Ezihlokweni ezedlule sibone ngokujulile ulwelwe obomvu. Namuhla sikulethela esinye isihloko esihlobene naso. Kulokhu sizokhuluma ngakho ulwelwe oluluhlaza. Isici sabo esikhethekile ukuthi aqukethe kokubili i-a kanye ne-b chlorophyll. Leli qiniso yilo elinikeza ulwelwe oluluhlaza umbala wabo. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-7.000 zolwelwe oluluhlaza emhlabeni wonke, nakuba ezinye izilinganiso zibeka inani ngenhla. izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumiZihlukene ngezinhlobo zasolwandle, zamanzi ahlanzekile, nezasemhlabeni, nakuba iningi lingamanzi ahlanzekile.
Ingabe ufuna ukwazi ngokujulile zonke izici nendlela yokuphila ye-algae eluhlaza? Qhubeka ufunda futhi uzofunda konke.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi Yehlisa inani lokukhanya kwelanga elingena ku-ecosystem yasolwandle, ngakho-ke ulwelwe oluluhlaza alukwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesize futhi lufe. Lolu hlobo lwe-algae lungahlala cishe kunoma iyiphi i-ecosystem ngoba ine- ukusinda okukhuluIqiniso lokuthi u-10% kuphela wabo bonke ulwelwe oluluhlaza emhlabeni olungasolwandle lihlobene nekhono lazo le-photosynthesize kanye nesidingo sazo sokukhanya kwelanga.
Lapho siya olwandle, singathola izinhlobo eziningi ze-algae eluhlaza. Njengoba siya ngokujula, sibona kancane kancane njengoba ukukhanya kwelanga kuncipha. Yize singathola ulwelwe oluthile lumisiwe emanzini noma ulwelwe olunosayizi omncane kakhulu, iningi lazo lisezansi kolwandle. Emanzini acwebile Angafinyelela emazingeni aphezulu kunasemanzini anodaka.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ku-algae kungaba ngokocansi noma okungafani nobulili.. Lapho sizihlaziya, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa iziqu, amaqabunga nezimpande njengasesitshalweni esiphakeme. Eqinisweni, umzimba we-algae yi-a thallus, isakhiwo esingenazo izicubu ze-vascular, kodwa ezingase ziveze i-laminar eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, amafomu e-filamentous noma ama-macroscopic.
Ayini ama-green algae futhi ahlukaniswa kanjani?
Ulwelwe oluluhlaza luhlanganisa imigqa emibili emikhulu ngaphakathi kwezitshalo eziluhlaza (I-Viridiplantae): I-Chlorophyta (iningi lama-algae aluhlaza akudala) kanye I-Charophyta (ama-charophytes), lesi sakamuva sihlobene eduze nezitshalo zasezweni. Amakilasi amakhulu amaningana aqashelwa, okuhlanganisa I-Prasinophyceae, Ulvophyceae, I-Treboxiophyceae, I-Chlorophyceae y I-Charophyceae. Eminye imisebenzi ihlukanisa izigaba ezengeziwe ze-prasinophyte (isb., i-Pyramimonadales), futhi kumakhathalogi esifunda, amaqembu ahlobene eduze angase afakwe ohlwini; nokho, ukuhlukaniswa okwamukeleke kakhulu kuhlanganisa izigaba ezingenhla ngaphakathi I-Chlorophyta ne-Charophyta.
Iqembu likhulu kakhulu: kukhona izinhlobo unicellular, ama-multicellular y i-coenocytic (iseli elikhulu elingenawo ama-partitions, elinenuclei eyodwa noma ngaphezulu). Ama-algae amaningi aluhlaza euryhaline, ekwazi ukubekezelela ukwehluka okukhulu kosawoti, yingakho iphumelela ezindaweni zoguquko njenge imifula nemifula, futhi nasemachibini, amachibi, inhlabathi emanzi noma ukwenza amafilimu emagxolweni nasezindongeni.
Izingulube, i-physiology kanye nezici zamaselula
Umbala wayo ungenxa yokuba khona kwe chlorophyll a kanye b ngenani elifanayo nezitshalo zasemhlabeni. Nabo baphethe carotenoids (α kanye ne-β-carotene) kanye ama-xanthophyll (lutein, siphonoxanthin) ezivikela emisebeni. Ngaphansi kwezimo eziphakeme zokukhanya kwelanga, amathoni amhlophe angabonakala ngenxa yezinguquko zamehlo, futhi ezinye izinhlobo zasemhlabeni ziqongelela ama-carotenoid amaningi kangangokuthi bathola amathoni abomvu noma awolintshi ukuvikela ekukhanyeni okukhulu.
Njengento egciniwe, buthelela isitashi se-intraplastidial, ngokuvamile ezungeze ama-pyrenoids ngaphakathi kwe-chloroplast. I-chloroplast izungezwe ulwelwesi olubili nama-thylakoid abo aqoqwe ngegrana. Kunezinhlobo eziningi imbiza yamehlo (i-stigma) ezwela ukukhanya, ukhiye wokuqondisa amafomu eselula.
Izindonga zamaseli ngokuvamile zenziwe umakhalekhukhwini futhi ingambozwa ngomucu; kwamanye amaqembu ayavela ama-calcareous depositsAmaseli ahlotshisiwe abonisa i-apical noma i-lateral flagella kuye ngesigaba. Ezingeni lokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, bethula kokubili i-mitosis evulekile noma evaliwe futhi i-cytokinesis ingase ihilele i-cell plate (phycoplast) noma kwenziwe ngu intussusception, izici eziwusizo ezinhlelweni zeqembu.
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-morphological kanye nezibonelo ezimele
Ukuhlukahluka kwamafomu kukhulu kakhulu: I-Chlamydomonas (i-unicellular ene-flagellated), I-Chlorella (i-coccoid), I-Pediastrum (amakholoni), I-Klebsormidium (imicu eyodwa), I-Cladophora (amagatsha ama-filaments), Udotea (siphonal), I-Codium (pseudoparenchymal) noma I-Coleochaete (i-parenchyma). Izinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle ze-macroscopic Ulvophyceae (ngokwesibonelo, Ulva) akha amaphepha okusabalalisa abantu bonke.
Kunezinhlobo ezingapheli, njenge I-Codium tomentosum, nezinye zesizini okuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya nezakhamzimba, zithole ukukhula okukhiqizayo "ama-green tides"Lokhu kwanda kungokwemvelo, kodwa kubhebhethekiswa ukudla okunomsoco ngokweqile.
Indawo yokuhlala, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokubaluleka kwemvelo
Iningi lama-green algae lihlala khona izindawo zezwekazi (amanzi ahlanzekile, inhlabathi emanzi, izindawo ezinamatshe). I-Prasinophyceae futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke Ulvophyceae zivame ukungena amanzi asolwandle noma anosawotiEziningi ziphila emhlabeni wonke futhi zivumelana nezimo eziguquguqukayo lapho kuchuma khona izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinto eziphilayo.
Olwandle, zikhona noma kuphi ukukhanya okwanele kuyafika. Iningi likhona benthic (exhunywe phansi), nakuba kukhona abameleli be-planktonic abayingxenye ye phytoplankton. Ngokwemvelo abalulekile: ayalondoloza amawebhu okudla, zikhiqize umoya-mpilo futhi ziqukethe izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo i-symbiogenesis nesikhunta ukwakha ulele noma nezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini njengezipontshi nama-cnidarians.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-algae eluhlaza
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, i-algae ingazalana nge-asexually izingcezu nangocansi ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ake sihlaziye ngayinye yazo, sihlanganise okuhlukile okuvame kakhulu:
- I-Hologamy: luhlobo lokukhiqiza olubonwa kuphela ku-algae unicellular. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kuqukethe ukuthi yonke i-alga uqobo isebenza njenge-gamete futhi ihlangana nenye i-gamete.
- Ukuhlangana: Lolu uhlobo lokuzala olwenzeka kuphela olwelweni olune-filamentous (isibonelo, I-Spirogyra). Kuyo, ezinye i-algae zisebenza njengamaduna kanti ezinye njengezinsikazi. Ngale ndlela, bayakwazi ukujoyina ama-filaments futhi benze amashubhu axhumayo lapho okuqukethwe kokuzala kudlula khona. Lapho inqubo isiqediwe, umphumela uba a i-zygospore. Kuyi-spore ehlala ithule kuze kube yilapho izimo zemvelo zifaneleka ukuhluma kwaso, lapho senza khona umcu omusha. Kungaba njalo I-isogamous noma i-anisogamous kuye ngosayizi ohlobene we-nuclei ehilelekile.
- I-Planogamy: ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngu ama-gametes e-motile; kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane bane-flagella futhi banganyakaza ukuze batholene. Kungaba njalo isogamu uma ama-gametes afana noma i-anisogamous uma behluka.
- Oogamy: Kulokhu i-gamete yesifazane namanje njengoba beswele i-flagellum. Ukuvundisa kungaba ngaphandle (ukukhulula i-gamete) noma kwangaphakathi uma kuhlala ngaphakathi kwe-gametangium eyikhiqizayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chlorophyte amaningi aphindaphindeka ngokwe-vegetatively ukuhlukana kwamaselula futhi ama-asexual spores (ama-zoospores ane-flagellated noma ama-aplanospores), izindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo.
Imijikelezo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokushintshana kwezizukulwane
Imijikelezo yempilo isukela ezinhlelweni ezilula ukuya ukushintshana okuyinkimbinkimbi:
- I-Monogenetic haplophasic noma i-diplophasic: ngesizukulwane esisodwa, isigaba senuzi esivelele singaba i-haploid noma i-diploid. I-Codium tomentosum Ibonisa umjikelezo we-diplophasic.
- I-Haplodiplophasic Digenetic: ukushintshana kwezizukulwane isomorphic noma heteromorphic (i-sporophyte ne-gametophyte efanayo noma ehlukile). Izibonelo ze-Isomorphic: i-lactuca, I-Ulva intestinal o I-Cladophora rupestris.
Phakathi nalokhu kushintshana kwenzeka i-meiosis i-zygotic, ngezikhathi ezithile o umdlalotangial ngokozalo. Lezi zici zisetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa kwe-taxonomic futhi usize ukuchaza ipulasitiki yemvelo yeqembu.
Ulwelwe Filamentous
Ubulembu obuyintandokazi bunentshisekelo emphakathini, njengoba iningi lazo lisetshenziswa kuma-aquariums. Zinakho kokubili i-chlorophyll u-a no-b kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingulube ezifana ne-carotenes ne-xanthophyll. Sizithola ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamanzi ahlanzekile, nakuba zingabonakala nasezindaweni zasolwandle. Lokhu kubenza babe isitshalo esiguquguqukayo ongasisebenzisa ku-aquarium yakho.
Abizwa ngokuthi ama-filamentous algae ngoba anamangqamuzana amise okwemicu njengezinwele ezihlangene. Kwamanye ama-aquariums, uhlobo lwe-algae eluhlaza okotshani (olufana nokhula ezingadini) olungeyona amafomu amnandi kakhulu. I-CladophoraUngakwazi ukuzibona kalula ngoba zibukeka njengeqembu lemicu eluhlaza okotshani futhi zikhula zinamathele kuma-substrates noma ezinye izitshalo ezizungezile.
I-algae ene-filamentous idinga ukukhanya okuningi kanye nemisoco ukuze ikhule kahle.Zidinga inani elikhulu lama-nitrate nama-phosphates atholakala emanzini. Uma ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okunempilo kwe-green algae ku-aquarium yakho, qiniseka ukuthi banokunikezwa okuhle kwalawa mamineral.
Lezi algae nazo zingaba inkathazo uma kunomsoco oweqile. Bangalimaza amanzi ngokusebenzisa inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukukhishwa kwesichazamazwiLokhu ukukhula okuyihaba okubangelwa imisoco eningi emanzini, okuholela ekuncipheni kokukhanya okufinyelela phansi ngenxa yolwelwe oludlulele. Lapho zifa, ziqala ukubola, zidale indawo ebolile.
Izimbangela zokuthi kungani zivela ku-aquarium yakho
Ungase ube nechibi eliqala ukumila ulwelwe oluluhlaza ngokuzumayo. Lesi simo singadalwa yizizathu ezahlukene. Enye yezinto eziyinhloko yi- ukungalingani phakathi kwe-nitrate ne-phosphate emanzini. Ngokuvamile kunama-nitrate amaningi kunama-phosphates. Amazinga anganele enza ukuthi lezi algae zikhule ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini. Ukuze sigweme lesi simo, kufanele silawule ngokucophelela amazinga ezitshalo esizibeka echibini.
Enye inkinga edala ukukhula okungafuneki kwe-green algae ukuhlunga okuphansi noma umthwalo webhayolojiLesi simo senzeka lapho Izihlungi awanawo amandla okugcina amanzi esesimweni esihle. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-aquarium ayinamandla okwanele okuhlunga inani elikhulu lamanzi noma ivolumu enkulu kakhulu noma ngoba ivinjwe / yonakele. Ukubheka lesi sici, kufanele nje sibheke amandla adingekayo okufanele asebenze kuwo. Kufanele wazi ukuthi lapho ufaka isihlungi emanzini, amandla ehliswa ngo-40%. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthenga isihlungi esinamandla amakhulu.
Uma i-aquarium ine- ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile ngokweqile noma, ngokuphambene, a ukuntuleka kokukhanyisaUkukhula okungafunwa kungenzeka. Inani lokukhanya okungenayo kufanele lilinganiswe kahle futhi lilungile.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNdODaiGuSg
Ukuvimbela nokulawula ku-aquariums: ibhalansi yezakhi kanye nokukhanya
Ukuze ugcine ulwelwe olungafunwa oluluhlaza, hlinzeka a isilinganiso se-N:P esilinganiselwe (imihlahlandlela phakathi kuka-10:1 kanye no-20:1 ku-mg/L), nokuhlolwa kwe-nitrate ngezikhathi ezithile kanye ne-phosphate. Izitshalo zasemanzini ezikhula ngokushesha zisiza uku dla izakhamzimba ngokweqile. Gwema ukudla ngokweqile de peces futhi uphonsa phansi ukuze kukhishwe udoti, imithombo ye-ammonium ne-phosphate.
Setha isikhathi sesithombe sibe Amahora 8-10 nsuku zonke ngokukhanyisa okufanele ivolumu. Ukukhanya kwemvelo okuqondile kuvame ukubangela ukwanda; uma ungeke ukwazi ukukugwema, sebenzisa amakhethini noma uthuthe i-urn. Gcina izihlungi nazo imidiya yebhayoloji evuthiwe kanye nokugeleza okwanele (cabanga ukwehla kokusebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi) futhi kuhambisana nezinguquko ezivamile zamanzi e- I-20-30%.
Ukwethulwa kwe- abathengi be-algae (isb., iminenke nezinye izinhlobo zezimfanzi noma izinhlanzi, kuye ngokuhambisana) kungasiza, kodwa akulokothi kuthathe indawo yokulungisa imbangela: ukukhanya, imisoco, nokuhlunga.
Ukubaluleka kwezomnotho nokusetshenziswa: ama-biostimulants nokuningi
Ngaphezu kwenani lawo lemvelo, ama-algae amaningana aluhlaza ayimithombo yawo izinhlanganisela eziphilayo futhi zisetshenziswa njenge ama-biostimulants imikhiqizo yezolimo engasebenzisi amagciwane. Izingcaphuno zabo zithuthukisa ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba, ukusebenzisa kahle kukamanyolo, nokubekezelela amanzi. ukucindezeleka kwe-abiotic (isomiso, usawoti, uketshezi), nezinzuzo zezolimo ezisimeme.
- I-Chlorella vulgaris: i-microalgae eneseli elilodwa enephrotheni ephezulu, ivithamini, kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaminerali. Izingcaphuno zayo zinikeza ama-amino acids nama-phytohormones, ukwandisa ukusebenza kwe-microbial yomhlabathi futhi usize ukumelana isomiso kanye nosawoti.
- UDunaliella salina: i-halophilic enqwabelanayo beta carotene, i-antioxidant enamandla. Ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic futhi ivikela ngokumelene ingcindezi oxidative.
- i-lactuca (ulethisi wasolwandle): i-macroalgae ecebile ama-polysaccharides namaminerali. Izinhlanganisela zayo zisebenza njenge umhlabathi conditioners, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande nokumuncwa kwezakhi.
- I-Scenedesmus spp.: I-microalgae ehlukahlukene enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe lipids namaprotheni, ewusizo ekukhuthazeni ukusebenza nokubekezelela ukucindezeleka.
- I-Spirogyra spp.: amanzi ahlanzekile ane-filamentous, acebile ama-amino acid nama-antioxidants, okungakhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande kanye nomsebenzi wamagciwane enhlabathini.
Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwengezwa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ku aquaculture (njengokudla noma ukuthuthukiswa kwamanzi), ku i-biotechnology (ukukhiqizwa kwezingulube nama-metabolites) futhi, kwezinye izimo, ku- ukulele ukubamba izakhamzimba emanzini angcolile.
"Amagagasi aluhlaza" kanye ne-eutrophication
Lapho umthwalo we i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus Ibangelwa yiminikelo yasemadolobheni, yezolimo noma yemfuyo, ulwelwe oluthile oluluhlaza lwanda kakhulu, lunciphisa obala kwamanzi futhi, lapho efa, ukubola kwawo kuyadla i-oxygen encibilikile, ukukwazi ukukhiqiza izindawo ze-anoxic. Le nqubo, i ukukhishwa kwesichazamazwi, ithinta imifula, amachibi nezindawo ezisogwini. Ukubhekana nakho kudinga ukunciphisa imisoco emthonjeni, ukubuyisela amaxhaphozi futhi uthuthukise i izitshalo zokwelashwa.
Ukuqhathanisa nezitshalo zasemhlabeni kanye nobudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ulwelwe oluluhlaza luhlanganyela nezitshalo zasemhlabeni chlorophyll a kanye b, isitashi njengendawo yokugcina nezindonga ezicebile umakhalekhukhwini. e I-Charophyceae sithola izici zamaselula (isibonelo, i-phragmoplast ku-cytokinesis kanye nama-zygotes anezindonga eziqinile, i ama-zygospores) ezisikisela ukuthi inguquko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezitshalweni imithambo yegazi. Lesi sixhumanisi sichaza ukubaluleka kwazo ekuqondeni umsuka wezitshalo zasemhlabeni.
Ngithemba ukuthi lawa macebiso azokusiza ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-green algae. Ukwazi kwabo ukuhlukahluka, i-physiology kanye nemijikelezo kusivumela ukuthi siwazise njengezinsika zemvelo yasemanzini futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengabalingani Aquariums kanye nezolimoNgokuphatha kahle ukukhanya nezakhamzimba, kanye nokwazisa indima yazo yezemvelo kanye ne-biotechnological, kungenzeka ukuhlala nazo ngendlela enempilo nezuzisayo.