Enye yezinqubo eziyisisekelo zebhayoloji ezintweni eziphilayo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kulabo abahlala emikhakheni yezemvelo yasemanzini yi- ukulele, obeye aziwe njengo ibhalansi ye-osmotic.
Konke ukuphendula komzimba okudingekayo empilweni kwenzeka endaweni enamanzi noma ewuketshezi. Ukuze kusebenze kahle lokhu kuphendula, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukugxila kwamanzi kanye solutes (onke lawo makhompiyutha anesisindo esiphansi asiza ukugcina ifayili le- ibhalansi ye-osmoticoscillate ngaphakathi kwamamaki amancane, kunqubo ebizwa ukulele.
Singachaza ifayela le- ukulele njengendlela egcina i- i-homeostasis komzimba, okungeyona enye into ngaphandle kwekhono lezinto eziphilayo ukugcina isimo sazo sangaphakathi sizinzile kuye ngezinguquko ezingase zenzeke ngaphandle ngokushintshana kwezinto namandla nakho.
Konke lokhu kuncike ngendlela ebalulekile ku- ukunyakaza okulawulwayo kwama-solutes ezikhona oketshezini lwangaphakathi nalezo ezitholakala endaweni ezungezile. Lokhu kusiholela kumthethonqubo ku ukunyakaza kwamanzi dlala indima ebalulekile.
Lo mthetho wokuhamba kwamanzi wenziwa ngu osmosis, okuyisenzakalo esingokomzimba esisekelwe ekunyakazeni koketshezi oluncibilikayo ngolwelwesi olungenamanzi. Lesi simo sivela ngenxa ye-a ukusakaza okungadingi izindleko zamandla futhi kubalulekile ekuphatheni kahle kwamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.
Ngamafuphi, ukulele kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugxila kwe solutes izinto eziphilayo ezikhona ngaphakathi (isibonelo, kumaseli) kanye nendawo ezungezile ezizungezile zivame ukulingana ukugeleza ngolwelwesi i-semipermeable. Lesi simo sivumela ukulawula i- ingcindezi osmotic (ingcindezi ekhishwe ukuze kumiswe ukugeleza kwe-solvent engena kulwelwesi).
Ibhalansi ye-Osmotic ezilwaneni
Ezilwaneni eziningi, uketshezi olunikeza amaseli isosmotic uma kuqhathaniswa noketshezi oluhlala ndawonye ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uketshezi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamaseli ane ingcindezi ye-osmotic efanayoLokhu kuvimbela ingqamuzana ekuvuvukeni ngokweqile, njengoba bekungenzeka ku-a Isixazululo se-hypotonic, noma ukushwabana, okuthile okwenzeka kufayela le- izixazululo ze-hypertonic.
Ukuze ukwazi ukugcina lezo ziketshezi isosmotic Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zolwelwesi lwe-plasma, kusetshenziswa amaseli amaningi ukuthutha kwe-ion esebenzayo (isb. ukumpompa i-Na+ ngaphandle) okudinga izindleko zamandla, okuhambisana nezinqubo zokungenzi lutho.
Amaseli ezilwane abona kufayela le- isisombululo se-isosmotic isisetshenziswa esilungele ukusebenza nokuthuthukiswa kwayo ngendlela efanele. Ezitshalweni, akunjalo: amaseli ezitshalo atholakala ku-a isisombululo se-isosmotic angase ahlupheke ngenxa yokulahlekelwa izinwele i-turgor, njengoba udonga lwamangqamuzana alo lugcina ama-solutes futhi luncike ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kwangaphakathi.
Ukuhamba kwamanzi okungenzi lutho futhi okusebenzayo
El izinto zokuhamba ezihambayo akubandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla: ama-ion Ahluka ukusuka kokuphakathi ukusuka phezulu kuya kokugxilisa okuphansi futhi, nge-osmosis, i amanzi ihamba ibheke kolunye uhlangothi. Izinga lokusabalalisa kwe-ionic lingathinteka yi- lokushisa, kuyilapho i-osmosis incike ku- i-solute gradient.
El ezokuthutha ezisebenzayo idinga amandla e-metabolic. Isetshenziselwa ukususa ions ngokweqile (imfucuza ye-metabolic) noma ye amunca izinto ezidingekayo lokho kuphambene ne-gradient. Ezinhlanzini, lokhu kuthutha kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ku amaseli e-epithelial, ku amathumbu futhi ku izinso.
Ama-hormone kanye nokulawulwa kwe-endocrine kwe-osmoregulation
I-Osmoregulation ihlelwa ngu amahomoniEzinhlanzini zasolwandle, i i-cortisol ikhuthaza ukuphuma kukasawoti kumagill; ezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile, prolactin ikhuthaza ukumuncwa kwe-ion nokugcinwa kwamanzi. i-calcitonin ithinta ukuphathwa kwe-calcium kanye ukuvumeleka we-membrane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-axis I-GH/IGF-1 (i-hormone yokukhula/i-insulin factor) isiza ukujwayelana nezindawo ezinosawoti, futhi ama-teleosts asebenzisa isamukeli semineralocorticoid i-cortisol njenge-ligand esebenzayo yokulawula ezokuthutha ze-ionic.
I-Osmoregulation ezilwaneni zasemanzini
Izilwane zasemanzini sezijwayelane nezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala, kusukela emanzini ahlanzekile (ambalwa kakhulu solutes) emanzini e-hypersaline (ngobuningi solutes). Lokhu kubafaka enkingeni ibhalansi ye-osmotic ehluke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza ngaphakathi kwe-a i-ambient osmolarity range ezimisele.
- Amapayipi: izinto eziphilayo ezibekezelela ububanzi obuwumngcingo usawoti kwemvelo, kokubili emanzini amasha nasawoti.
- I-Eurihalinos: izinto eziphilayo ezibekezelela izinhlobonhlobo eziningi usawoti, ukukwazi ukuphila nokuhamba phakathi kwamanzi ahlanzekile, anosawoti nasolwandle, isibonelo ezinye ezifuduka phakathi kwemifula nolwandle.
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokufeza lokhu: ukulele:
El kucofe ibhekisela ezilwaneni ezingaphakathi ibhalansi ye-osmotic ngendawo abahlala kuyo, okungukuthi, uketshezi lomzimba wabo cishe isosmotic mayelana nemvelo. Zivame izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi izilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla kanye nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ezinqwabelanayo urea kanye namanye ama-osmolyte ukuze alinganise ingcindezi ye-osmotic ezungezile.
Izilwane osokugulators bagcine i-osmolarity yabo yangaphakathi ihlukile kuleyo ye-medium, ngokuzimisela ukulungisa i- ibhalansi yamanzi kanye nama-ion. Izindleko zamandla ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ukuvumeleka ebusweni bomzimba. Uma i osmolarity uketshezi lomzimba likhulu kunolwemvelo, isilwane sinjalo okune-hyperosmotic; uma incane, injalo i-hypoosmotic.
Ukujwayela nokushintsha kosawoti
Uhlobo euryhaline (ngokwesibonelo, ezinye ezifuduka phakathi kwemifula nolwandle) zibhekana nezinselele ezengeziwe. Ukujwayela kwabo kuhilela izinguquko kancane kancane ku- ukubonakaliswa kwe-ionic transporters emathunjini nasemathunjini, izinguquko emathunjini ukusebenza kwezinso kanye nenhle ukulawulwa kwamahomoni (i-cortisol, i-prolactin, i-GH/IGF-1). Lezi zinguquko zidinga isikhathi namandla; ngakho-ke, ukuhlukahluka okungazelelwe kosawoti kungadala ukucindezeleka kwe-osmotic.
Osmoregulation ezinhlanzini zasemanzini angenasawoti
Ezinhlanzini zamanzi ahlanzekile, ukugxila kwe ama-ion umzimba mkhulu kunalowo okhona emanzini. Lokhu kubangela a ukusakazeka kwamanzi phakathi yezinhlanzi ngokusebenzisa i-epithelium yama-gill nesikhumba. Uma kungalawulwa, lokhu kugeleza kungakhukhumeza izicubu futhi kukhinyabeze imisebenzi ebalulekile.
Ukuze kunxeshezelwe, izinso zalezi zinhlanzi ziyakhiqiza umthamo omkhulu womchamo ihlanjululwe kakhulu (ukuhlunga okuphezulu kwe-glomerular), okuvumela ukuxoshwa kwe ukweqisa kwamanzi. Njengoba usawoti wazo ungaphezu kowemvelo, izinhlanzi ziyalahlekelwa ama-electrolyte ngokusabalalisa, ngakho kufanele buyisela usawoti ngamaseli akhethekile ku gill futhi uwathole ngokusebenzisa ukondla.
Ku-branchial epithelium, ukushintshaniswa kwe-ion kuxhunywe ku-ion exchange ngokwayo. i-metabolism. I-Carbon dioxide iguqulwa ibe i-bicarbonate futhi ishintshiwe ngama-ion chloridengenkathi ammonium (kusuka ku-protein catabolism) ingaxoshwa ngokushintshaniswa nayo i-sodium. Ngakho, i ukukhishwa kwemfucuza kuhambisana nokugcinwa kwe- i-homeostasis ye-ionic.
El pH yezimo zamanzi lokhu kushintshana: ezindaweni eziningi ama-asidi, Ukuthatha i-Na+ kunzima, futhi i-sodium ingase iqoqwe egazini futhi ibangele i-edema noma ama-ascites ezinhlobonhlobo ezibucayi. Gcina i-a i-pH ezinzile futhi phakathi kohlu lwezinhlobo zezilwane kubalulekile ukugwema ukuphazamiseka kwe-osmotic.
Ku-aquariophilia, kuvamile ukwengeza amanani amancane usawoti ongenayo i-chlorine ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile ezisanda kwenziwa amabhayisikili lapho ukuzinza kwezinto eziphilayo kungakabi khona. Ukuba khona kweqiniso ama-ion emanzini kusiza ukushintshaniswa kwamagill futhi kusiza ukulawula ammonia phakathi nesigaba sokuvuthwa sohlelo. Kufanele kwenziwe nge nenqubo futhi ngokusho kwezinhlobo, njengoba ezinye zizwela ukwanda kwe-conductivity.
I-Osmoregulation ezinhlanzini zamanzi anosawoti
Ezinhlanzi zasolwandle, imvelo yangaphandle okune-hyperosmotic mayelana noketshezi lwangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, amanzi ajwayele shiya umzimba by osmosis kanye ama-ion kusukela olwandle ngena ngokusakazwa phakathi gillIngozi enkulu yi- ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi uma ingalungiswanga ngokugcwele.
Ukuze ugweme ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, izinhlanzi zasolwandle baphuze amanzi olwandle futhi amunce amanzi ku amathumbu ngemva kokuwa nokuhlukanisa ingxenye yosawoti. Ukweqisa kwe I-NaCl Ikhishwa kuma-gill ngamaseli e-chloride (ecebile nge-mitochondria) ephumayo Cloro ngokusebenzisa imigudu ethile futhi akhiphe i-sodium ngemizila ye-paracellular. Okunye okusele kukhishwa ngu esitokisini y umchamo.
Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi zasolwandle, izinhlanzi eziningi zasolwandle ziyakhiqiza umchamo omncane kanye nokugxilisa isignali ephezulu. Lokhu kuhlobene nokuba khona okuphansi kwe i-glomeruli ezinso; ezinye izinhlobo, njenge ulwandle, ukuthuthukisa izinso i-aglomerular. Ukuze ululame amanzi futhi ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa, banesikhathi eside amashubhu ezinso kanye nezindlela zokubuyisela kabusha ezisebenzayo.
Ezinhlanzini zasolwandle ezinama-cartilaginous (okungajwayelekile emanzini asekhaya), isu lihlukile: zihlukile ama-osmoconformers lokho buthelela urea namanye ama-osmolyte ukuze alinganise umfutho wawo we-osmotic nolwandle, akhiphe usawoti omningi ngezindlala ezikhethekile. Lokhu kushiwo kukhombisa ukuhlukahluka kwe izixazululo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenkinga efanayo ye-osmotic.
El ukucindezeleka ishintsha i-osmoregulation: izinguquko ezingazelelwe usawoti, izinga lamanzi elingelihle noma ukuphathwa okunganele kuthunaza amahomoni kanye nabathuthi be-ionic. Nakuba i- i-cortisol kusiza ukujwayelana namanzi anosawoti, ukucindezeleka okungapheli kulimaza isithiyo se-epithelial kanye nokulinganisela kwamanzi, okwandisa amathuba okuba amagciwane.
Imithelela kwezasemanzini
Ekukhiqizeni i-aquaculture, usawoti wamanzi uyisici okubucayi lokukhula. I-Osmoregulation ihlanganisa a ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuthi, uma kuphezulu, kususe izinsiza ku- ukukhula kakade ukuguqulwa kokuphakelayo. Lungisa i- ububanzi bosawoti ngokufanele ngezinhlobo nesiteji, kanye lokushisa y isikhathi sesithombe, kwandisa ukukhiqiza kanye nokuphila kahle. Kuma-teleosts olwandle, ukuchayeka endaweni ye-hyperosmotic kuyawaphoqa ukuthi aqinise ukukhishwa kukasawoti futhi ikhuphule izindleko ze-metabolic; ngakho-ke, izazi zasemanzini zishintsha usawoti ukuze zibe ngcono ukusebenza y ukusinda.
Ibhalansi ye-Osmotic ingase ibonakale iyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kunjalo kubalulekile okwempilo. Ukuqonda kuyasiza ukuhumusha isimilo kanye nezidingo zezinhlanzi, kokubili endle kanye nase-aquarium. Okubalulekile wukuhlonipha amabanga emvelo zohlobo ngalunye, gwema izinguquko kungazelelwe kanye nokuqinisekisa izinga lamanzi eligcina izindlela zawo zokuvikela ukulele ngaphandle kwe-overcost yamandla engadingekile.
