Isigaba esisodwa soshaka osekuyisikhathi eside sithathwa njengezilwane zokudoba ezemidlalo yi- mako sharkIbukeka inolaka futhi ukuziphatha kwayo kubi kakhulu kunalokho ekubonakala. Cishe kubonakala sengathi abazingeli be-mako shark basenzela umusa, kodwa kuphambene. Lo shaki usezitholele udumo ngokuba enolaka kakhulu futhi ngenxa yokuthi inezici eziyingozi, iye yaba enye yezinhlanzi ezisheshayo olwandle.
Lesi sihloko Uzokhuluma nge-mako shark nazo zonke izici zayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Yinhlanzi engowomndeni lamnidae futhi iwuhlobo lwe-lamniform elasmobrachian. Yaziwa nangelinye igama, elithi i-shortfin shark, shortfin mako shark o amazinyoOlwandle, ibhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo zezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ukulwa zoshaka. Ngokungafani nabanye oshaka abaqale bakwesabe bese bekuhlasela, bona baqonda ngqo ekudleni.
Kuyisilwane esinobukhulu obukhulu. Zikhulu ngokuphelele, ifinyelela cishe ngamamitha angu-4 ubude nesisindo esingafika ku-750 kilosUma ubhekene nomuntu ongalo sayizi endaweni yakhe, ungaqiniseka ukuthi uqedile. Banokwakheka kwemisipha. iqine ngokwedlulele futhi enamandla. Nakuba kukhona amarekhodi akhethekile anezibalo eziphakeme kakhulu, ngokwemibandela evamile abantu abadala bavame ukuba ngaphansi kwalezi zilinganiso eziphezulu, ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu ngokuya ngobulili nendawo.
Umzimba wakho fusiform futhi hydrodynamicngekhala elicijile nelicijile. Umlomo ngokuvamile mkhulu kodwa mncane futhi wamukela umumo ongu-U omakwe ngo-a umabhebhana (ukuhlukaniswa) phakathi kwama-hemimandibles. Inamehlo ayindilinga, amnyama noma aluhlaza sasibhakabhaka ngombala, kanye nama-gill slits amahlanu. muy gogo ezenza kube lula ukuphuza amanzi amaningi okuphefumula.
Ngokuqondene namaphiko ayo, inawo i-dorsal yokuqala yobukhulu obuphakathi, enethiphu eyindilinga kancane, ephuma ngemuva nje kwamathambo e-scapular. Iphinde ibe nenye iphiko lesibili lomhlana kanye nephiko elilodwa elincane lendunuezibhekane. I-caudal fin inkulu, inama-lobe abanzi nangaphakathi isigamu senyangaenelobe engenhla kuphela enkulu kancane kunengaphansi. I-peduncle ye-caudal icindezelekile futhi inwetshiwe amaphiko aseceleni eside kakhulu, esiza ekugubheni ukugeleza kwamanzi nokunciphisa isiyaluyalu.
I-dermal denticles, emboza isikhumba sayo, isebenza njengesambatho sokuzivikela esingabonakali ukungqubuzana kuncipha ngamanzi. Lesi sakhiwo esincane sichaza ijubane layo kanye nokubhukuda buthule. Umbala umnyama kakhulu okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva nangaphezulu emaceleni, futhi emhlophe esiswiniKubantu abasha, indawo emnyama noma ephawulwe ngaphezulu kwesinye isikhathi ingabonakala ekugcineni kwekhala.
Incazelo yemako shark
Inemihlathi enamandla ngempela enkulu futhi enamandlaIwasebenzisa ukuze idabule inyamazane yayo futhi izivikele. Amazinyo ayo, anesisekelo esibanzi kanye ne-cusp ecijile, anemiphetho bushelelezi (ngaphandle kwama-serrations) kanye nokugoba okuncane kwangaphandle; kubantu abadala, i-cusp ingase ibonakale ibanzi. Izinyo lesithathu elingenhla ngokuvamile lincane futhi lithambekele, lilandelwa igebe elibonakalayo. Amazinyo akhe amaningi akhula ngaphandle kokuhleleka okusobala futhi ngamanani amakhulu, amanye asala abonakala ngisho nemilomo yawo ivaliwe, okwandisa ukubukeka kwawo okwethusayo.
I-cusp shape eguquguqukayo, kanye nekhono lokuveza amazinyo ngaphandle, ikuvumela ukuba wenze kanjalo ihange futhi idabuke Ukubanjwa kweselula okuphezulu. Imiphetho yezindebe ibushelelezi futhi iyashelela, ithuthukisa i-hydrodynamics yomlomo wonke ngesikhathi samaphaphu.
Amehlo ayo ayindilinga futhi anombala osuka komnyama kuye koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amadokhumentari nocwaningo kuye kwabonisa ukuthi lapho kuvela futhi iso livezwa, [ibinzana elingacacile - okungenzeka "inqubo emnyama, engabonakali, noma evuthayo"] ivela. ulwelwesi oluvikelayo efana nejwabu leso ukuvikela umfundi. Lo mshini wengeza kwezinye izinzwa nezinzwa ezihambisana neqembu le-Lamnidae.
Ngokuqondene nombala we-mako shark, awuhlukani kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo noma phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka amnyama kakhulu kuwo wonke umhlane nangaphezulu ukusuka maphakathi nomzimba, ngaphandle kwesisu esimhlopheLokhu kuhluka kwe-dorsal-ventral kuyisiza ukuthi izifihle: ibonakala phezulu ihlangana nobumnyama bolwandle, futhi kusukela ngaphansi nokukhanya kwendawo.
Ukudla nendawo yokuhlala
Oshaka bakwa-Mako badla ngokuyinhloko inyamazane encane nephakathi nendawoNaphezu kwalokho umuntu angase akucabange, ngokuvamile zidla amasardine, i-mackerel, i-herring, i-horse mackerel, i-bonito kanye ne-tunny encanefuthi ugcwalise nge squid. Nakuba ingahlasela futhi iphume inqobile ngokumelene nezinye izibonelo eziyingozi nezikhudlwanaNgalolo sayizi wenyamazane, ingaphezu kwamandla. Yile ndlela, ngezinye izikhathi, ezithatha ngayo inyamazane emikhulu njengezimfudu, amahlengethwa, ama-porpoise, kanye nabanye oshaka. Konke lokhu kuncike ekutholakaleni kwendawo kanye nezidingo zayo zamandla. Izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zilotshwe eziswini zezibonelo ezinkulu; nokho, i izinhlanzi zamathambo Zihlala ziyisisekelo sokudla kwazo.
Naphezu kwakho konke esikushilo mayelana nokudla okuhlukahlukene, kufanele sithi ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu yi-mako shark inkembaEqinisweni, ingenye yezilwane zayo eziyinhloko ezidla ezinye zemvelo, ezikwazi ukuyibamba ngenxa yesivinini sayo esikhulu nokuhlasela okungalindelekile okuvela ngezansi noma ngama-engeli okwenza kube nzima ngezinhlanzi ezizingelayo ukubaleka.
Emikhuba yokuzingela, i-mako ihlanganisa ukuhogela, ukuzwa, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukubona ukuthola izikole zezinhlanzi kanye nezilwane ezizingelayo. Ivamise ukushaja ngokusheshisa okukhulu, futhi ingadabula amaphiko noma emaceleni esigaba ukukhubaza izinhlanzi ezinkulu, futhi uvumelane nokudla kwazo ngokwesifunda kanye nenkathi. Izifundo ezahlukahlukene zilinganisela ukuthi ingadla yonke indawo 3% wesisindo somzimba wakho wansuku zonkeNokho, leli nani liyashintshashintsha kuye ngosayizi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezindleko zakamuva zamandla.
Mayelana nendawo ehlala kuyo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwayo, ingatholakala kuma-ecosystem eduze nolwandle. Atlantic, Indian kanye Pacificfuthi kwezinye izingxenye ze ULwandle iMedithera noLwandle OlubomvuLezi zilwane zigwema amanzi abandayo futhi zithanda izinga lokushisa elifudumele. ezipholile ukuze zifudumalengaphezu kwemikhawulo ethile. Lokhu kungenxa yobuningi nokugeleza kwe izinhlanzi ezifudukayo Ngakho-ke, lo shaki ushintsha indawo ngokuya ngezinkathi zonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye ngezimo zokudla, zingafudukela kwezinye izindawo ezinokudla okwengeziwe noma amazinga okushisa azinzile.
Yize edume ngokuveza isifingqo sakhe phezulu kodwa iqiniso wukuthi uthanda ukubhukuda emanzini olwandle kakade ukujula kwamashumi kuya kumamitha angamakhulu amaninganaIngatholakala ukusuka phezulu kuya phakathi naphakathi kwekholomu yamanzi, namarekhodi avamile phakathi kwezindawo ze-epipelagic kanye nephezulu ze-mesopelagic.
Isivinini, izinzwa nokuziphatha
I-mako idume ngakho isivinini esiphezulu, ngezilinganiso ezibeka yonke indawo km 70 / h ngokujaha okufushane. Imfihlo ilele ku-morphology yawo: umzimba we-fusiform, izimbotshana ze-caudal ezihambisa amanzi, i-caudal fin in. isigamu senyanga Idlulisa amandla kanye nesisindo somzimba esingavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengamanye ama-lamniid, igcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elizinzile. iphakeme kancane kunaleyo yamanzi (i-regional endothermy) sibonga uhlelo lokugeleza kwegazi oluphikisanayo emsipha obomvu. Le nzuzo yomzimba ivumela ukugaya okusheshayo, ukusebenza kwemisipha okukhulu, nokusabela okusheshayo.
Le nhlanganisela ye amandla kanye nesivinini Lokhu kuzivumela nokuba zigxume ziphume emanzini. Ezimweni ezibandakanya ukudoba ama-hook kanye nezintambo ngesikhathi sokudoba kwezemidlalo, ziye zabonwa ukugxuma okungamamitha amaningana ukuphakama, okwenza i-mako ilwe futhi isatshwe kulezi zimpi.
Kubo bonke oshaka abahlolisisiwe, i-shortfin mako igqama ngokuthi a ubudlelwano bobuchopho nomzimba likhulu futhi ngenxa yalo ukufunda okusheshayoLokhu kuyisiza ukuthi ihlole ubungozi futhi iguqule isu lapho kukhona izisusa zomuntu. Lapho izingela, ayinciki kakhulu ekwamukeleni ugesi njengezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, futhi incike kakhulu emuzweni wayo wokuhogela. ukuhogela, it ukuhlolwa futhi, ikakhulukazi, yayo umbonoNokho, inakho I-Lorenzini ampoules, izinzwa ezikwazi ukubona izinkambu zikagesi ezibuthakathaka ezisiza nokuziqondisa nokuthola inyamazane.
Mayelana nokuma kwayo kwezemvelo, naphezu kokuvuthwa kwayo nobungozi, i-mako ayihlali iyisilwane esizingelayo esiphelele: imikhomo yokubulala Bangayizingela. Kodwa-ke, ijwayele ukunqwabelanisa kancane noshaka omhlophe ngenxa yomehluko wendawo kanye ne-thermopreference. Imikhuba yayo ijwayelekile nginesizunguAyibonisi ukunakekelwa kwabazali futhi ikhombisa ukusebenzisana okujulile nenyamazane futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, nezikebhe, ikakhulukazi kumongo wokudoba kwezemidlalo.
Ukusabalalisa nokufuduka
I-shortfin mako shark iyinhlobo i-pelagic oceanic asatshalaliswa kabanzi emanzini ezishisayo nezipholile kuzo zonke izilwandle. Ngezinye izikhathi ingase isondele ezindaweni ezisogwini ezinamashalofu amancane, kodwa indawo yayo evamile iyona ulwandle oluvulekileEzingeni lendawo, ihambisa izindawo ezinkulu ngaphakathi kwe-hemisphere ngayinye, nokunyakaza okuhambisana nokutholakala inyamazane efudukayo kakade amaphasishi emisinga efudumele. Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi ukufuduka kwabo kuvame ukuhlala endaweni inkabazwe lapho behlala khona, ngaphandle kokuwela i-trans-equatorial evamile.
Imizila yabo yansuku zonke neyesizini ihlanganisa amakhulukhulu ukuya ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha, ngesivinini esikhulu sokuhamba ngomkhumbi kanye Uhambo oluqondile ngifuna amabhange de pecesUkukhetha indawo yokuhlala kuhlanganisa lokushisa, lo ukukhiqiza yendawo kanye ne isakhiwo samanje agxilisa kakhulu amadamu, njengangaphambili nasemaphethelweni ama-ocean gyres.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwemako shark
Iphethini yokuzala yalolu hlobo lukashaka i-ovoviviparous. Lapho insikazi isiqedile isikhathi sayo sokumitha, iyakwazi ukuzala abantwana abaphakathi kuka-4 no-8.Ama-litters amakhulu aqoshwe ezimweni ezingavamile. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sika-mako si isikhathi eside futhi inzalo izalwa ikhule kahle, okwandisa amathuba ayo okusinda.
Lapho amaqhuqhuva enikeza ukushaya kwawo kokuqala kwamaphiko Zingamasentimitha angama-70 kuphela noma angama-85 cm ubudeAmaphuphu amakhulu kakhulu angafinyelela kumamitha ama-2 ubude. Amaphuphu ezinsikazi avamise ukuba makhudlwana kunabesilisa. Zivame ukuhlala esibelethweni sikanina ngemva kokuchanyuselwa.
Kunento eyisimanga egcwele ukukhiqizwa kwalaba shark, futhi ... i-ophagiaIsimanga ukuthi, nakuba lezi zingane zisakhula njengemibungu, ziyakwazi ukudlana zodwa. Lokhu bakwenza ukuze kusinde kuphela abanamandla nabaphile kahle. Ngaphezu kwe-oophagy, ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ziye zachazwa. i-embryophagy Kwezinye izimo, imibungu ethuthuke kakhudlwana idla engasethuthuki kakhulu. Lesi simo sinciphisa inani lama-fetus, kodwa khulisa usayizi zalezo ezifinyelela esiphelweni.
Ungase uthi kuwuhlobo lokuzikhethela kwemvelo lapho kukhethwa khona inzalo enethuba eliphakeme lokuphumelela ukuze "ingebi" imisoco kumama ngokudla inzalo eyengeziwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. ukuvuthwa ngokocansi Ibonisa i-dimorphism ecacile: abesilisa bafinyelela kuwo ngamasayizi azungezile I-1,9-2 mkuyilapho abesifazane bevuthwa kamuva futhi ngamasayizi amakhulu, nxazonke I-2,6-2,8 mNgesikhathi sokuqomisana, abesilisa bangase babonise ukuziphatha okunamandla, futhi kwabesifazane, lokhu kuvame ukubonwa. izibazi esiswini, izimbotshana, kanye nezimpiko ze-pectoral ezitholakala kulokhu kusebenzisana.
Ukongiwa kwemvelo nezinsongo
I-shortfin mako shark ifakwe ohlwini lwezigaba usongo ekuhlolweni kwamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yayo ukwehla kwabantu ezifundeni ezahlukene. Izingcindezi ezinkulu zivela ku- ukudoba ngokuhweba i-pelagic (umugqa omude, amanetha adonsayo kanye nama-gillnet) kanye ne ukudoba kwezemidlalolapho umoya wayo wokulwa uwenza ube yisisulu esifiselekayo. Ezinye zezinto ezishuthiwe ziyi izehlakalo (i-bycatch) ezindaweni zokudoba eziqondiswe kwizinhlobo zenani eliphezulu njenge-tuna noma i-swordfish.
Nakuba eziningi ezibanjwayo kwezemidlalo zikhululwa, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukufa kwangemva kokukhululwa hhayi kancane. Ezindaweni ezisogwini ezinama-gillnets kanye namanetha we-trammel, i ukufa okungalindelekile Ingozi ingaba phezulu, ngisho nalapho kunemizamo yokubuyisela uhlobo. Uhlobo lubalwe ku Isithasiselo II se-CITESLokhu kuhlanganisa nokulawula uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe olunezidingo zokulandeleka nokusimama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyingxenye yezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe izinhlobo ezifudukayo ezifuna ukuhlanganisa izinyathelo zokuphatha phakathi kwamazwe.
Imizamo ephumelela kakhulu ibandakanya imikhawulo yokubamba esekelwe ukuhlolwa kwesayensi, isibalo esikhulayo sezibukeli ebhodini ukuze silinganise izinhlanzi ezingabanjwanga, ukuthuthukiswa koku izingwegwe namasu ukunciphisa ukusebenzisana, kanye nezinyathelo ze ukukhululwa okuphephile okwandisa amazinga okusinda. Imfundo yomkhakha wezokudoba kanye nokuthobela kuzwelonke izibopho zamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile ekusimamiseni nasekubuyiseni isitokwe sezinhlanzi.
Kuhle ukusho ukuthi emashumini eminyaka adlule, uLwandle i-Adriatic lwalungenye yezindawo ezinenqwaba yama-mako sharks. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje alikho irekhodi elingaguquki labantu abahlala lapho, eligcizelela isidingo salokho ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nezinqubomgomo eziguquguqukayo zolwandle.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe biology ukukhula kancaneAmazinga amaphakathi okuzala kanye nesidingo esikhulu sokudoba kudinga ubuhlakani ekuxhashazweni kwakho. Indima mako as isilwane esikhulu se-pelagic isiza ukulawula inani labantu de peces Izinhlanzi ezihamba ngokushesha njenge-swordfish ne-tuna, ngakho ukongiwa kwazo kusho ukunakekela izilinganiso ze-trophic ezibalulekile olwandle oluvulekile.
I-mako shark iyisilwane esizingelayo sasolwandle esishesha ngokumangalisayo futhi esikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, esine-morphology ehlelekile, izinzwa ezibukhali, kanye nesayensi yokwakheka komzimba esebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukudla kwayo okuguquguqukayo, ukufuduka kwamabanga amade, kanye nokuzala kabusha kwe-ovoviviparous nge-oophagy kuyenza ibe uhlobo oluthakazelisayo noluyinhloko ku-ecosystem ye-pelagic. Ikusasa layo lincike ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwezokudobaukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemikhuba enesibopho esivumela ukuthi siqhubeke nokuncoma lo msubathi wasolwandle.
