Sibuyela emuva emlandweni ukuze sikhumbule ushaka omkhulukazi esazi kuphela ukuthi izinsalela zasendulo, kodwa umkhondo wakhe wemvelo wawuphawula ulwandle iminyaka eyizigidi: the I-Megalodon sharkIgama layo, elivela esiGrekini, lisho izinyo elikhulu Futhi kuyisitatimende senhloso. Wahlala phakathi kwe I-Miocene ne-PliocenePhakathi nenkathi ye-Cenozoic, kwakungesinye sezidalwa ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ezake zahamba ngomkhumbi olwandle. Namuhla iphelile, kodwa yayo amazinyo amathambo kanye nama-vertebrae sivumele ukuthi sakhe kabusha ngokunemba okukhulu ibhayoloji yabo, yabo indawo yokuhlala, it ukondla kanye nomthelela wawo emaketangeni okudla adlule.
Kule migqa elandelayo uzothola umhlahlandlela ophelele, osesikhathini samanje futhi onemininingwane ejulile mayelana nalesi sikhulu sasolwandle: izici zomzimba, ukuhlukaniswa, usayizi, amandla okuluma, ukusatshalaliswa, ukudla, amasu okuzingela kanye nezimbangela zokunyamalala kwayo. Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe nokutholwe okufanele kakhulu okuvela ezincwadini zesayensi zakamuva, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wombuzo obalulekile: ukuthi i-megalodon yayinjani nokuthi yayiphila kanjani.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ku-taxonomy yamanje, ochwepheshe abaningi bahlukanisa i-megalodon emndenini I-Otodontidae nangaphakathi kohlobo OtodusNgakho-ke, kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi I-Otodus megalodonLokhu kuhlukaniswa kabusha kusekelwe ku- i-morphology yamazinyo Futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nozalo lwezinsalela ezihambisanayo, isuka embonweni wakudala owayibeka eduze kwama-lamnid esimanje njengoshaka omhlophe. Noma kunjalo, ukufaniswa kwemvelo nokumhlophe okukhulu kuhlala kuwusizo ekuqondeni ubukhulu nezilinganiso.
Njengabo bonke oshaka, amathambo awo ayenjalo i-cartilaginousukuze irekhodi lezinsalela lilondoloze kakhulu amazinyo y izikhungo zomgogodlaIzilinganiso zosayizi oqinile zenziwe kusukela kulokhu. Imodi yobude bomzimba ikhomba kuzifanekiso ezaziseduze [ulwazi olungekho]. 10-11 amamithanabantu abakhulu abangadlula kalula Amamitha angu-16 kanye namanani aphezulu azwakalayo ngaphezu kwe 18-20 amamitha ezimweni ezingavamile. Lezi zibalo zitholakala ngokusebenzisa ubudlelwano bezibalo phakathi kwezilinganiso zamazinyo (ubude nobubanzi bomqhele, ububanzi bezimpande) kanye nobude obuphelele kuma-analogue aphilayo.
Ngokuya ngobuningi, amamodeli e-biomechanical abeka abantu abadala abakhulu emashumini amathani. Akuvamile ukubona izilinganiso nxazonke 50-60 amathani kuma-specimens amakhulu, nakuba ububanzi bukhula ngobude. Le nqwaba yayihlanganiswe ne-pectoral pectoral kanye ne-caudal fins, edingekayo propel futhi ulawule isilwane esingaka.
Sus amazinyo isici sayo esiyisakhiwo sodumo: esingunxantathu, siqinile, nge unqenqema oluhlaziywe azacile futhi angenazo iziqongo zezisekeli ezisemaceleni, afinyelela ukuphakama okukhulu kuno 16-18 cm kumasampula amakhulu arekhodiwe. amazinyo agcwele kwaba around the 276–280 amazinyo ihlelwe ngemigqa eminingana, ibhethri elingokoqobo eliklanyelwe ukusika inyama kanye phula amathambo.
Amandla okuluma alinganiselwe, akalwe ekuhlolweni nge-scorpionfish yamanje nezilingiso, angena phakathi kwebanga izibalo eziphakeme kakhulu ezaziwayo zezilwane ezinomgogodlaNgokwemibandela ye-biomechanical, ilingana ne amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-newtons, okwanele ukuphuka izimbambo nama-vertebrae ama-cetaceans amakhulu.
Descripción
Izilwandle ze-central-late Cenozoic zazine-megalodon enye yazo apex predators okwesabeka kakhulu. Ukubukeka kwayo okuvamile, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-lamnid esimanje kanye nezilinganiso ezitholakala emazinyweni nasemathanjeni omgogodla, bekungaba ushaka oqinileonesiqu esinamandla nekhanda elikhulu elinemihlathi ebanzi. Amaphiko, ikakhulukazi ama-pectoralsZingaba wugqinsi futhi zibe nendawo enkulu ukuze zizinzise futhi ziqondise umzimba osinda kangaka.
Ekhanda, i amehlo Amazinyo amancane uma kuqhathaniswa awazange adonse ukunakwa okuningi njengomlomo, i-mandibular arch ukuthi, ngezibonelo ezinkulu, kulinganiselwa ukuthi idlule. amamitha amabili ngobubanzi. Inhlanganisela yamazinyo amakhulu kanye nokuvalwa komhlathi okunamandla ngendlela emangalisayo kwaphendula ukulunywa ngakunye kwaba igalelo elinamandla qina inyamazane enkulu ngemizuzwana.
I-Las gill Itholakala emaceleni, lezi zimpiko ziqinisekisa ukushintshana kwegesi, futhi njengabanye ababhukudi abakhulu be-pelagic, bekuzodingeka ukugcina i- ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo ukwenza ngcono i-oxygenation. Umsila wayo, owakhiwe ama-lobes athuthukiswe kahleIfana nephethini emise okwecwecwana evamile yababhukudi abahamba ngomkhumbi abaphumelelayo.
Umbala cishe ulandele iphethini ye Qhathanisa ukufiphaza (Okumnyama phezulu nokukhanya ngezansi): Wabonakala phezulu, wahlangana ebumnyameni bokujula, futhi kusukela phansi, wahlangana ekukhanyeni okungaphezulu. Lokhu kufihla, okuvamile ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye zasolwandle, kwandisa impumelelo yokusondela kungabonwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinkomba i-endothermy yesifunda (i-mesothermy) ohlwini lozalo lwama-otodontids nama-lamnids asheshayo: ikhono lokunakekela amazinga okushisa omzimba Ukuphakama kwezicubu ezithile zemisipha ngaphezu kwamanzi azungezile kuthuthukisa amandla okubhukuda kanye nokubekezelela emanzini abandayo, ukwandisa ububanzi bemvelo.
Ibanga nendawo yokudla yemegalodon shark
Izinsalela ze-Megalodon zitholwe ngaphakathi zonke izilwandle, okuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa cosmopolitanZiningi ezindaweni ezithile ezipholile futhi ezishisayokodwa futhi avela kumadiphozithi abonisa ukungena emanzini abandayo, ahambisana ne-mesothermy engenzeka. Izinsalela zabo zibhalwe ku IYurophu, i-Afrika, i-Asia, i-Oceania neMelika, ngisho naseziqhingini zasolwandle njenge Iziqhingi zaseCanary, okuqinisa ukufinyelela kwayo emhlabeni jikelele.
Umkhuba imvelo yasolwandle eminingiAmanzi angasogwini angashoni, ugu olunesihlabathi, amachweba asogwini, ukukhuphuka kokukhiqiza okuphezulu, kanye izindawo zolwandle yolwandle oluvulekile. Cishe yayishintshana phakathi kwezindawo ezisogwini kanye ne-pelagic kuye ngesigaba sempilo yayo kanye nokuba khona kwezilwane ezizingelayo.
Ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuba khona kwe izindawo zokuzalanisa Zikhetha amanzi afudumele, azolile acebile anothe ngokudla futhi anezilwane ezidla ezinye ezingase zibe mbalwa. Phakathi kwamadiphozithi aveze ukugxila kwamazinyo ezingane gqama ukwakheka kwe ePanama, Maryland, Florida futhi i Ibhange laseConcepción (Iziqhingi zaseCanary). Le phethini ihambisana neqhinga labanye oshaka: imidlwane izalelwa ezindaweni eziphephile ezingasogwini futhi iya olwandle njengoba ikhula.
Mayelana nokudla, sibhekene nenye ye izilwane ezidla inyama ezinkulu yomlando wezilwane ezinomgogodla. Izimpawu emathanjeni kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwamazinyo nezinsalela zenyamazane kubonisa ukuthi kudliwe imikhomo ye-baleen y ama-odontocetes (amahlengethwa kanye nama-sperm whales), ngaphezu kwalokho ama-pinnipeds (izimboni), ama-sirenians (ama-dugong nama-manatee), izimfudu zasolwandle ezinkulu futhi abanye oshaka.
Kunokuba ube uchwepheshe ophelele, ukuhlaziya kwe-isotopic kanye nokubeka ngezilwane ezihlukahlukene kusikisela ukuthi i-megalodon yayisebenza njengesilwane. i-generalist trophic phezulu kuwebhu yokudla, igxile kumacetaceans aphakathi nendawo namakhulu lapho etholakala, kodwa nge ukuguquguquka ukufaka izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezinamathambo nama-elasmobranchs. Lelo thuba bekuyoba ukhiye ekuchumeni ekushintsheni kwezilwandle.
Mayelana ne isikhathi sokuphilaOkucatshangelwayo okuvela emasongweni okukhula kuma-vertebrae ensalela kanye nezifaniso ezinama-lamnid amakhulu esimanje kubeka isikhathi eside sokuphila kwawo nxazonke. amashumi eminyaka ambalwangezilinganiso ezifinyelelayo ngaphezu kwengxenye yekhulunyaka futhi, ngezibonelo ezinkulu, cishe cishe iminyaka eyikhulu.
Isu lokuzingela
Como i-apex predatorUmuntu omdala wayekwazi ukuthatha inyamazane enkulu. Ukwenza kanjalo, yandise izinzuzo ezimbili: amandla y ukusebenza kahle kwe-biomechanicalIphethini yokufihla yayivumela ukuthi isondele ingabonakali, futhi umsila wayo wawunikeza ukusheshisa okudingekayo ukuhlasela kungazelelweKumacetaceans amancane naphakathi nendawo, ukulandelana okungenzeka kakhulu bekuhlanganisa ukuhlasela kusuka phansi noma eceleniukuvula amanxeba ajulile kanye nokulimaza izakhiwo ezibalulekile.
Izinsalela zomkhomo ezinezimpawu zokusikwa ezimbanjeni, ama-caudal vertebrae, nezingxenye ze-pectoral fin zibonisa iqhinga okuhloswe ngalo. qina okokuqala (ukucekela phansi isistimu ye-propulsion) bese uyiqeda. Esilwaneni esikhulu, imithelela emelene ne-ribcage ibingase ibhoboze noma iphuke ithambo, ibeke engozini inhliziyo namaphaphu.
El unqenqema oluhlaziywe Ugqinsi kanye nempande enkulu yamazinyo ayo kunciphisa ingozi yokuphuka lapho usika phakathi kwezicubu eziminyene futhi ithambo elihlangeneLo mklamo uchaza ukuthi kungani izimpawu zokulunywa zivela ezindaweni ezigwenywa yizilwane ezidla ezinye manje ngoba ziqinile: i-megalodon yayihlonyiselwe yona.
Amaqembu entsha wona azoba ne- i-trophic niche ezahlukene: izinhlanzi eziningi, izimfudu, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zasolwandle ezindaweni ezisogwini, eziya ezilwaneni ezinkulu njengoba zikhula. Lokhu i-ontogenetic partitioning Insiza inciphisa ukuncintisana kwe-intraspecific futhi ibhalwe kahle koshaka besimanje.
Olunye ucezu oluhambisanayo lwe-puzzle lungenzeka i-mesothermyImisipha ejulile, efudumele ithanda ukuhlasela kweziqhumane, kubalulekile lapho uzingela ama-megafauna angakwazi ukuzivikela noma abaleke ngokushesha. Ngeke kube umbhukudi osheshayo oqhubekayo olwandle, kodwa ibhalansi phakathi cruise ephumelelayo y ukuqhuma okunamandla Ihambisana ne-morphology yayo.
Ngemuva kwempumelelo yakhe kukhona nokuncintisana. Wabelana nolwandle ama-odontocetes macroraptors (ama-sperm whales) futhi, kamuva, nge amahlengethwa amakhulu okhokho. Ukunqwabelana kwamadamu kusikisela ukuthi, kuye ngendawo nesikhathi, bekukhona ukuncintisana kwe-interspecific lokho kuphoqelele ukulungiswa endaweni, isikhathi, noma usayizi wezilwane.
Mayelana neyakhe ukuzalaUbufakazi obuqhathaniswa nama-lamnids amanje bukhomba i-viviparity enenzalo enkulu kakhulu ekuzalweni (cishe amamitha amaningana). Lo sayizi omkhulu wezingane ezisanda kuzalwa unciphisa ubungozi bokudlelwa futhi ubavumela ukuthi basebenzise ithuba amadamu amakhulu kusukela ezinyathelweni zakuqala, ezihambisana nokukhetha kwezindawo ezifudumele zasogwini.
Ukuphela kwalolu hlobo kwakungenxa yenhlanganisela yezinto. Njengoba i-Pliocene iqhubeka, i- ukulungiswa kabusha kolwandle kanye nokuguquguquka kwezinga lolwandle kwashintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwamadamu futhi kwanciphisa ukutholakala kwamadamu izindawo zokuzalela ezifudumelePhakathi naleso sikhathi, i- imikhomo ye-baleen Ngokuhlukahluka ezikhathini zangaphambili, zehla ngokwehlukahlukana noma zashintsha imizila yazo yaya emanzini abandayo angafinyeleleki kalula, futhi oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe kanye nama-odontocete akhethekile anda ingcindezi yokuncintisana. Asikho isizathu esisodwa esanele; isimo asekelwe kakhulu izinto eziningi.
Ngamafuphi, i-megalodon yayiyi- umakhi we-trophic Isihluthulelo solwandle i-Neogene: yakha imiphakathi yasolwandle futhi, lapho inyamalala, yashiya isikhala lapho ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye eziyingozi zigcina zigcwalise. Ukuqonda ibhayoloji yayo nokunyamalala kwayo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi izilwane ezidla inyama zasolwandle ezinkulu zisabela kanjani ekushintsheni kwemvelo, ngendlela efanayo nanamuhla esihlola ngayo ukuba sengozini kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kuzo. high trophic niches.
Ngomzimba we-titanic proportions, amazinyo amakhulu, nokuluma okungenakuqhathaniswa, i-megalodon yayibusa ulwandle njengesilwane esishintshashintshayo nesisebenza kahle, esikwazi ukuxhaphaza izindawo zokuhlala nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Ukushabalala kwayo kukhombisa ukuthi izilwane ezizingelayo zingaba sengozini kangakanani izinguquko zesimo sezulu, ukwakheka kwezizinda zokudla y ukuncintisanaNamuhla, amazinyo abo asasitshela indaba yolwandle lwasehlane futhi asimema ukuba sivikele imidondoshiya ehlala kulo namuhla.
