Ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi koshaka nabantu bekulokhu kuwumthombo wokwesaba, ukuthakazelisa kanye nezingxabano amashumi eminyaka. Oshaka ngokuvamile ababhekwa njengezilwane ezinonya, baye baba izisulu zombono oyiphutha osakazwa abezindaba namasiko athandwayo, njengasefilimini edumile. Shark 1975. Nokho, ukuhlaziya okwengeziwe kwembula ukuthi lezi zilwane zidlala indima ebalulekile esimisweni sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle nokuthi ukuhlaselwa kwabantu kuyizenzakalo ezingavamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinto ezenziwa abantu ziye zabeka engcupheni izinhlobo eziningi zoshaka, okuziletha onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa.
Iqiniso lokuhlangana phakathi koshaka nabantu
Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, oshaka abaningi abalona usongo oluqondile kubantu. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe yiNyuvesi yaseStellenbosch, ukuhlaselwa koshaka kubantu kuyivelakancane. Eqinisweni, ezinhlotsheni zoshaka ezingaphezu kuka-500 ezikhona, zingaba ngu-30 kuphela ezike zahileleka ezenzakalweni ezithinta abantu, futhi ezingaphansi kweshumi nambili ezibeka engcupheni enkulu, njenge inkunzi ushaka, ushaka omhlophe noshaka wengwe.
Ukuhlasela ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenxa yelukuluku noma ukudideka, njengoba oshaka, njengezilwane ezidla ezinye zasolwandle, bavame ukuphenya izinto eziyinqaba endaweni yabo. Ngokomcwaningi weNyuvesi yaseStellenbosch u-Conrad Mattee, oshaka abamhlophe abasebancane bavame ukuphakela kakhulu de peces futhi zishintsha imikhuba yazo yokudla zibe izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle njengoba zikhula. Lolu shintsho ekudleni kwabo luphinde lunciphise amathuba okusebenzelana okungalungile nabantu, njengoba singeyona ingxenye yemenyu yabo yemvelo.
Iqhaza loshaka ezindaweni zasolwandle
Kucatshangelwa oshaka apex predators, igama elichaza izilwane eziphezulu ohlwini lokudla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi adlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukulingana kwemvelo olwandle. Ngokuqeda izinhlanzi ezibuthaka noma ezigula kakhulu, oshaka baneqhaza empilweni yabantu basolwandle futhi bavimbele ukugcwala kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezingase zishintshe izinto eziphilayo.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa izinhlangano ezifana ne-Oceana lubonisa ukuthi ukungabi bikho koshaka ezindaweni eziphilayo zama-coral reef kungaba nemiphumela elimazayo. Isibonelo, ngaphandle koshaka bokulawula inani lezilwane ezidla ezinye njenge-grouper, lezi zamuva zanda futhi zidla izilwane ezidla uhlaza ezigcina ukukhula kwama-macroalgae kulawulwa. Lokhu kungaholela ekucekeleni phansi kwezixhobo zamakhorali, kube nomthelela omubi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nemisebenzi yabantu njengokudoba ngenjongo yokudayisa.
Umthelela wabantu kumanani oshaka
Naphezu kokubaluleka kwabo kwemvelo, oshaka babhekana nezinsongo eziningi ezivela emisebenzini yabantu. Enye yemikhuba ecekela phansi kakhulu ukudoba oshaka ukuze bathole amaphiko abo, isithako esidumile esobho le-shark fin. Kulo msebenzi, owaziwa ngokuthi i-finning, amaphiko ayanqunywa bese kuthi okusele kukashaka kulahlwe olwandle, kushiye igazi lize life.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanetha okudoba kanye nokungcoliswa kolwandle kuya ngokuya kuthinta oshaka. Ngokolwazi oluvela ku-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ngaphezu kwengxenye yezinhlobo zoshaka zisengozini noma zisengozini yokushabalala. Ngokwesibonelo, oshaka abaluhlaza noshaka okuthiwa ama-hammerhead, baye babona inani labantu lincipha kakhulu ngenxa yokudoba ngokungakhethi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala.
Kuyadingeka ukukhuthaza ukuqaliswa izindawo ezivikelwe kanye nemithetho eqinile yokudobela inzuzo. Izinyathelo ezifana nezindawo zoshaka e-Bahamas kanye nokuvinjelwa i-finning e-European Union ziyizibonelo ezinhle zokuthi le nkinga ingaxazululwa kanjani futhi lezi zilwane ezibalulekile emvelweni zingavikeleka.
Izinganekwane namaqiniso ngoshaka
Enye yezinganekwane ezinkulu ngoshaka ukuthi bayahlasela uma bebona igazi emanzini. Nakuba benomuzwa obukhali wokuhogela, oshaka abafuni abantu njengezisulu. NgokukaGádor Muntaner, isazi sezolwandle kanye nochwepheshe boshaka, ukuhlasela okuningi kwenzeka ezimeni ezithile, njengasezindaweni lapho oshaka bedla khona ekuseni noma kuhwalala.
Ukuze unciphise ubungozi bokuhlangana okungekuhle, kunconywa ukuthi ababhukudi nabatshuzi bagweme ukugqoka izingubo ezikhanyayo, ukubhukuda bodwa noma emanzini adaka, futhi baqhele ezindaweni lapho oshaka abavame ukudla khona. Ukubhukuda ngokuqapha nokuhlonipha lezi zilwane kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlalisana okuphephile.
Izindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zokuphilisana
Njengoba imizamo yokuvikela oshaka nokunciphisa izingozi kubantu yanda, kuye kwavela izixazululo ezintsha ezifana nezithiyo kazibuthe namasudi okutshuza aklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuhlasela. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-Shark Safe lusebenzisa amapayipi aguquguqukayo anozibuthe akhiqiza amandla kazibuthe, agcina oshaka bekude nezindawo ezivame ukujwayela ababhukudi nabatshuzi. Lobu buchwepheshe bethulwa njengenye indlela esimeme kakhudlwana kunamanethi avamile, avame ukuthwebula ngephutha ezinye izinhlobo ezifana namahlengethwa nezimfudu.
Ngokunjalo, izinkampani ezifana ne-Shark Attack Mitigation Systems (SAMS) zenze amasudi e-diving enza abasebenzisi "bangabonakali" koshaka ngokusebenzisa ithuba lokubona kwabo okumnyama nokumhlophe. Lezi zindlela ezintsha azigcini nje ngokuvikela abantu, kodwa futhi zihlonipha impilo yasolwandle ngokunciphisa umthelela kuma-ecosystem.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu noshaka bunzima kakhulu kunalokho okukholelwayo. Nakuba ngokuvamile bengaqondwa kabi njengemishini yokubulala, oshaka babalulekile empilweni yolwandle lwethu futhi abavamile ukuba usongo kubantu. Ngemfundo, ucwaningo kanye nezinqubo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, kungenzeka ukuguqula umbono womphakathi futhi ukhuthaze ukuphilisana ngokuthula, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukusinda kwalezi zakhamuzi ezithakazelisayo nezibalulekile zasolwandle.