Izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni , njengezixoxo, amaxoxo, ama-salamander, nama-newt, zimelela elinye lamaqembu ezilwane ezinomgogodla athakazelisayo futhi ahlukahlukene kakhulu emvelo. Ukuphila kwazo, okuhlobene eduze kwamanzi nomhlaba, kuye kwakhuthaza ukuvela kwezindlela zokuzivikela eziyinkimbinkimbi . Phakathi kwalezi, ukukhiqizwa kobuthi esikhumbeni kuyisu eliyisisekelo lokugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye nokusinda ezindaweni ezincintisanayo. Kodwa lezi zindlela zisebenza kanjani? Yiziphi izinhlobo zobuthi ezikhona, futhi ziye zathonya kanjani ukuvela kwalezi zilwane? Ngezansi, sihlola ngokuningiliziwe izici zezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni ezinobuthi kanye namasu azo okuzivikela.
Kungani amanye ama-amphibians enobuthi?
I-venom iyisivikelo esibalulekile esingenamsebenzi ezilwanyaneni eziningi eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, ikakhulukazi njengoba zintula izinzipho, amazinyo, noma ezinye izindlela ezinamandla zokuxosha ukuhlaselwa. Ubuthakathaka bazo obubonakalayo bukhokhelwa ukuba khona kwezindlala zesikhumba ezikhethekile ezikhipha izinto ezinobuthi lapho zithintana noma lapho isilwane sihlaselwa. Iningi lezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini libonisa izinga elithile lobuthi, yize iphesenti elincane kuphela elingathinta kakhulu impilo yabantu.
Lobu buthi buvikela izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ezilwaneni eziningi ezizingelayo, ngokuvamile busebenza njengesivikelo ngenxa yokunambitheka kwazo okungathandeki noma ikhono lazo lokubangela ukucasuka okusheshayo kwezicubu zamathumbu. Endabeni yezinhlobo ezinemibala egqamile, le mibala isebenza njengesixwayiso esibonakalayo (i-aposematism) esiqinisa ukusebenza kahle kobuthi.
Umthombo wobuthi ungahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo. Ngenkathi ezinye zithola ubuthi obuthile ekudleni kwazo, ikakhulukazi ngokudla izintuthwane, izibungu, noma ezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezithwala ama-alkaloid, ezinye izinhlobo zibonakala zikwazi ukuzihlanganisa ngokwazo noma ngokubambisana kwamagciwane ahlala esikhumbeni sazo.
Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ithande ukukhethwa kwezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ezinobuthi obunamandla kakhulu, njengoba lezi zinethuba elikhulu lokusinda nokuzala. Ngakho-ke, kukhona umncintiswano wezikhali oqhubekayo phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye lapho ubuthi kanye nokumelana nakho kuguquka khona kube kanye.
Ngabe ama-amphibian abathola kanjani ubuthi?
Indlela yokuthola ubuthi ezilwanyaneni zasemanzini ihlukahluka kakhulu:
- Itholwe ngokudla: Amaxoxo amaningi namaxoxo, njengamaxoxo adumile anobuthi (I-Dendrobatidae), thola ubuthi (ikakhulukazi ama-alkaloid) ngokudla izintuthwane ezinobuthi, amabhungane, ama-millipedes nezibungu. Lezi zinhlanganisela ziyanqwabelana futhi zithuthwe zisuka emgudwini wokugaya ziye esikhunjeni ngamaprotheni athwalayo, aqinisekise ukuthi ubuthi bugcinwa ngokuphephile kuze kube budedelwa.
- Own synthesisAmanye amaxoxo, njengexoxo elivamile, anamandla okuhlanganisa ama-bufotoxin nama-bufotenins awo ezindlala ze-parathyroid ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-metabolic. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukwenziwa kusebenze kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile ngemva kokuba lezi zindlala sezingenalutho.
- Ukusebenzisana namabhaktheriya e-symbiotic: Ezinhlotsheni ezinjengama-newts aseNyakatho Melika (I-Taricha), kuye kwatholakala amagciwane esikhumba akhiqiza i-tetrodotoxin, enye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu ezaziwa emvelweni.
Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthola nokugcina idinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukile zomzimba. Isibonelo, ukuze kugwenywe ukuzilimaza, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ziye zakha izinguquko ezithile zofuzo ezishintsha ama-receptor azo e-neuronal, ezivumela ukumelana nobuthi bazo ngaphandle kokuthinta ukusebenza okuvamile kwe-neuronal.
Bunjani ubuthi emasontweni?
Izindlala ze-parotoid , ezitholakala esikhumbeni samasele , zinesibopho sokukhipha ubuthi obufana ne-bufotoxin ne-bufotenin. Lezi zinto, nakuba ngokuvamile zingenangozi kubantu lapho zithintana , zingaba yingozi uma zigwinywa noma uma zithintana nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Kuvamile ukuthi abantu bazizwe becasukile ngemva kokuphatha amasele uma kamuva behlikihla amehlo noma umlomo wabo, kodwa imiphumela ivame ukuba mincane futhi iphele ngamanzi amaningi.
Ezilwaneni zasekhaya , njengezinja namakati, isimo sihlukile. Uma inja iluma noma igwinya ixoxo, ubuthi bumuncwa ngokushesha ngomlomo, okungase kubangele izinkinga zenhliziyo, ukuxhuzula, futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa uma ingatholi ukunakekelwa okusheshayo kwezilwane.
Amanye ama-toad, njenge- Sonoran Desert toad ( Bufo alvarius ), nawo akhiqiza ama-compounds anemiphumela enamandla yokubona izinto ezingaqondakali, asetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka emikhosini futhi abhekwa njengengozi enkulu empilweni.
Ubuthi kumasele
Amaxoxo abonisa ukuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo kobuthi. Ezinye izinhlobo, njengexoxo eliluhlaza, azinabo ubuthi futhi ziphephile ngokuphelele ukudliwa ngabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaxoxo anobuthi , ikakhulukazi ixoxo elinobuthi legolide ( i-Phyllobates terribilis ), aphakathi kwezilwane ezinobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngisho nenani elincane lobuthi bawo lingabulala izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu.
I-Epibatidine , enye yama-alkaloid akhona kula maxoxo, isebenza ohlelweni lwezinzwa ngokuphazamisa ama-receptor e-acetylcholine, okubangela ukuxhuzula, ukukhubazeka , nokufa ngemizuzu embalwa uma kungelashwa kahle.
Ucwaningo lwamuva lubonise ukuthi la maxoxo athuthukise kanjani izinguquko kuma-receptor awo e-neuronal avumela ukuthi avikeleke ebuthi bawo ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni imisebenzi ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela ubuthi obuyithathayo kusukela emathunjini kuya esikhumbeni ihilela amaprotheni akhethekile okuthutha, njenge-saxiphyllin namaprotheni afana nalawo athutha i-cortisol kubantu, avumela ubuthi ukuthi bugcinwe futhi bukhishwe lapho budingeka khona.
Isu Eliyingozi Lase-Amphibian
Ubuthi ezilwanyaneni eziphila emanzini nasemanzini buyisibonelo esicacile se-aposematism, lapho imibala ekhanyayo isebenza njengesixwayiso ezilwanyaneni ezidla ezinye izilwane. Amaxoxo anobuthi ( i-Dendrobatidae ) aphawuleka ngemibala yawo egqamile, engaba kusukela kophuzi nowolintshi kuya koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okotshani. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kulula ukuwabona, ukusebenza kwawo kuncike kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini kwezilwane ezidla ezinye: umzamo owodwa ohlulekile uvame ukwanele ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwesikhathi esizayo.
Lokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo kuye kwavumela izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ezinobuthi ukuthi zihlale ezindaweni zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene kakhulu , okuhlanganisa amahlathi emvula, amahlathi asezindaweni eziseduze nogu, izindawo ezinezintaba, ngisho nokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-2000. Ukudla kwazo kuqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-arthropod amancane nezinambuzane, okuqinisa ukutholakala kwama-alkaloid ngaphandle kwezinhlobo eziwadingayo ukuze abe nobuthi.
Ukuzivikela kwamakhemikhali kuhilela nezindleko zamandla kanye nezemvelo . Izinhlobo ezinezivikelo ezinobuthi ziye zabonwa zinengozi ephezulu ngokwezibalo yokuqothulwa uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezingenabo ubuthi, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokudla okukhethekile, izinga eliphansi lokuzala, kanye nokusengozini yokushintsha kwemvelo kanye nokubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala.
Izici zezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezinobuthi eziyinhloko
- Ixoxo elinobuthi begolide (I-Phyllobates terribilis)Ibhekwa njengoshevu kakhulu emhlabeni, ikhiqiza i-batrachotoxin ekwazi ukubulala izilwane ezinkulu ngokushesha. Bahlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini anomswakama aseColombia, futhi ubuthi bazo buncike ekudleni kwabo okucebile ngama-arthropods amancane.
- Iselesele elinebhande elinobuthi eliphuzi (I-Dendrobates yi-leucomelas): Igqama ngombala wayo ophuzi nomnyama. Ubuthi bayo buqukethe ama-alkaloid futhi busebenza kakhulu ngokumelene nezilwane ezidla ezinye.
- I-newt enesikhumba esiqinile (I-Taricha granulosa): Ikhiqiza i-tetrodotoxin, i-neurotoxin ebulalayo ezilwaneni eziningi ezidla ezinye. Le newt ihlala entshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika.
- Iselele likamoba (I-Rhinella marina)Yaziwa ngokuhlasela izindawo zokuhlala futhi isuse izinhlobo zemvelo, ubuthi bayo buyingozi ezilwaneni ezifuywayo nasezilwaneni zasendle zendawo.
- Intulo evamile (intulo intulo)Ivamile eYurophu, ikhipha ama-neurotoxins anambithekayo njengesivikelo. Iphinde ibe nezinto ezilwa namagciwane.
Lezi zinhlobo zibonisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo embusweni wezilwane ezihlala emanzini anobuthi.
Ukuzijwayeza kwe-Predator kanye ne-coevolution
Umphumela oqondile wobuthi bezilwane ezihlala emanzini kube ukuvela kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezikwazi ukugwema lezi zivikelo. Ezinye izilwane, njenge-otter , ama-polecats, nama-mink , ziye zafunda ukuhlinza amaxoxo ngaphambi kokuwadla, ngaleyo ndlela zigwema ukuthintana ngqo nesikhumba esinobuthi. Ezinye, njengezinyoka ze-garter eNyakatho Melika, ziye zathuthukisa ukumelana ngokomzimba ne-tetrodotoxin ekhiqizwa yi-newt.
Endabeni yabantu, ubuhlobo nezilwane ezihlala emanzini anobuthi buye babangela ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko, njengokusetshenziswa kobuthi emicibisholo nemicibisholo yokuzingela, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu bomdabu baseNingizimu Melika.
Izinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ezinobuthi ziye zakha umjaho wezikhali wangempela ngokwemvelo, lapho ubuthi kanye nokumelana kuguquka khona ndawonye, ​​okuvumela ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kwezimpendulo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ama-salamanders anobuthi nama-newts: izici ezihlukile kanye nomsebenzi wemvelo
- Izindlala ezikhethekileAma-Salamander anezindlala ezinamafinyila, eziyimbudumbudu nezixubile. Izindlala ze-granular, ezisatshalaliswa esikhumbeni futhi ikakhulukazi ekhanda, zikhiqiza ubuthi be-neuroactive kanye ne-antimicrobial.
- UkuphindukuzalwaI-Salamanders iyaphawuleka ngokukwazi kwabo ukuvuselela izitho, izingxenye zomgogodla, ngisho nezitho zangaphakathi, ikhono elihambisana nombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezokwelapha.
- Umbala we-aposematicAmasalamander amaningi, njengesalamander evamile, abonisa imibala ephuzi egqamile nemnyama ebonisa ubuthi bazo. Abanye bathatha izimo zokuzivikela ukuze bagqamise lezi zindawo kubazingeli.
- Ukusatshalaliswa nendawo yokuhlalaBahlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama, emihumeni, nasezingodweni eziwile, futhi zivamile eNtshonalanga Yurophu. ENhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, kutholakala izinhlobo eziyizifanekiselo ezifana ne-gallipato nenewt enamabula.
Ama-newt anobuthi , njenge-fire-belly newt ( i-Cynops pyrrhogaster ) kanye ne-taricha newt, akhipha i-tetrodotoxin ebulalayo kakhulu. Imithombo eqondile yalobu buthi isaphikiswana ngayo, kodwa kokubili ukwenziwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamagciwane ahambisanayo kubhekwa njengokungenzeka.
Ukuphatha Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Nezingozi Zezilwane Ezifuywayo
Ukuthintana ngqo nezilwane eziphila emanzini anobuthi akuvamile ukuba yingozi kubantu, yize kungabangela ukucasuka kwendawo uma ubuthi bungena emanxebeni noma emaqakaleni. Kubalulekile ukugeza izandla zakho ngemva kokuphatha noma yimuphi umuntu ophila emanzini anobuthi futhi ugweme ukuthintana namehlo, umlomo, noma amanxeba.
Ukukhathazeka okukhulu kusezifuyweni ezinjengezinja namakati . Ukuthambekela kwazo kokuluma noma ukukhotha lezi zilwane kungaholela ekufakweni ubuthi obukhulu, okunezimpawu ezifana nokuqunjelwa amathe ngokweqile, ukuxhuzula, ukuhlanza, futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo nokufa. Uma usola ubuthi, kubalulekile ukuya kudokotela wezilwane ngokushesha.
Ukubuka izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini endaweni yazo yemvelo ngaphandle kokuzithinta kuyindlela ephephile kokubili kubantu kanye nokulondolozwa kwalezi zilwane, ezimweni eziningi ezivikelwe ngenxa yesimo sazo esisengozini.
Indima yemvelo kanye nezinzuzo zezilwane ezihlala emanzini anobuthi
- Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzaneAma-amphibians adla izinambuzane eziningi nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla, ezilawula ngokwemvelo izilokazane zezolimo nomiyane.
- Izinkomba zemveloNgenxa yesikhumba sazo esikwazi ukungena emanzini, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni ziyizinkomba zangempela zamanzi nekhwalithi yenhlabathi. Ukuba khona noma ukwehla kwazo kungaxwayisa ngokuba khona kwezinto ezingcolisayo noma ukungalingani ku-ecosystem.
- Ukongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayoIzinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezihlala emanzini zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile, okunomthelela ekugcinweni kokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Iqhaza labo njengezilwane ezizingelayo kanye nezilwane ezizingelayo kuqinisekisa ibhalansi yokudla okunomsoco ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala.
Phakathi kwezinsongo ezimbi kakhulu ezibhekene nezilwane ezihlala emanzini ukucekelwa phansi nokuqhekeka kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo, ukungcola, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, nokusabalala kwezifo ezikhunta namagciwane ezithinta ngokuphawulekayo izakhamuzi zasendle. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile nakho kuye kwakwandisa kakhulu ubungozi bazo.
Ubuthi obuningi obukhiqizwa izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, njenge-tetrodotoxin ne-epibatidine, buyaphenywa ngezinhlelo zabo zezokwelapha ezingase zibe khona, ikakhulukazi njengama-analgesics anamandla angewona ama-opioid. Lokhu kuphinde kugqamise ukubaluleka kokulondoloza ukuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali kanye nebhayoloji yalezi zilwane.
Umhlaba wama-amphibians anobuthi uwumhlaba wokuzijwayeza kwebhayoloji, amasu okuziphendukela kwemvelo, nobudlelwano bezemvelo obungagcini nje ngokuvusa umdlandla wesayensi kodwa futhi obugcizelela isidingo sokongiwa kwazo. Ukulondoloza ukwehlukahlukana kwazo nezindawo zazo kusho ukuvikela impilo yemvelo yezinhlelo zemvelo kanye namathuba okuthuthuka kwezemvelo eziwanikezayo. Lezi zilwane ezivamise ukuqondwa kabi zidlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo futhi, kunokuba zibe yingozi kubantu ezimweni eziningi, zisebenza njengabaqaphi abancane bokulinganisela kwemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
