Namuhla siza neposi ehlukile kunaleyo esiyijwayele, emayelana nezinhlanzi. Ake sixoxe ngakho ulwandle otterLesi silwane isilwane esincelisayo esigama laso lesayensi elilungile I-Enhydra lutris futhi yaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ingowomndeni wakwa-mustelid futhi uhlala olwandle, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisogwini lwaseNyakatho Pacific. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, ungafunda konke mayelana nezici zalesi silwane, ukudla, nokuzala, kanye nolwazi olubalulekile ngokuziphatha kwaso, imvelo, nokongiwa kwaso.
Ufuna funda kabanzi mayelana ne-sea otter? Funda uqhubeke.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-sea otter ingenye yezilwane ezincelisayo ezithandeka kakhulu ngenxa yayo uboya obuminyene kakhulu kanye nosayizi wabo ohlangene. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane, nge ubude kusuka ku-1,2 kuya ku-1,5 m nezisindo ze 22 kuya ku-45 kg, kuyilapho abesifazane ngokuvamile benesisindo 14 kuya ku-33 kg. Uyena i-mustelid enzima kakhulu, nakuba engeyena omude eqenjini.
Uhlaka lwamathambo alo luvumelana nezimo kakhulu, luvumela ukuhamba nokuhamba kwamanzi okushesha kakhulu. Imilenze yangemuva isicaba futhi inetwende, isebenza njengamafins angempela; umunwe wesihlanu mude, okwenza kube lula ukubhukuda kodwa kuxakeke emhlabeni. Umsila, mfushane futhi unemisipha, isiza ukuqondisa nokuzinzisa umzimba emanzini. Izinzipho zayo zangaphambili (ezihlehliswayo) nama-hard pads akwenza kube lula ukulungisa nokuphatha inyamazane.
Amazinyo omuntu omdala aqukethe 32 amazinyo, enezinyosi eziyisicaba neziyindilinga eziklanyelwe ukuchotshozwa; isici esihlukile uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezidla inyama ukuthi inakho kuphela ama-incisors amabili aphansi. Intula ungqimba oluqinile lwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba (ngokungafani nezimvu zamanzi noma ama-cetaceans), ngakho kuncike ekutheni uboya obuminyene kakhulu, obungangeni manzi ukugcina ukushisa. Leli jazi linezendlalelo ezimbili (isembozo sangaphandle esingangeni manzi kanye nejazi langaphansi elivikelayo), lihlala liwugqinsi unyaka wonke, futhi livuselelwa ngokuqhubekayo.
I-physiology yayo ijwayelane kakhulu nezilwane zasolwandle: ingakwazi kuvale amakhala kanye nezindlebe ngaphansi kwamanzi, umthamo wamaphaphu akho cishe Izikhathi ezi-2,5 eziphakeme kunaleso sesilwane esincelisayo sasemhlabeni esilingana naso I-basal metabolism iphezulu kakhulu (izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-3 kunesilwane esincelisayo sasemhlabeni esiqhathaniswayo). Emanzini ifinyelela ngesivinini esiseduze km 9 / h. I-vibrissae yayo ebucayi kanye namaphedi esandla ayayivumela thola inyamazane ngokuthinta emanzini adaka.
Izintshisekelo ezikhethekile ze-otter yasolwandle
Lokhu okunye ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuziphatha lokho kuyenza ihluke:
- Unamandla okwenza vala amakhala nezindlebe ukucwiliswa, ukugwema ukungena kwamanzi.
- El umunwe wesihlanu emlenzeni wangemuva ngamunye mude kunayo yonke: ithuthukisa ukuhamba emanzini, kodwa yenza kube nzima ukuhamba emhlabeni.
- Kuyinto ngokwedlulele entanta Ngenxa yomoya ovaleleke eboyeni bayo namandla amakhulu amaphaphu, ngokuvamile intanta ibheke phezulu.
- I-Las amadevu namaphedi Izici ezizwela kakhulu ziyisiza ukuthi ithole isisulu ngisho nasemagagasini amagagasi noma isiphithiphithi.
- El ukuhogela Kuyisihluthulelo njengomqondo wokuqapha; ngokuvamile isabela ekuhogeleni ngaphambi kokuba isabele ekuboneni.
- Ingenye ye izilwane ezincelisayo ezimbalwa ezisebenzisa amathuluzi: isebenzisa amatshe njengesihenqo noma isando ukuvula amagobolondo nokukhulula ama-abalone.
- Inezikhwama zesikhumba ngaphansi kwemilenze yangaphambili (ikakhulukazi kwesokunxele) lapho igcina ukudla namatshe ngesikhathi sokutshuza.
- Uchitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sakhe ukuhlanza ngokuphelele ukulondoloza ukungangeni kwamanzi kwejazi, ukhiye wokushisa okushisa.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kwemvelo kuhlanganisa ENyakatho Pacific, kusukela enyakatho yeJapane naseziQhingini zaseKuril nase-Commander, edabula e-Aleutians nasezigwini zase-Alaska naseCanada, ize ifike. I-Baja California eMexico. Uyakhetha amanzi angasogwini angajulile nezindawo ezivikelwe emimoyeni enamandla, eduze ugu olunamatshe, amahlathi e-kelp nezixhobo zamatshe. Ivamise ukuhlala ngaphansi kwekhilomitha ukusuka ogwini futhi isebenzise ukujula okujwayelekile okungu-15-23 m ngokudla, nakuba ingatshuza ijule kakhulu.
Ngasenyakatho, ukunwetshwa kwayo kunqunyelwe yi- Iqhwa lase-ArcticKuyinto evamile ukumbona ebhukuda eduze nogu, lapho amagagasi emancane khona futhi i-kelp iyasiza ihange ukuze uphumule. Ingakwazi futhi ukuxhaphaza izindawo eziphansi (isihlabathi, udaka noma udaka), hhayi nje amatshe angaphansi. Umuntu ngamunye ngokuvamile ugcina a ibanga lasekhaya elingamakhilomitha ambalwa unyaka wonke
Kukhona subspecies ezintathu ngomehluko we-craniodental nosayizi: E. l. lutris (eNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Asia), E. L. Kenyoni (Aleutians, Alaska kanye Northeast Pacific) kanye E. l. nereis (Central Coast of California). Ngokomlando yanwetshwa ku-arc ebanzi, futhi namuhla iyethula abantu abazinzile noma ekululameni e-Russia, e-Alaska, e-British Columbia, e-Washington, e-California kanye nase-Mexico nase-Japan.
Ukudla
Ngenxa ye-metabolism yayo esheshayo, i-sea otter kufanele idle cishe 25–38% wesisindo sakhoIdla inyama futhi idla kakhulu ama-invertebrates we-benthic: ama-sea urchins, ama-clam, izimbaza, ama-abalone, iminenke, izinkalankala, ama-scallops nama-chitons, kanye ama-mollusks nama-cephalopodsKwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho iphinde idle izinhlanzi ze-benthic; ezifundeni eziseningizimu, izinhlanzi nikela kancane ekudleni. Akalokothi aludle ukhula lwasolwandle (uma elwenza, ludlula lungagayekile) futhi akavamile ukudla i-starfish.
Ukuze ubambe iqhaza eliqinile, sebenzisa i-herramientas. Ingabamba itshe esifubeni sayo bese ishaya inyamazane yayo ngalo, noma isebenzise itshe njengesando ukuhluba ama-abalone kwedwala. Iwukuphela kwesilwane esincelisayo sasolwandle esibamba izinhlanzi ngazo angaphambili esikhundleni samazinyo. Ngesikhathi sokutshuza (ukucwiliswa njalo kwe I-1 ukuya kumaminithi we-4), iphakamisa futhi igumbuqele amatshe kusukela phansi, ikhiphe iminenke ku-kelp, futhi ihlole izinhlayiya ezithambile.
Ukusebenza kahle kwayo kokugaya kuphezulu (nxazonke I-80-85%) futhi ezokuthutha ziyashesha (ingacubungula ukudla ngaphakathi amahora ambalwa). Ithola amanzi ayo amaningi ekudleni, kodwa futhi ingawathola ukuphuza amanzi olwandle ngenxa yezinso ezikwazi ukugxilisa umchamo futhi ziqede usawoti omningi. Ngokuvamile umuntu ngamunye uyabonisa izintandokazi ezikhethekile ngezinhlobo ezithile zenyamazane, ezifundwe kumama, futhi ukudla kwendawo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokutholakala kanye nokucindezela komuntu.
Njengoba engahlali edla yonke into ngesikhathi esisodwa, usebenzisa a "isikhwama" sesikhumba ngaphansi kwamakhwapha (esokunxele lisebenza kakhulu) ukugcina inyamazane noma itshe eliyintandokazi, likhuphuke libheke phezulu, lijike emihlane futhi dla ezintantayo.
Ukuzala
I-sea otter izala unyaka wonke, ngeziqongo zonyaka kuye ngokuthi isifunda. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa esibonakalayo siyehluka kakhulu ngoba siye sakhula ukubambezeleka kokuqaliswa: Ngemva kokukhulelwa, umbungu ungalinda ngaphambi kokuba unamathele esibelethweni uze ube khona izimo ezivumayoUdoti ngokuvamile inzalo eyodwa, engazalelwa emanzini. Lapho izalwa inesisindo nxazonke 1,4-2,3 kg,avule amehlo ngokushesha aveze uboya bengane obujiyile obubamba umoya ongaka kuvimbela ukutshuza kuze kufakwe ijazi elidala.
Ukukhwelana kwenzeka emanzini. Eyeduna ingase ibambe ikhanda lensikazi noma ikhala ngamazinyo, ngezinye izikhathi iyishiye izimpawu ezibonakalayo. Amaduna anezindawo zokukhwelana ezindaweni ezithandwa abesifazane baphumelele kakhulu; phakathi nesizini bagada emingceleni, nakuba ukulwa kuyivelakancane. Abesilisa abaningi abangewona abendawo bayabuthana amaqembu abesilisa futhi bayahamba befuna abesifazane abalalelayo.
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi phakathi neminyaka yobudala Iminyaka engu-3-4 kanye nabesilisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. ukuncelisa Ingahlala emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni eziningi kuye ngendawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi 6-8 izinyangaUmama unikeza ukunakekelwa njalo: uthwala umdlwane esifubeni sakhe, uyawulungisa futhi amaqabunga asongwe ngokhula lwasolwandle ngenkathi idla ukuze ingakhukhuleki. Kubhekwe omama bekhona izintandane nabanye abathwala imidlwane yabo isikhashana ngemva kokufa kwayo. Ukufa kwabantu ebusika bokuqala kungaba phezulu, namazinga aphezulu okusinda kumaphuphu omama abanolwazi.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxm2Pu8VxNo
ukuziphatha kanye nokuxhumana
I-sea otter ngokuvamile i-diurnal. Ngokuvamile iqala ukudla ngaphambi nje kokuntwela kokusa, iphumula emini bese iqala futhi ntambama; ngokuvamile kukhona a isikhathi sesithathu phakathi kwamabili (ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abancane). Inikela ingxenye ebalulekile yosuku inhlanzeko ukugcina ijazi layo lisesimweni esihle sokwahlukanisa.
Lapho iphumule intanta emhlane wayo, ngokuvamile kufakwe ihange ku-kelp ukugwema ukukhukhuleka. Ingakwazi ukubamba izidladla ezine esifubeni ukuze ikwazi ukonga ukushisa; ngezinsuku ezishisayo iyahamba ezacwiliswa kamuva ukupholisa umoya. Nakuba ikwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni, ikwenza ngesivinini esiphansi ibhilidi futhi iyashelela, ngisho nangokugxuma okuncane.
Amaqembu asele, abizwa izihlenga, ngokuvamile ubulili obufanayo futhi isukela emashumini kuya ekugxiliseni okukhulu kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile. Baxhumana ngokuthintana nomzimba futhi ukuzwakala (okuhlanganisa ukuklolodela, ukukhala, ukuhuba, amakhwela kanye nokuklabalasa). Ukuzwa kwabo akukhona okweqisayo futhi akumpofu, ukubuka kuyasiza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamanzi, kanye ukuhogela Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola izingozi.
I-Taxonomy ne-subspecies
I-sea otter iwukuphela kwezinhlobo eziphilayo zalolu hlobo I-Enhydra kanye ne-mustelid kuphela engadlula ukuphila kwakhe konke emanziniIhlanganyela amadlozi namanye ama-otters (njengama-otters aseYurophu kanye nama-otter anentamo emachaphaza), kodwa ukujwayela kwawo indawo yasolwandle kuyinto engavamile. I-subspecies eyaziwayo yilezi:
- E. l. lutris (Northwest Asia): kuvame ukuba njalo okukhudlwana, enogebhezi lwekhanda olubanzi kanye nemigudu emifushane yamakhala.
- E. L. Kenyoni (Aleutians-Alaska–Northeast Pacific): Ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi e- ENyakatho Pacific Oriental.
- E. l. nereis (Central California): ugebhezi lwekhanda oluncane, ubuso obubude kanye amazinyo amancane.
I-Ecology nokubaluleka
I-sea otter ngu-a izinhlobo ezibalulekile yemvelo yasogwini. Ngokulawula inani labantu ama-sea urchins kanye nezinye i-benthic herbivores, ivikela amahlathi e-kelp, okuyizindawo ezibalulekile zokuhlala nezindawo zezinhlanzi nezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Uma zingekho, izindawo eziningi ziguqulwa zibe izindawo eziwugwadule ubuswa ama-hedgehogs (izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezimpofu). Ingakwazi futhi khulula isikhala Ezindaweni ezinamatshe, ukususa imibhede yezimbaza kukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ze-essile. Umthelela wayo ubonakala ikakhulukazi ogwini oluvulekile futhi ungahluka ngamatheku noma amachweba kuye ngezinye izici ezilawulayo.
Abadlwenguli kanye nezinsongo
Izilwane ezizingelayo zemvelo zihlanganisa imikhomo yokubulala futhi enkulu oshaka (njengomhlophe); i ama-bald eagle Angakwazi ukudla amaphuphu antantayo, futhi emhlabathini angaba yizisulu zawo ngezikhathi ezithile coyotes u amabherePhakathi kwezinsongo zabantu, eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi bycatch (ukucwiliswa emanethini), ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye, ngokujulile, ukuchitheka kwamafutha: Uwoyela ongahluziwe ubhubhisa ukungakwazi ukubola koboya, ubangele i-hypothermia, futhi ukugwinya/ukulangazelela kulimaza izitho. Imicimbi ye-Oceanographic kanye ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu Zishintsha ukutholakala kwezilwane ezifuywayo futhi zingathinta ukuzala kanye nokuphila kwezingane.
I-Las izifo ezithathelwanayo nama-parasites (njenge I-Toxoplasma gondii y I-Sarcocystis) kube yizimbangela ezibalulekile zokufa kwabantu abasogwini; umnikelo wamagciwane avela ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nezolimo ungase ube nomthelela kulokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwawo kwendawo kungase kusebenze. ukungqubuzana nezindawo zokudoba zokudla kwasolwandle, okudinga ukuphathwa okusekelwe ebufakazini ukuze kulinganiswe ukongiwa kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho.
Ukongiwa kanye nesimo samanje
I-sea otter yabhekana ne-a ukuzingela kakhulu uboya bayo amakhulu eminyaka, okulethe onqenqemeni lokushabalala. Ukuvikelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemithetho yesimanje (efana ne-CITES kanye nezinhlaka zokuvikela izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kanye nezinhlobo ezisengozini) ikhuthaze ukuphumula kulo lonke uhla. Noma kunjalo, kuyacatshangelwa esongelwe ohlwini oluningana ngenxa yezingozi eziphikelelayo (ukuchitheka kukawoyela, ukubanjwa kwe-bycatch, izifo, nokwanda kokuzingela ezindaweni ezithile).
Sekufeziwe ukwethulwa kabusha kanye nokudluliswa kwezindawo okunemiphumela eguquguqukayo: kukhona ukutholwa okuphawulekayo ku ERussia, e-Alaska naseBritish Columbia, abantu abazinzile e Washington y California, futhi ukubuyiswa kabusha kwamakoloni kubhalwe eMexico naseJapan. Impumelelo yesikhathi eside incike ekuvimbeleni ukuchitheka, ekwehliseni ukubanjwa okungaqondile, ekuthuthukiseni izinga lamanzi, kanye nokugcina amaphasishi nezindawo zokukhosela indawo yokuhlala. Ezindaweni eziningi, ubukhona babo buphinde bushayele i-ecotourism kanye nempilo yamahlathi e-kelp anezinzuzo zezindawo zokudoba ezincike kulawo ma-ecosystem.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi uzokwazi kangcono i-sea otter. Isamba sayo izici ze-anatomical, it ukuziphatha okukhethekile kanye neqhaza layo njenge unjiniyela we-ecosystem ukulenza libe uphawu logu lwaseNyakatho yePacific kanye nohlobo lwezilwane ezokongiwa kwazo kuzuzisa wonke umphakathi wasolwandle.