Ama-Amphibians, njengamaxoxo, amasele, amasalamusi namanewt, amelela elinye lamaqembu athakazelisa kakhulu futhi ahlukahlukene ezilwane ezinomgogodla emvelweni. Ukuphila kwazo, okuhlobene eduze namanzi nomhlaba, kuye kwakhuthaza ukuvela kwezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuzivikela. Phakathi kwalokhu, ukukhiqizwa koshevu esikhumbeni ihlanganisa isu eliyisisekelo lokubalekela izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi uphile ezindaweni eziqhudelanayo. Kodwa zisebenza kanjani lezi zindlela? Yiziphi izinhlobo zobuthi ezikhona futhi zibe nomthelela kanjani ekuziphendukeleni kwalezi zilwane? Ngezansi sihlola ngokucophelela Izici zezilwane ezihlala emanzini anobuthi kanye namasu azo okuzivikela.
Kungani amanye ama-amphibians enobuthi?
Ubuthi buyisivikelo esingenzi lutho Ibalulekile ezilwaneni eziningi ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, ikakhulukazi njengoba zingenazo izinzipho, amazinyo, noma ezinye izindlela ezinolaka ezizivumela ukuthi zixoshe ukuhlasela. Ukuba sengozini kwazo okusobala kuxazululwa ukuba khona kwezindlala zesikhumba ezikhethekile, ezikhiqiza izinto ezinobuthi lapho zithintana noma lapho isilwane sihlaselwa. Iningi lezilwane ezihlala emanzini Zethula izinga elithile lobuthi, nakuba iphesenti elincane kuphela elingathinta kakhulu impilo yomuntu.
Lezi ubuthi Zivikela izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye eziningi, ngokuvamile zisebenza njengokuvimbela ukubonga kwazo ukunambitheka okungajabulisi noma ikhono layo lokubangela ukucasuka ngokushesha kulwelwesi lwamafinyila. Endabeni yezinhlobo ezinemibala egqamile, lezi zisebenza njengesixwayiso esibonakalayo (i-aposematism) esiqinisa ukusebenza kwesihlungu.
Umsuka wobuthi Ingahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo. Nakuba ezinye zithola ubuthi obuthile ekudleni kwazo, ikakhulukazi ngokudla izintuthwane, izimbuzane, noma ezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla eziphethe i-alkaloid, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zibonakala zikwazi ukuzihlanganisa ngokwazo noma ngokusebenzisana kwamagciwane e-symbiotic ahlala esikhumbeni sazo.
Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ithande ukukhethwa kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini ezinobuthi obunamandla kakhulu, njengoba lezi zinethuba elikhulu lokusinda nokuzalana. Ngakho, kukhona njalo umjaho wezikhali phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye nezilwane ezizingelayo lapho ubuthi kanye nokumelana nakho kuguquka ngesandla.
Ngabe ama-amphibian abathola kanjani ubuthi?
Indlela yokuthola ubuthi Ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini kuyahlukahluka kakhulu:
- Itholwe ngokudla: Amaxoxo amaningi namaxoxo, njengamaxoxo adumile anobuthi (I-Dendrobatidae), thola ubuthi (ikakhulukazi ama-alkaloid) ngokudla izintuthwane ezinobuthi, amabhungane, ama-millipedes nezibungu. Lezi zinhlanganisela ziyanqwabelana futhi zithuthwe zisuka emgudwini wokugaya ziye esikhunjeni ngamaprotheni athwalayo, aqinisekise ukuthi ubuthi bugcinwa ngokuphephile kuze kube budedelwa.
- Own synthesisAmanye amaxoxo, njengexoxo elivamile, anamandla okuhlanganisa ama-bufotoxin nama-bufotenins awo ezindlala ze-parathyroid ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-metabolic. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukwenziwa kusebenze kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile ngemva kokuba lezi zindlala sezingenalutho.
- Ukusebenzisana namabhaktheriya e-symbiotic: Ezinhlotsheni ezinjengama-newts aseNyakatho Melika (I-Taricha), kuye kwatholakala amagciwane esikhumba akhiqiza i-tetrodotoxin, enye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu ezaziwa emvelweni.
Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthola nokugcina idinga ukujwayela okuyingqayizivele komzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kugwenywe ukuzilimaza, kuye kwasungulwa izilwane ezihlala emanzini ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile ezishintsha ama-neuronal receptors, okuvumela ukumelana nobuthi bazo ngaphandle kokuthinta umsebenzi ojwayelekile wama-neurons.
Bunjani ubuthi emasontweni?
Esikhumbeni samaxoxo atholakala izindlala ze-parotoid, obhekene nokukhipha ubuthi obufana ne-bufotoxin ne-bufotenin. Lezi zinto, nakuba ngokuvamile ayinangozi kubantu ngokuthintana, ingaba yingozi uma idliwe noma uma ihlangana nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Ngemva kokuphatha amasele, abantu bavame ukucasuka uma kamuva becikica amehlo noma umlomo, kodwa imiphumela ngokuvamile iba mnene futhi iyancipha uma kunamanzi amaningi.
Ezilwaneni ezifuywayoEzinjeni namakati, isimo sihlukile. Uma inja iluma noma idla iselesele, ubuthi bushesha ukumuncwa ngomlomo, okungaholela ezinkingeni zenhliziyo, ukuquleka, futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, nokufa uma bengakutholi ukunakwa ngokushesha kwezilwane.
Amanye amaxoxo, njenge Sonoran Desert Toad (IBufo alvarius), iphinde ikhiqize izinhlanganisela ezinemiphumela enamandla ye-hallucinogenic, esetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka emikhubeni futhi ibhekwa njengengozi enkulu empilweni.
Ubuthi kumasele
Amaxoxo aveza ukwehluka okuphawulekayo mayelana nobuthi. Ezinye izinhlobo, njengexoxo eliluhlaza, azinawo ushevu. futhi zifaneleke ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa abantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- ubuthi bomcibisholo amaxoxo, ikakhulukazi ixoxo legolide (I-Phyllobates terribilis), ziphakathi kwezilwane ezinobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngisho nesilinganiso esincane sobuthi bazo singabulala izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo.
La epibatidine, enye ye-alkaloid ekhona kulawa maxoxo, isebenza ohlelweni lwezinzwa ngokuphazamisa ama-acetylcholine receptors, okubangela ukuquleka, ukukhubazeka nokufa phakathi nemizuzu uma ingelashwanga kahle.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi la maxoxo athuthuke kanjani izinguquko kuma-neuronal receptors abo Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zivikeleke ebuhlungwini bazo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela ubuthi obuyilandelayo ukusuka emathunjini kuya esikhumbeni ihlanganisa amaprotheni akhethekile okuthutha, njenge-saxiphylline namaprotheni afana nalawo athutha i-cortisol kubantu, avumela ubuthi ukuthi bugcinwe futhi bukhishwe lapho budingeka khona.
Isu Eliyingozi Lase-Amphibian
Ubuthi kuma-amphibians Kuyisibonelo esicacile se-aposematism, lapho imibala ekhanyayo isebenza njengesixwayiso ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ama-Dendrobatids (umndeni we-dart frog enobuthi) aphawuleka ngemibala yawo ekhanyayo, engasukela kokuphuzi nokusawolintshi ukuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza okujulile. Nakuba zingase zibonakale kulula ukuzibona, ukusebenza kwazo kuncike ekuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambili kwezilwane ezidla ezinye: umzamo owodwa ohlulekile ngokuvamile wanele ukunqanda ukuhlasela okuzayo.
Lezi zimo ziye zavumela izilwane ezihlala emanzini anobuthi ukuba zihlale izindawo zokuhlala ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, okuhlanganisa amahlathi emvula, amahlathi aseduze, izindawo ezinezintaba, nezintaba ezifika phezulu ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-2000. Ukudla kwabo ngokuyinhloko kusekelwe kuma-arthropods amancane nezinambuzane, okuqinisa ukutholakala kwangaphandle kwama-alkaloid ezinhlobonhlobo ezidinga ukuba zibe nobuthi.
Ukuvikela amakhemikhali nakho kuhilela amandla kanye nezindleko zemveloIzinhlobo ezinezivikelo ezinobuthi ziye zaqashelwa njengengcuphe yokushabalala ephezulu ngokwezibalo kunalezo ezingenabo ubuthi, mhlawumbe ngenxa yenkambiso yazo yezokudla, izinga eliphansi lokuzala, nokuba sengcupheni ezinguqukweni zemvelo nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo.
Izici zezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezinobuthi eziyinhloko
- Ixoxo elinobuthi begolide (I-Phyllobates terribilis)Ibhekwa njengoshevu kakhulu emhlabeni, ikhiqiza i-batrachotoxin ekwazi ukubulala izilwane ezinkulu ngokushesha. Bahlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini anomswakama aseColombia, futhi ubuthi bazo buncike ekudleni kwabo okucebile ngama-arthropods amancane.
- Iselesele elinebhande elinobuthi eliphuzi (I-Dendrobates yi-leucomelas): Igqama ngombala wayo ophuzi nomnyama. Ubuthi bayo buqukethe ama-alkaloid futhi busebenza kakhulu ngokumelene nezilwane ezidla ezinye.
- I-newt enesikhumba esiqinile (I-Taricha granulosa): Ikhiqiza i-tetrodotoxin, i-neurotoxin ebulalayo ezilwaneni eziningi ezidla ezinye. Le newt ihlala entshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika.
- Iselele likamoba (I-Rhinella marina)Yaziwa ngokuhlasela izindawo zokuhlala futhi isuse izinhlobo zemvelo, ubuthi bayo buyingozi ezilwaneni ezifuywayo nasezilwaneni zasendle zendawo.
- Intulo evamile (intulo intulo)Ivamile eYurophu, ikhipha ama-neurotoxins anambithekayo njengesivikelo. Iphinde ibe nezinto ezilwa namagciwane.
Lezi zinhlobo zibonisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo embusweni wezilwane ezihlala emanzini anobuthi.
Ukuzijwayeza kwe-Predator kanye ne-coevolution
Umphumela oqondile wobuthi be-amphibian kube ukuvela, ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ezikwazi ukweqa lezi zivikelo. Ezinye izilwane, njenge i-otter, i-polecat kanye ne-mink, baye bafunda ukukhumula amaxoxo ngaphambi kokuba bawadle, kanjalo bagweme ukuthintana ngokuqondile nesikhumba esinobuthi. Ezinye, njenge-garter snakes eNyakatho Melika, ziye zahlakulela ukumelana ne-newt tetrodotoxin.
Endabeni yabantu, ubuhlobo nezilwane ezihlala emanzini anobuthi buye babangela ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko, njengokusetshenziswa kobuthi emicibisholo nemicibisholo yokuzingela, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu bomdabu baseNingizimu Melika.
Izinqubo ze ukuvela kwezilwane ezizingelayo kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezinobuthi Bakhe umjaho wezikhali oyiqiniso ngokwemvelo, lapho ubuthi nokumelana kuguquka ndawonye, okuvumela ukuhlukahluka okumangazayo kwezimpendulo zebhayoloji.
Ama-salamanders anobuthi nama-newts: izici ezihlukile kanye nomsebenzi wemvelo
- Izindlala ezikhethekileAma-Salamander anezindlala ezinamafinyila, eziyimbudumbudu nezixubile. Izindlala ze-granular, ezisatshalaliswa esikhumbeni futhi ikakhulukazi ekhanda, zikhiqiza ubuthi be-neuroactive kanye ne-antimicrobial.
- UkuphindukuzalwaI-Salamanders iyaphawuleka ngokukwazi kwabo ukuvuselela izitho, izingxenye zomgogodla, ngisho nezitho zangaphakathi, ikhono elihambisana nombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezokwelapha.
- Umbala we-aposematicAmasalamander amaningi, njengesalamander evamile, abonisa imibala ephuzi egqamile nemnyama ebonisa ubuthi bazo. Abanye bathatha izimo zokuzivikela ukuze bagqamise lezi zindawo kubazingeli.
- Ukusatshalaliswa nendawo yokuhlalaBahlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama, emihumeni, nasezingodweni eziwile, futhi zivamile eNtshonalanga Yurophu. ENhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, kutholakala izinhlobo eziyizifanekiselo ezifana ne-gallipato nenewt enamabula.
I-Los ezintsha ezinobuthi, njengenewt enesisu somlilo (I-Cynops pyrrhogaster) kanye ne-taricha newt, ikhipha i-tetrodotoxin eyingozi kakhulu. Imithombo eqondile yalobu buthi kusaxoxwa ngayo, kodwa kokubili ukwakheka kwe-endogenous kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamagciwane e-symbiotic kuyacatshangelwa.
Ukuphatha Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Nezingozi Zezilwane Ezifuywayo
Ukuthintana ngqo nezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezinobuthi Akuvamile ukuba yingozi kubantu, nakuba kungabangela ukucasuka kwendawo uma ubuthi bungena ezilonda noma ulwelwesi lwamafinyila. Kubalulekile ukugeza izandla zakho ngemuva kokuphatha noma iyiphi i-amphibian futhi ugweme ukuthintana namehlo, umlomo, noma amanxeba.
Ukukhathazeka okukhulu kulele izilwane ezifuywayo njengezinja namakatiUkuthambekela kwabo kokuluma noma ukukhotha lezi zilwane kungabangela ushevu obunzima, kube nezimpawu ezifana nokuphuma amathe ngokweqile, ukuquleka, ukuhlanza, futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo nokufa. Uma kukhona okusolayo, kubalulekile ukubonana nodokotela wezilwane ngokushesha.
Qaphela izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini endaweni yazo yemvelo Ukungazithinti kuyinkambo ephephile kunazo zonke kokubili abantu kanye nokulondolozwa kwalezi zilwane, ezimweni eziningi ezivikelekile ngenxa yesimo sazo esisengozini.
Indima yemvelo kanye nezinzuzo zezilwane ezihlala emanzini anobuthi
- Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzaneAma-amphibians adla izinambuzane eziningi nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla, ezilawula ngokwemvelo izilokazane zezolimo nomiyane.
- Izinkomba zemveloNgenxa yesikhumba sazo esikwazi ukungena emanzini, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni ziyizinkomba zangempela zamanzi nekhwalithi yenhlabathi. Ukuba khona noma ukwehla kwazo kungaxwayisa ngokuba khona kwezinto ezingcolisayo noma ukungalingani ku-ecosystem.
- Ukongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayoIzinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezihlala emanzini zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile, okunomthelela ekugcinweni kokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Iqhaza labo njengezilwane ezizingelayo kanye nezilwane ezizingelayo kuqinisekisa ibhalansi yokudla okunomsoco ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala.
Phakathi kwezinsongo ezimbi kakhulu ezibhekene nezilwane ezihlala emanzini ukucekelwa phansi nokuqhekeka kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo, ukungcola, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, nokusabalala kwezifo ezikhunta namagciwane ezithinta ngokuphawulekayo izakhamuzi zasendle. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile nakho kuye kwakwandisa kakhulu ubungozi bazo.
Ubuthi obuningi obukhiqizwa izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, njenge-tetrodotoxin ne-epibatidine, buyaphenywa ngezinhlelo zabo zezokwelapha ezingase zibe khona, ikakhulukazi njengama-analgesics anamandla angewona ama-opioid. Lokhu kuphinde kugqamise ukubaluleka kokulondoloza ukuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali kanye nebhayoloji yalezi zilwane.
Umhlaba wama-amphibians anobuthi uwumhlaba wokuzijwayeza kwebhayoloji, amasu okuziphendukela kwemvelo, nobudlelwano bezemvelo obungagcini nje ngokuvusa umdlandla wesayensi kodwa futhi obugcizelela isidingo sokongiwa kwazo. Ukulondoloza ukwehlukahlukana kwazo nezindawo zazo kusho ukuvikela impilo yemvelo yezinhlelo zemvelo kanye namathuba okuthuthuka kwezemvelo eziwanikezayo. Lezi zilwane ezivamise ukuqondwa kabi zidlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo futhi, kunokuba zibe yingozi kubantu ezimweni eziningi, zisebenza njengabaqaphi abancane bokulinganisela kwemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
