esingafika Amathani we-3Akuyona into ngempela esingayibiza ngokuthi incane.
Ngenxa yemithelela yabantu kanye nomjikelezo wokukhiqiza ongasheshi, isimo sokongiwa kwemikhomo siyingozi. Maphakathi nawo-60, inani lemikhomo laqala ukwehla kakhulu. Namuhla, Balinganiselwa ku-12.000 abantu abaseleAbanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi kungase kufihlwe ezingaphezu kuka-12.000 kulo lonke ulwandle. Lokhu kungatholwa eqinisweni lokuthi okunye okubonweyo kuye kwabikwa eduze nesifunda sase-Arctic.
Ukukhiqiza kuhlanganisa izici zomzimba ezidinga kakhulu. ukukhulelwa Ihlala cishe izinyanga eziyi-10-12 futhi ukuzalwa ngokuvamile kwenzeka emanzini apholile. Ithole lincelisa izinyanga ezimbalwa noMeyi uphuze amakhulu wamalitha ubisi ngosuku, ukuzuza amashumi kilos ngosuku. I ukulunyulwa Kwenzeka lapho amaphuphu esephindaphinde kabili ubude bawo bokuzalwa futhi eselungele ukuphelezela unina ekufudukeni okude. Ukuvuthwa kwezocansi kungahluka kuye ngenani labantu nosayizi (abanye abantu besifazane babonisa ukuvuthwa ngobude obuthile), kodwa ngokuvamile kwenzeka phakathi neshumi leminyaka lokuqala lokuphila, futhi izikhathi zokuzalwa zivame iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu.
Ngokuphathelene nokongiwa kwemvelo, umkhomo oluhlaza ubhalwe njenge Isengozini emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yomlando wabo wokuzingela okukhulu kanye nezinsongo zamanje. Ngemva kokuvinjelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ukuzingela ngenjongo yokuthengisa, abanye abantu babonisa izimpawu ze ukululama kancane, nakuba inala iyonke ihlala ingaphansi kwamazinga omlando futhi izingcindezi zanamuhla zikhawulela ukululama kwayo.
Isenzo somuntu
Imikhomo yayiyizilwane ezivame kakhulu. Inkinga abanayo ukuthi, ngoba banempilo ende (isikhathi sabo sokuphila sisondele iminyaka 80), umjikelezo wayo mude kakhulu. Badinga iminyaka ephakathi kweyi-10 neyi-12 ukuze bazalane. yokuvuthwa, futhi insikazi ingaba nabantwana njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu. Lokhu kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwazo. Kodwa-ke, imithelela yemvelo olwandle nolwandle iyanda nsuku zonke. Lezi zilwane ziya ngokuya ziba sengozini, futhi kuncane okungenziwa ngakho.
Noma kunjalo, kunemizamo eminingi yokonga lezi zilwane. Njengoba abantu benentshisekelo ekhethekile kubo, lokhu kubabize intengo ephezulu. Inani lemikhomo eluhlaza ezingelwayo Yayinkulu kangangokuthi ukuthunjwa kwayo kwaze kwavinjelwa emazweni omhlaba, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokwandiswa kwemikhumbi yezimboni. Nakuba ukuzingela kunqatshelwe okwamanje, njengoba inani lezibonelo liphansi kakhulu, kuthathe isikhathi eside ukululama.
Naphezu kokuba izilwane ezimangalisayo futhi ezaziwayo, zikhona ecekelwe phansi isenzo somuntu. Ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi sicekela phansi yonke into esizungezile. Ngethemba ukuthi umkhomo ungalulama futhi uthuthukise abantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kumele sikuqaphele ukubaluleka kwalezi zilwane.
Izinsongo zamanje zifaka phakathi imvelaphi ye-anthropogenic. ukushayisana nezikebhe Emigwaqweni ephithizelayo zingabulala, futhi izithikamezo ezinsizeni zokudoba kubangela ukulimala okubi kakhulu noma ukufa ngenxa yokukhathala. Ukwanda kwe umsindo ongaphansi kwamanzi (ithrafikhi, i-sonar, ukuhlola) iphazamisa iphimbo lazo lemvamisa ephansi, okuwukhiye ekuxhumaneni okude, ukukhwelana, kanye nokuzulazula okungenzeka.
Izingozi ezisabalele ziyengezwa: ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali (njengama-PCB kanye nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphikelelayo) zinqwabelana echungechungeni lokudla futhi zingathinta isayensi yokwakheka komzimba nokuzala; kanye nokuba khona kwe microplastics Olwandle, badla izingcezwana zepulasitiki lapho behlunga amanzi nezilwane ezizingelayo. Amamodeli akamuva alinganisela ukuthi umkhomo ungadla amashumi ezigidi zezinhlayiya ngesikhathi sokuncelisa okukhulu, okulingana amashumi amakhilogremu wezinto ezibonakalayo ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba izingcezu eziningi sezingaphakathi kwamadamu azo.
El ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu Ishintsha ukusatshalaliswa nokuchichima kwe-krill ngokushintsha izinga lokushisa, usawoti, namaphethini okukhiqiza. Lokhu kungase kuthathe indawo yezindawo zokudla eziyinhloko futhi kuphoqelele imikhomo ukuthi ishintshe imizila yayo yokufuduka kanye nesikhathi, ngezindleko ezengeziwe ezisebenzayo. Ukuphatha ukongiwa kwesimanjemanje kuhlanganisa izindawo zokunciphisa isivinini semikhumbi, ukulungiswa komzila wemikhumbi, imikhankaso yokususa amagiya ayisipoki, ukunciphisa umsindo, nezinhlaka zokuvikela zomhlaba wonke.
Emkhakheni wemvelo, abantu abadala cishe abanazo izilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, nakuba i-orcas Bangahlukumeza futhi, emacaleni abhaliwe, babulale abantu abasha noma ababuthaka. Ama-stranding awavamile; uma zenzeka, zenza izithakazelo zomphakathi ezibalulekile futhi zidinga ukubambisana kubaphathi bazo.
Iphinde iqhakambise i- ukuxhumana kwe-acousticZikhipha izingcingo ezinamandla, ezinezwi eliphansi kakhulu (ngezansi komkhawulo ovamile wokuzwa komuntu) ezihamba amabanga amade. Lawa masignali cishe asebenzela ukugcina ukuxhumana, ukuhlonza izici ezithile, nokuxhumanisa ukuziphatha, futhi abonisa ukuhlukahluka kwesifunda okusiza ekuqashelweni kwabantu.
Ithuluzi elingcono kakhulu lokuvikela i-blue whale ulwazi: ukuhlukanisa izindawo ezibalulekile zokudla nokuzalanisa, ukuqapha izitayela eziningi ngobuchwepheshe be-acoustic kanye nokubonwayo, nokugcina ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngolwandle oluhlanzekile, imizila yemikhumbi ephephile, nokunciphisa umsindo, yabo ukuphumula iyasebenza.
Umkhomo oluhlaza umxhwele ngobukhulu bawo nangokulingana kwawo okuntekenteke nolwandle: umdondoshiya oncike ama-crustaceans amancane, amanzi akhiqizayo nazolile, okufuduka kwasendulo, nokuxhumana okucashile. Ukulivikela kusho ukunakekela zonke izinqubo zolwandle, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, silondoloza impilo yolwandle sonke esithembele kuyo.
