Qedela umjikelezo wempilo ye-salmon: izigaba, amaqiniso athakazelisayo, nokubaluleka kwawo kwemvelo

  • Umjikelezo wokuphila kwe-salmon uhlanganisa ukufuduka phakathi kwamanzi ahlanzekile nasawoti, nezinselele ezimangalisayo noshintsho.
  • I-salmon ifaka isandla ku-ecosystem ngokuthutha imisoco isuka olwandle iye emifuleni lapho ifa ngemva kokuzala.
  • Izenzo zabantu ezinjengokungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nokudoba ngokweqile kubeka engcupheni inqwaba yama-salmon, nokongiwa kwendawo yokuhlala kubalulekile ukuze ziphile.
Germán Portillo

Imizuzu ye-10

Ama-salmon ahlala olwandle lapho esekhulile

I-Salmon isiwuphawu lwemvelo lokuqina nokuvumelana nezimo, idonsa ukunaka kososayensi nabathandi bemvelo ngenxa yabo. umjikelezo wokuphila ongenakuqhathaniswa kanye nokufuduka kwawo okumangalisayoUhambo abaluthathayo besuka emifuleni lapho bezalelwa khona beya olwandle kanye nokubuya kwabo ukuzozala kungenye yezindaba ezinamandla kakhulu ezilwaneni. Le nqubo ayibonisi nje amandla azo emvelo, kodwa futhi idlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni yasemanzini, ukuthutha imisoco kanye nokusekela izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ohambweni lwazo.

Ungathanda ukwazi ngokujulile ukuthi umjikelezo wempilo ye-salmon uthuthuka kanjani, izigaba zayo, izinselele ebhekana nazo, nokubaluleka kwayo emvelweni? Hlanganyela nathi ukuze uthole isigaba ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe, ubuqili besayensi obusizungezile, nokuthi izenzo zomuntu zinethonya kanjani ikusasa laso.

Umlando we-salmon: umsuka nokusabalalisa

Ama-salmon abekhona eMhlabeni kusukela ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs

Okuqondene nohlobo I-Oncorhynchus (uma kwenzeka i-salmon yasePacific) kanye Izeluleko (ye-salmon yase-Atlantic), lezi zinhlanzi ezivela ku- umndeni we-salmonid Baye bahlala kule planethi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Uzalo lwabo luhlehlela emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100, lwenza ingxenye yezinhlanzi ze-teleost ezazigcwele olwandle ngenkathi ama-dinosaurs esabusa uMhlaba.

Kujwayelane namanzi ahlanzekile nanosawotiI-Salmon yizinhlanzi ezinama-anadromous, ezikwazi ukuphila kuzo zombili izindawo ngenxa yezinguquko ezibalulekile zomzimba. Ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kwemvelo kuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi iNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kudlulele kuyo yonke iNyakatho yePacific Ocean (nezinhlobo ezinjenge-sockeye, i-coho, i-chinook, i-chum, ne-salmon e-pink) kanye neNyakatho ye-Atlantic, lapho i-salmon yase-Atlantic (Salmoni salar) ivelele eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Ezinye izinhlobo zifinyelela ezindaweni eziseduze neGulf of Mexico, kodwa ukukhetha kwazo bekulokhu kungokwazo amanzi abandayo, ahlanzekile, anomoya-mpilo.

Kuyo yonke imvelo yawo, ama-salmon aye ahlakulela indlela engavamile yokufuduka. Nakuba isayensi isafuna izimpendulo eziqondile mayelana nezindlela ezibavumela ukuthi babuyele ngokunembile emfuleni wabo wendabuko, kuyaziwa ukuthi basebenzisa inhlanganisela inkumbulo yokuhogela kanye nokuzwela ezindimeni kazibuthe zoMhlaba, into esaqhubeka ihlaba umxhwele abacwaningi.

Umjikelezo wokuphila ongavamile we-salmon

Ukuchanyuselwa: Amaqanda kanye Fry Stage


I-salmon ichamisela emfuleni lapho amaqanda echanyuselwa

Umthombo: David Álvarez http://www.naturalezacantabrica.es/2012/01/

Konke kuqala ngo imifudlana yamanzi ahlanzekile nemifula, lapho abesifazane bemba khona izidleke ezibizwa ngokuthi "ama-redds" embhedeni wamatshe. Lapha babeka izinkulungwane zamaqanda, iduna eliwavundisa ngaphandle. Amaqanda ahlala evikelekile ngaphansi kwetshe, ethola umoya-mpilo ogeleza emanzini kanye nokuvikelwa okudingekayo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.

La ukufukamela kuthatha amasonto ambalwa, kuye ngezinga lokushisa kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi. Iphesenti elincane kuphela elisindayo ezicini ezinjengokungcola noma ukudlelwa izilwane. Ekuzalweni, abasha, okuthiwa yi-fry, bagcina i-a isikhwama se-yolk enamathela emizimbeni yabo, lapho bethola khona imisoco ebalulekile emasontweni abo okuqala okuphila. Ngalesi sikhathi, ahlala efihlekile etsheni, elimele a ibhodlela elibucayi ukuze kuphile uhlobo.

  • Ubude balesi sigaba: amasonto ambalwa kuze kube yilapho isaka le-yolk liphelile.
  • Izinsongo eziyinhloko: ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukungcola, ukucwiliswa kwenhlabathi kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye.

Intsha emanzini ahlanzekile: isigaba se-smolt noma i-parr

Ama-salmon amadala ahlala olwandle

Lapho sebewusebenzisile ngokuphelele isaka labo le-yolk, okuthosiwe kuvela emanzini angashoni futhi babe ama-smolts (noma ama-parrs ngenxa yezimpawu zabo eziqondile) - lesi sigaba sithatha isikhathi eside. I-1 eminyakeni engu-3 kuye ngezinhlobo nemvelo. Zidla ngokuyinhloko izinambuzane, i-plankton, nezilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla, zithuthukisa amasu okufihla ukugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye.

Kulesi sikhathi:

  • Babheka izindawo ezithule emfuleni ukuze bazivikele futhi bazidlise bona.
  • Ukuncintisana ngokudla nendawo yokuhlala Lokhu kusho ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu ofinyelela esigabeni esilandelayo.
  • Lezi zigaba zakuqala zivame ukuletha okulandelayo: amazinga okufa aphezulu, futhi ithinteke ngokushintshwa kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi.

I-Smoltification: ukulungiselela ukuphila olwandle

Lapho ifinyelela ubukhulu obuthile nokuvuthwa, i-sprain iba ngokujulile ukuguqulwa komzimba okubizwa ngokuthi i-smoltificationPhakathi nale nqubo, imizimba yazo ijwayela kancane kancane ukuze imelane nokuba nosawoti olwandle. Ama-smolts enza umbala osiliva, okuholela ekutheni abizwe ngokuthi ama-smolts, okuwavumela ukuthi zifihle emanzini avulekile kanye nokunciphisa ingozi yezilwane ezidla ezinye.

  • I-Physiology: lungisa i-osmoregulation yabo ukubekezelela amanzi anosawoti.
  • Ukuziphatha: Zijwayele ukuqoqana ndawonye bese ziqala ukwehla ngomfula ziya ngasezindaweni zemifula.
  • Bachitha isikhathi bejwayelana nezimo ezingezinhle ngaphambi kokuba baye olwandle.

Ukufuduka kolwandle: ukukhula olwandle oluvulekile

Uma ukuncibilika sekuphelile, i-salmon esencane bathatha uhambo olunzima behla ngomfula baze bafike olwandle, lapho beyophila khona ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwabo kwabantu abadala. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane, zingahamba amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ngalesi sikhathi.

Ngesikhathi sakhe sasolwandle:

  • Bayadla de peces ama-crustaceans amancane nama-molluscs, ikhula ngokushesha futhi iqongelela izinqolobane zamandla.
  • Babhekane izilwane ezidla ezinye ezintsha njengezinhlanzi ezinkulu, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle nezinyoni.
  • Isikhathi ezisichitha olwandle siyahluka phakathi konyaka ongu-1 no-5, kuye ngezinhlobo nemvelo.
  • Ezinye izinhlobo zingahamba ingqikithi yamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-6.000 ukusuka ezindaweni ezizalelwa kuzo.

Kulesi sigaba, i-salmon ingaba nesisindo kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-8 kg noma ngisho nangaphezulu ngezinhlobo ezifana ne-Chinook, okuyi-salmon enkulu kunazo zonke.

Ukubuya: ukuthuthela emfuleni we-natal nokuzala

Ama-salmon abuyela kunina emfuleni ukuze azozala futhi akhiqize

Lapho befinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokocansi, i-salmon baqale uhambo lwabo oluyinganekwane lokubuya ukuya emfuleni lapho zazalelwa khona, ukufuduka okungahlanganisa izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha uma kuqhathaniswa nomsinga. Besebenzisa inzwa yabo ebukhali yokuhogela kanye nokuma kukazibuthe, bangakwazi ukubona ngokunembile indawo abazalelwa kuyo, kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-homing."

  • Ukubuya kwenzeka ezikoleni ezihlangene, ezivame ukuhlanganiswa ngezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nobudala.
  • Babhekane imisinga enamandla, izithiyo zemvelo nezokwenziwa (inyamazane, ukungcola), kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye ezifana amabhere, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo.
  • Phakathi nalokhu kufuduka, i-salmon uyeka ukuphakela futhi isebenzisa amafutha ayo agciniwe ukuqedela uhambo.

Lo mzamo owedlulele uwohloza kakhulu isimo sabo somzimba. Ingxenyana kuphela yabantu abaqala uhambo empeleni abafika lapho kuzalelwe khona.

Ukuzalanisa: Ukukhiqiza kabusha kanye nefa Lemvelo

Ama-salmon azalela emifuleni lapho ezalwa khona

Endaweni yokuzalela, insikazi yakha izidleke ezintsha etsheni lomfula, ikhetha ngokucophelela indawo namatshe, ngezinye izikhathi yakha izidleke ezifika kwezihlanu ezilandelanayo. Ngokuvamile ufaka phakathi Amaqanda angama-500 kanye ne-1.000 esidlekeni ngasinye, kuyilapho iduna liwavundisa ngokudedela isidoda sawo kuwo.

Izenzo eziqondile ngemva kokukhulelwa ziyaqokonyiswa: insikazi isebenzisa umsila wayo ukuze imboze ngobumnene amaqanda ngamatshe, iwavikele ezinsongweni zangaphandle futhi iqinisekise umoya-mpilo odingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwawo.

  • Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, I-salmon yabantu abadala iyafa ngemva nje kokuzala, ngaleyo ndlela kuphothulwe umjikelezo wokuphila "o-semeparous" (ukukhiqiza okukodwa ngaphambi kokufa).
  • Nokho, i-salmon yase-Atlantic (Salmoni salar) ingasinda futhi ibuyele olwandle, iphinda umjikelezo izikhathi eziningana.
  • Izidumbu ze-salmon efile ziyahlinzeka izakhi zasolwandle ezibalulekile esimisweni semvelo somfula kanye nezinhlobo ezizungezile, okwenza i-salmon ibe uhlobo olubalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini nasemhlabeni.

Isigaba sokuzala sisengozini kakhulu esenzweni somuntu: ukungcola, amadamu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokudoba ngokweqile Babeka engozini kokubili impumelelo yokuzala kanye nokusinda kwezizukulwane ezizayo ze-salmon.

Ukwehluka komjikelezo kanye nezinhlobo ezifanekisela kakhulu

Kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngokuya ngokusatshalaliswa kwazo ngokwezindawo kanye nebhayoloji:

  • El I-salmon yase-Atlantic (Salmoni salar) uhlala ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu; abanye abantu bangaphila ngemva kokuzala futhi baphinde ukufuduka.
  • Ku Pacific bagqamisa i-salmon ebomvu noma ye-sockeye (I-Oncorhynchus nerka), the chinook, the yikho, the um futhi i pink; abaningi bafa ngemva kokuzala.
  • El umjikelezo wempilo uyahlukahluka phakathi kweminyaka emi-2 neyisi-6 kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, isikhathi emanzini ahlanzekile nolwandle, kanye nezici zemvelo.

Ukubaluleka kwemvelo kwe-salmon: insika ye-ecosystems

I-Salmon idlala indima ebalulekile ku-ecosystem lapho ihlala khona:

  • Uma zifa ngemva kokuzala, zihambisa imisoco yasolwandle phezulu, ukucebisa umhlabathi, ukusekela izinambuzane zasemanzini, izitshalo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo (amabhere, izinkozi, ama-otters, phakathi kwabanye).
  • I-salmon ibhekwa njenge-a izinhlobo zamatshe angukhiye noma "unjiniyela wemvelo", njengoba umjikelezo wayo wokuphila ugcina ibhalansi kanye nokukhiqiza ezindaweni zasemfuleni nasogwini.

Ucwaningo lwesayensi luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuchichima kwe-salmon kuyithinta kanjani impilo yamahlathi nenhlabathi ezungezile, ngenxa yomnikelo we-nitrogen ne-phosphorus olwandle.

Ilukuluku lesayensi kanye nokutholwe kwakamuva

  • Inkumbulo yephunga nokuzulazula: I-Salmon "irekhoda" iphunga lendawo yazo yokuzalwa futhi isebenzisa inzwa yayo yokuhogela, kanye nokubona kwezindawo kazibuthe, ukuze izule phakathi nokufuduka kwayo.
  • Ucwaningo lwakamuva luhlonze izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezithile-njengama-amino acid athile akhona ezinsalela zokuvutshelwa kukabhiya-angasiza ukukhuthaza i-salmon ukuthi idonsele ekuzalweni okubuyiselwe noma emifuleni.
  • Isu lasekhaya lihlala liyisihloko socwaningo, linikeza ithemba nge ukongiwa kanye nokugcwala kwabantu ezindaweni ezisengozini.

Izinselelo zokonga nokusimama

Ikusasa lesibalo sama-salmon lisengozini ngenxa yezinsongo eziningi:

  1. Ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokuvuna ukuhweba okujulile okunciphisa kakhulu inani labantu abadala abazalayo.
  2. ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo ngamadamu, imisele, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokufudukela emadolobheni eduze nemifula ezalanayo.
  3. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okushintsha amazinga okushisa olwandle nokugeleza kwemifula, okuthinta kokubili ukudla nempumelelo yokuzala.
  4. Ukungcola okuvela kudoti namapulasitiki okuthinta ngokuqondile amaqanda kanye gazinga, ukunciphisa amazinga okusinda.

Kunemizamo yomhlaba wonke okuhloswe ngayo Ukubuyiselwa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukulawulwa kokudoba, kanye nezinhlelo zokubuyisela imfuyo Ngokuchanyuselwa. Ukugcina imifula inempilo nokulondoloza imizila efudukayo kubalulekile ukuze umjikelezo wokuphila wama-salmon uqhubeke ufeza indima yawo yemvelo nokondleka kwawo.

Minyaka yonke, izinkulungwane zabantu nezinhlangano zisebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwe-salmon, ziyazi ukuthi inhlalakahle yazo ixhumene kakhulu neyezinye izinto eziningi eziphilayo futhi, ekugcineni, nokulinganisela kwemvelo yasemanzini kanye nomhlaba.

La i-salmon feat Indaba yokuqina, uguquko, nokuxhumana okujulile kwemvelo. Kusukela ekuzalweni kwayo okuphansi ngaphansi kwamatshe omfudlana kuya ekubuyeni kwayo okunqobayo ukuze iqhubekisele phambili le nhlobo, i-salmon isifundisa ukubaluleka kokuqina, inkumbulo engokwemvelo, nesidingo sokulondoloza izindawo ezenza lolu hambo olumangalisayo. Ukuqonda umjikelezo wempilo yayo futhi kuyisimemo sokubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekongiweni kwayo kanye nokwazisa indima engenakuthathelwa indawo eyidlalayo endalweni.