Ulwelwe, sonke sibone ulwelwe ogwini, olwandle, emifuleni, emachibini, njll. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zolwelwe emhlabeni: oluhlaza, onsundu, nobomvu. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho ulwelwe olubomvu. BangabakwaPhylum Rhodophyta futhi bayiqembu elibalulekile le-algae elibandakanya izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-7.000. Zibonakala ngokuba nombala obomvu futhi zingenayo i-flagella. Lokhu kukunikeza amandla amancane okuhamba.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizokhuluma nge-algae ebomvu ekujuleni. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngakho, kufanele uqhubeke ufunda 
Izici eziyinhloko
Ulwelwe kukhona izinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic ezikwazi ukumunca ukukhanya kwelanga futhi uyiguqule ibe amandla. Umbala obomvu ubangelwa ama-rhodoplasts. Lawa ma-organelle aqukethe i-chlorophyll A. Aphinde abe nezinye izimila ezifana ne-phycoerythrin ne-phycocyanin. Lezi mibala zinesibopho sokuvala i-chlorophyll, zinikeze lesi sitshalo umbala waso obomvu.
Ziyizinto eziphilayo Abakwazi ukuzihambelaNjengoba zintula noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-flagellum, azikwazi ukuhamba phakathi nomjikelezo wazo wokuphila. Futhi abanawo ama-centrosomes nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwenhlangano ye-microtubule.
Udonga lwamaseli ayo lunezici: ungqimba lwangaphandle lucebile ngama-polysaccharides njenge-agarose, i-agaropectin ne-carrageenan, kanti engaphakathi iqukethe i-cellulose. Njengezinto ezigciniwe abazigcinayo i-floride isitashi ne-floridoside, okuthonya inani layo lokudla okunempilo kanye nentshisekelo yezimboni.
Lawa ma-algae ngokuvamile akhipha ama-colloids njenge-agar-agar ne-carrageenan. Lezi zinto zisetshenziselwa kabanzi ukusetshenziswa kwemithi nokudla. Ngalesi sizathu, ulwelwe olubomvu lube yizitshalo zasolwandle ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu.
Ezinye zazo zingatholakala emanzini angenasawoti, nakuba ngokuvamile zingasolwandle. Zivame ukukhula ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo ngaphansi komugqa ophakathi kwamagagasi. Ngenxa yemibala yabo, sebenzisa kangcono ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elingena ekujuleni okukhulu, ngakho-ke izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nazo ziyachuma emanzini ajulile.
Ukondla ulwelwe olubomvu
I-algae ebomvu ayidingi nje ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze yenze i-photosynthesis futhi ngaleyo ndlela iqhubeke. Zidinga indawo enomswakamaBathatha ama-inorganic compounds endaweni yasemanzini (ikakhulukazi ama-nitrate, ama-phosphates nosawoti wamaminerali) okuthi, kanye ne-carbon dioxide nokukhanya kwelanga, iguqulwa ibe yi-glucose nomoya-mpilo.
Njengamanje, ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwe nge-algae, kutholakale ukuthi Ezinye izinhlobo zingakwazi ukwengeza umsoco wazo ngokumuncwa kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe futhi ngisho nokusebenzisana namabhaktheriya e-substrate. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi i-algae ebomvu ngeke ihlale i-autotrophic, kodwa enye izothambekela ku-mixotrophism.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nezomnotho kwama-algae abomvu
Ngokulingana kwemvelo kwezindawo zasolwandle, ulwelwe olubomvu lubaluleke kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-calcareous (okuthiwa yi-coralline algae) faka i-calcium carbonate ezindongeni zamangqamuzana azo futhi asebenze njengosimende wemvelo onikela ekuhlanganisweni kwezixhobo zamakhorali kanye namadwala aphansi, okuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo.
Lokhu kwakheka kungakhiwa ngenxa ye-calcium leyo Ifakwe ezindongeni ze-algae ngendlela ye-calcium carbonateNgaphezu kwalokho, ngokwakha izindawo zokuhlala ezincane kanye nezindawo zokuphephela, bandisa ubunkimbinkimbi bendawo engaphansi kwamanzi, ezuzisa izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izinhlanzi ezincane, kanye nezilwanyana ezincane.
Ngokubaluleka kwezomnotho, lezi algae zibalulekile: hlinzeka nge-agar ne-carrageenan yezimboni zokudla, ezemithi, nezimonyo. Futhi ziwukudla okuqondile kwenani eliphezulu e-Asia naseYurophu (isb., nori y umnandi), kanye nezingcaphuno ezahlukahlukene zisetshenziswa njenge ama-thickeners, ama-gelling agents kanye nama-stabilizers ku-ayisikhilimu, ama-dessert, iziphuzo zemifino kanye nemikhiqizo eminingi egayiwe.
Ngokufanayo, endaweni yezimboni, ulwelwe olubomvu lusetshenziswa njengento eyinhloko yokwenza ama-laxatives, ama-soup thickeners, u-ayisikhilimu, i-gelatin namanye ama-dessert. Zingasetshenziswa futhi njenge i-ejenti yokucacisa ekwenzeni ubhiya kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi. Ngokukhulayo, izingcaphuno zayo zisetshenziswa njenge ama-biostimulants ezolimo ngenxa yezinhlanganisela zayo ze-bioactive.
Izakhiwo ze-algae
I-algae ebomvu inezakhiwo ezinhle zempilo nokuphila kahle. izimonyo. Ake sihlaziye ezinye zazo.
I-algae inenani elikhulu izakhi, amaprotheni, i-fiber namavithamini. Ngalo mqondo, Babhekwa njenge-superfood, kokubili ngenxa yokondleka kwayo kanye novithamini K wayo kanye ne-calcium. Kwamanye amazwe, njengaseJapane, ukutshalwa kwezimila zasolwandle ezibomvu njenge-nori kuyahluzwa ukuze kukhule ngokushesha.
Imiphumela ye-antioxidant, iodine nomfutho wegazi ophezulu
Ukuba nokugxila okuphezulu kwama-compounds, amavithamini namaminerali, banayo imiphumela ye-antioxidant esiza ukuvikela imizimba yethu ekulimaleni kwe-oxidative. Ziyisekelo elinamandla ngokumelene nabahlaseli bangaphandle; ikakhulukazi, ama-carrageenans, ama-polyphenols, nama-peptide athile angakwazi lungisa izimpendulo zamasosha omzimba futhi unikeze izinzuzo zokusebenza.
Okuhle ngalabo algae ukuthi ayinakho ukulutheka kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, umphumela ongemuhle njengezinye izinhlobo zezidakamizwa.
Banomphumela we-iodine ngakho-ke ziyasebenza ekwelapheni i-goiterZiqukethe okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-iodine futhi zibuyisela umsebenzi we-thyroid. Kulezi zimo, kungcono ukubonana nodokotela wakho.
Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uma le mineral ikhula kakhulu emzimbeni wethu, singakwazi ukukhiqiza umphumela ophambene efunwayo futhi engabhebhethekisa izinkinga zempilo esinazo. Kungcono ukubonana nodokotela ukuze sithole ukwelashwa kwe-algae ebomvu ene-iodine eyanele.
Es kuhle kakhulu kubantu abanezinkinga ezihlobene nomfutho wegazi ophakemeKunconywa kakhulu ukuthatha izithako ezibomvu ze-algae. Umsebenzi we-ACE inhibitory ubonwe kwezinye izifundo (i-angiotensin-converting enzyme) ekukhishweni kwe-algal, okuphakamisa ukwesekwa okungenzeka kokulawula umfutho wegazi uma kuhlanganiswe njengengxenye yendlela yokuphila enempilo futhi ngaphansi kokugadwa.
Umphumela we-calcium nevithamini K
I-calcium ibalulekile ekwelapheni i-osteoporosis. Iyadingeka cishe 900-1000 mg nsuku zonke i-calcium ngosuku ukusekela impilo yamathambo. Njengoba i-algae ebomvu iphezulu kule mineral, iyasebenza ekusizeni ukufeza lesi samba.
I-calcium eyeqile ingalimaza umzimba. Ukuphazamiseka kokugaya okufana negesi, ukuqunjelwa noma ukuqunjelwa kungabangelwa ukudla ngokweqile kwe-calcium. Uma kudliwe ngokweqile kungadala ukwakheka kwamatshe ezinso.
I-Vitamin K inenzuzo ekuthuthukiseni ukopha nokopha. Phakathi kwezinto zayo yikhono lokwenza amahlule ukuvimbela lezi zinhlobo zezinkinga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uvithamini K oweqile ungaba yingozi kubantu abanezinkinga zenhliziyo nalabo abathambekele ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo noma unhlangothi.
Ukudla okunconyiwe kwansuku zonke ngu cishe 80 mcg, kulabo abangenazo izinkinga okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla. Njengoba behlale besho, yonke into ingcono ekugxiliseni okuhle, ngoba umthamo owenza ubuthi.
Ukwakheka kokudla okunomsoco kanye nezinzuzo ezijwayelekile
Ngaphezu kwe-calcium ne-vitamin K, ama-algae amaningi abomvu agxila amavithamini eqembu B (ezifana ne-B1, B2 kanye ne-B12 kuye ngohlobo lwezinhlobo) kanye uvithamini C. Banikela amaminerali abalulekile njengensimbi, i-zinc, i-magnesium ne-potassium. Yakho i-soluble ne-insoluble fiber Isebenza njenge-prebiotic futhi inomthelela ekuhambeni kwamathumbu kanye nebhalansi ye-microbiota.
Ezinye izinhlobo ziqukethe omega-3 fatty acids ama-amino acid amaketanga amade (njenge-EPA), asekela impilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ngenxa ye-matrix yama-polysaccharides nama-polyphenols, angasiza lungisa izinqubo zokuvuvukala kanye nokuqinisa izindlela zokuzivikela.
Emkhakheni wenhlalakahle, ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezilinganiselwe ekudleni kungaba nomthelela gcina umfutho wegazi, ukusekela amasosha omzimba futhi ukhuthaze impilo yokugaya ukudla, ngaphakathi kokudla okuhlukahlukene.
Ukusetshenziswa Culinary kanye nezinhlobo ukusetshenziswa
I-algae ebomvu iyingxenye ukudla okuningi. Angafakwa kalula:
- In zokupheka zendabuko: amasobho, ama-broths kanye nezitshulu zokudla kwasolwandle, noma amalungiselelo aphefumulelwe e-Asia (ramen, miso, onigiri nge nori).
- Kumasaladi: ukhula lwasolwandle oluphelelwe amanzi ngaphambi kokuvuselelwa kwamanzi; ihambisana kahle namaprotheni olwandle noma asekelwe esitshalweni ukuze uthole isidlo esiphelele.
- Njengama-thickeners emvelo: i-agar-agar ne-carrageenan inikeza ukuthungwa ku ama-dessert, ama-jellies nama-creams ngamakhalori aphansi nokuzinza okuphezulu.
- Njengesengezo: iyatholakala ku ama-flakes, i-powder noma ama-capsules; kuhle ukuhlonipha imithamo futhi, uma kunesidingo, hlola okuqukethwe kwe-iodine.
Izicelo zezimonyo nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu
Imboni yezimonyo isebenzisa umcebo wayo ku ama-polysaccharides, amavithamini namaminerali. Okukhishwe kwe-algae okubomvu kuhlanganiswe okhilimu bobuso, ama-serum namamaski ngenxa yekhono layo lokufaka amanzi, ukuvikela kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuthungwa kwesikhumba.
Phakathi kwezinzuzo eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi: i-hydration ejulile ngokwenza ifilimu yokuzivikela, izakhiwo ezilwa nokuvuvukala ehambisana nama-polyphenols namafutha acid, futhi ukuvuselelwa kwe-collagen synthesis uma kuhlanganiswe ne-vitamin C nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo, ukuthuthukisa ukunwebeka.
Ezinweleni, izakhi zayo zingakwazi qinisa i-fiber yezinwele, nikeza ukukhanya futhi usize ukulawula i-sebum eyeqile esikhumbeni sekhanda. Kuhlale kunconywa ukwenza a ukuhlolwa kwesichibi futhi uqinisekise ikhwalithi yesithako ukuze unciphise ukuzwela.
I-Taxonomy, i-morphology kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
I-algae ebomvu iyingxenye ye- I-phylum Rhodophyta, ngaphakathi kwe-Archaeplastida. Abanayo i-flagella kuzo zonke izigaba namanje ama-rhodoplasts ane-chlorophyll a nama-phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrin kanye ne-phycocyanin), efihla i-chlorophyll futhi ayinike umbala obomvu.
Iningi likhona ama-multicellular, ene-laminar noma i-filamentous thalli engafinyelela osayizi abaphawulekayo, nakuba ngaphandle kobunzima babanye abansundu. ukukhula kwe-apical kanye nokuxhumana kwamaselula nama-protein plug kuyizici ezihlukile. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala kule i-littoral kanye ne-sublittoral, kodwa ama-rhodophyte aqoshwe ekujuleni okukhulu lapho ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusafinyelela khona.
Ekukhiqizeni, imijikelezo eshintshaniswa izizukulwane idlangile. Bangu imijikelezo ye-digenetic (gametophyte-sporophyte) kanye i-trigenic (i-gametophyte-carposporophyte-tetrasporophyte). Ukuvundisa kwenzeka ukukhiqizwa kwesidoda: isidoda esinganyakazi sifinyelela ku-carpogonium (ngezinye izikhathi nge-trichogyne) futhi, ngemva kokuvundiswa, kwakheka ama-carpospores azoveza izigaba ezintsha zomjikelezo.
Ezinye izinhlobo eziphawuleka ngentshisekelo yazo yomuntu zihlanganisa I-chondrus crispus (I-moss yase-Ireland, ecebile nge-carrageenan), I-Gracilaria spp. (umthombo oyinhloko we-agar), I-Kappaphycus alvarezii (i-cappa carrageenan), I-Palmaria palmata (dulse) kanye I-Lithothamnium calcareum (i-coralline algae ecebile nge-calcium carbonate ne-magnesium).
Ama-biostimulants ezolimo kanye nokuphathwa kwezitshalo
Kwezolimo, kucatshangelwa ama-red algae extracts ama-non-microbial biostimulants. Okwabo ama-polysaccharides, amaprotheni, ama-polyphenols nama-fatty acids kungasiza uku:
- Khuthaza ukukhula impande kanye ne-aerial, ngokukhuphuka okunamandla kwamandla kanye nesivuno.
- Khulisa ukubekezelelana ekucindezelekeni kwe-abiotic njengesomiso, usawoti kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
- Lungiselela ukumuncwa kwezakhi, ukunciphisa ukuncika kumanyolo okwenziwa.
- ngcono inhlabathi: izinhlobo zamakhorali njenge I-Lithothamnium Bangakwazi ukusebenza njengama-conditioners, banikeze i-calcium, i-magnesium ne-trace elements.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziphenywayo kukhona: I-chondrus crispus (i-carrageenan enomsebenzi we-biostimulant), I-Gracilaria spp. (i-agar enemiphumela yokugcina amanzi kanye nesakhiwo senhlabathi), I-Kappaphycus alvarezii (ukuthuthukiswa kwe-photosynthesis nokuthuthukiswa kwezimpande), I-Palmaria palmata (ama-amino acid nezinhlanganisela ezikhuthaza ukukhula) kanye I-Asparagopsis Armata (ama-metabolites esibili anentshisekelo yomsebenzi wawo wokulwa namagciwane ocwaningweni lwezolimo).
Izindlela zokuthola ama-extracts zihlanganisa: ukukhishwa okubandayo okunamanzi (igcina kangcono ukuhlukahluka kwama-biocompounds), i-alkalization nge-potassium hydroxide (igcizelela i-mannitol, ama-amino acid nama-alginates, i-oxidizing ezinye izinhlanganisela ezibucayi) kanye i-fermentación microbiana (iqondisa amaphrofayili athile ngokuya ngohlobo kanye nempahla eluhlaza, ngezindleko eziphakeme).
Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlanganiswe ezinhlelweni ze ukuphathwa okuzinzile, ukufuna ukukhuthazela ekuguqukeni kwemvelo kanye nokudla okunomsoco okunamaminerali okulinganiselayo. Ukuhambisana nezinye izinqubo zezolimo kanye nomthamo kuncike esitshalweni, isigaba se-phenological, kanye nokwakheka.
Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-algae ebomvu nazo zonke izakhiwo nezinzuzo ezinikeza abantu. Kuhlanganiswe kahle ekudleni, kwezimonyo nezolimo, Banikeza inani lokudla okunempilo, ukusebenza kanye nemvelo, ehlale enemibandela yokusebenzisa kahle, ukulawula i-iodine nokunaka izinga lemvelaphi.