Izilwandle zimboza ngaphezu kuka-70% wobuso beplanethi futhi zinezinhlobo eziningi ezimangalisayo zezinhlobo zasolwandle . Kusukela kuma-microbes angabonakali kuya kuma-blue whale adlula amamitha angu-30 ubude, impilo olwandle ibilokhu ihlukahluka izigidigidi zeminyaka, ibunjwe usawoti, ingcindezi, ubumnyama, kanye nemisinga.
Ukuqonda lezi zinto eziphilayo ngokuningiliziwe akuyona nje indaba yokuzibuza: kuyisisekelo sokuvikela izindawo zemvelo ezibuthakathaka njengemifula, amadlelo olwandle, amathafa angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nogu olunamadwala , kanye nokuphatha ngobuqotho ukudoba, ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi, kanye nayo yonke eminye imisebenzi yabantu encike olwandle. Ngezansi uzothola umhlahlandlela ophelele, ohlelwe amaqembu amakhulu, ohlanganisa izibonelo ezithile zezinhlobo, uhlu olusemthethweni, amaphrojekthi okulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nedatha yesayensi ebalulekile.
Impilo engabonakali olwandle
Ingxenye enkulu ye-biomass yasolwandle yakhiwe ngamagciwane asolwandle: amabhaktheriya, ama-archaea, amagciwane, ama-microalgae, ama-protist kanye nezilwane ezincane kakhulu kangangokuthi azibonakali ngamehlo enyama, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho uhlelo belungawa.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u -70% we-biomass yasolwandle uqukethe ama-prokaryotes (amabhaktheriya nama-archaea). Lawa magciwane atholakala cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zolwandle: amanzi angaphezulu, izinsika zamanzi ajulile, inhlabathi, amatshe ngaphansi kolwandle, ngisho nangaphansi kweqhwa lase-Antarctica.
Amagciwane asemanzini ikakhulukazi angama -bacteriophage athelela amagciwane namanye amagciwane. Ngokubhubhisa lawa maseli, akhipha izinto eziphilayo ezondla ulwelwe olusha namagciwane, okuqhuba lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iphampu yezinto eziphilayo, indlela ikhabhoni egcina ithungwe ngayo olwandle olujulile.
Phakathi kwama-eukaryotes amancane kakhulu , ama-marine protists avelele. Leli qembu elihlukahlukene lihlanganisa izinto eziphilayo "zezitshalo" (ama-autotroph e-photosynthetic), "izilwane" (ama-heterotrophs adla ezinye izilwane), "isikhunta" (ama-saprotrophs), kanye nama-mixotrophs ahlanganisa amasu ahlukene. Ama-protists amaningi ayingxenye ye-phytoplankton kanye ne-zooplankton futhi akha isisekelo sewebhu yokudla.
Eceleni kwazo, sithola ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwe -microfungi, i-microalgae, kanye nezilwane zasolwandle ezincane njenge-rotifers, i-nematodes, i-tardigrades, kanye nezilwane ezincane ezinamagobolondo. Kuze kube muva nje, ukuhlukahluka kwazo kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuphakathi, kodwa izifundo ze-DNA zemvelo olwandle, emithonjeni yamanzi ashisayo, kanye nasenhlabathini ziveza imiphakathi emikhulu, kodwa engachazwanga.
I-Plankton: injini engabonakali ye-ecosystems yasolwandle
Igama elithi plankton lihlanganisa zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingakwazi ukubhukuda ngokumelene nomsinga futhi eziqhutshwa ukunyakaza kwamanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezilwandle, olwandle noma emanzini ase-continental.
I-Phytoplankton ihlanganisa i-cyanobacteria (eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), ama-diatoms, ama-dinoflagellates, ama-coccolithophores, ama-euglenoids, ama-cryptomonads, ama-chrysophytes, ama-chlorophytes, ama-prasinophytes, namanye amaqembu e-algae amancane. Ndawonye , zenza ingxenye enkulu ye-photosynthesis yeplanethi, efana noma enkulu kunaleyo yawo wonke amahlathi asemhlabeni.
I-Zooplankton iqukethe ama-protozoa (ama-foraminifera, ama-radiolarian, ama-dinoflagellates e-heterotrophic) kanye nezilwane ezincane nezinkulu njenge-gelatinous cnidarians, ama-ctenophores, ama-chaetognath (izibungu zomcibisholo), ama-mollusk amancane, ama-crustaceans (ama-copepods, ama-krill), ama-urochordates noma izibungu zezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla kanye nezinhlanzi.
Izilwane eziningi ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa nezinhlanzi ezibalulekile kwezentengiselwano, imikhomo edla izihlungi, kanye nezinyoni zasolwandle , zithembele ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ku-plankton njengomthombo wazo oyinhloko wokudla. Ngokulandelayo, izinguquko ekwakhekeni noma ebuningini be-plankton zithinta lonke iwebhu lokudla.
Ezigabeni zazo zobusha, izilwane eziningi zasolwandle zidlula ezigabeni ze-planktonic (amaqanda, izibungu, ukuzala noma ama-pelagic juveniles) , okuvumela ukuthi zihlakazeke phakathi kwezindawo ezikude ngaphambi kokuhlala phansi noma ogwini.
Ulwelwe nezitshalo zasolwandle
Izitshalo ze-algae nezasolwandle zakha "amahlathi" angaphansi kwamanzi angempela ahlinzeka ngesakhiwo, indawo yokukhosela, kanye nokudla kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Endaweni yasolwandle, sithola ama-macroalgae aluhlaza okotshani, onsundu, nabomvu, kanye nama-phanerogam asolwandle (izitshalo eziqhakazayo ezijwayele amanzi anosawoti).
Ngokwesibonelo, eziQhingini zaseCanary, kunohlu oluphelele olusemthethweni olunezinhlobo eziningi ze-algae ezinamagama ajwayelekile nawesayensi : kusukela ku-"sea lettuce" ( Ulva spp.), "yellow mullet" ( Cystoseira abies-marina ), "little sea lettuce" ( Anadyomene , Microdictyon ), "common sargassum" ( Sargassum vulgare ), "sunflower" ( Fucus spiralis ) noma i-red algae efana ne-"red corallite" ( Galaxaura rugosa ) kanye "ne-gelids" ehlukile ( Gelidium spp.).
Entshonalanga yeMedithera kanye nogu lwase-Andalusian naseValencian, izindawo zotshani basolwandle ezifana nePosidonia oceanica , iCymodocea nodosa , kanye neZostera noltii , kanye neHalophila decipiens ezinqeni zesihlabathi, ziyimpawu. Lezi zindawo zotshani ziqinisa inhlabathi, zibambe amagagasi, zibambe i-CO₂, futhi zisebenza njengezindawo zokukhulisa izinhlanzi ezingenakubalwa kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla.
Emphakathini waseValencian, kukhuthazwa izinhlelo ezithile zokuzala nokubuyisela izinhlobo ezibalulekile njenge-sea urchins i-Paracentrotus lividus kanye ne -Arbacia lixula , ezixhumene kakhulu nezindawo ezisogwini lolwandle kanye namatshe angaphansi, ngokuhlolwa kokuzalanisa kokuhlola ezimweni ezilawulwayo kanye nokuqapha okulandelayo endaweni yemvelo.
Ogwini lwaseMalaga, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-150 ze-algae kanye nezinhlobo ze-phanerogam zasolwandle okungenani ezintathu ziye zafakwa ohlwini, zihlotshaniswa nemiphakathi ehlukene engama-60 ye-biotic, okunikeza umbono wobuningi bezimbali ze-Spanish Mediterranean uma kufundwa ngokuningiliziwe.
Cnidarians: jellyfish, corals kanye anemones
Ama-Cnidarians ayizilwane zasemanzini kuphela ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-10.000 ze-jellyfish, ama-coral, ama-anemones, nama-hydrozoan . Abonakala ngama-cnidocytes awo, amangqamuzana ahlabayo abamba ngawo inyamazane noma azivikele ngawo.
Uhlelo lomzimba walo oluyisisekelo lunezinhlobo ezimbili: i -swimming medusa kanye ne- sessile polyp , zombili ezine-radial symmetry, umlomo ozungezwe yizimpondo, kanye nomgodi owodwa osetshenziselwa ukudla nokukhipha imfucuza. Umzimba uhlelwe waba yizingqimba ezimbili zamaseli ahlukaniswe yi-gelatinous mesoglea.
Ogwini lwaseSpain nolwaseCanary, "utamatisi wolwandle" ( i-Actinia equina ), "i-anemone encelisayo" ( i-Anemonia sulcata ), "i-coral e-orange" ( i-Dendrophyllia ramea ), izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-gorgonian ezimhlophe nezibomvu njenge- Euniella verrucosa ne -Leptogorgia spp. , noma "i -jellyfish ehlabayo (i-Pelagia noctiluca) " zaziwa kakhulu, zibangela ukuhlaba okuningi kwababhukudi.
I-jellyfish enkulu njenge - Rhizostoma pulmo noma i- Portuguese man-of-war ( i-Physalia physalis , ngokweqiniso i-siphonophore yamakoloni) ingabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo. Le yokugcina, enezimpondo zayo ezinde, ezigcwele ubuthi, ingabangela ukusabela okubi kakhulu uma umuntu ebanjwa yizo.
Ukwakha amakhorali, kokubili amanzi afudumele nabandayo ( iLophelia pertusa , iMadrepora oculata ), kudala izindawo zokuhlala eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu lapho izinhlanzi, izilwane ezinamagobolondo, iziponji, ama-bryozoan kanye nezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla ziphephela khona, zisebenza njenge "mizi engaphansi kwamanzi" yangempela.
Izipontshi, ama-bryozoans, nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezilala phansi
Iziponji (i-phylum Porifera) ziyizilwane zakudala kakhulu, ezingenazo izicubu zangempela noma izitho ezihlukile , ezihlunga amanzi amaningi ngemibhobho yazo ukuze zibambe izinhlayiya zokudla. Izinhlobo eziningi zakha ubudlelwano bokubambisana ne-microalgae noma amabhaktheriya e-photosynthetic.
Ogwini lwethu, “isiponji sokugeza” ( Spongia officinalis ), “isiponji esiphuzi” ( Verongia aerophoba ), “isiponji sobuchopho” ( Coralistes nolitangere ), iziponji ezinezimpondo zohlobo lwe -Axinella noma “isiponji sesinkwa” ( Suberites domuncula ), esivame ukuhlala emagobolondweni ezinkalankala zasemakhaya, zivamile.
Ama-briyozoan asemanzini afana ne -Myriapora truncata (okuthiwa "amakhorali amanga") noma i-Reteporella grimaldii (i-Venus lace) akha amakoloni anamagatsha noma afana ne-lace amboza amatshe, ulwelwe nezinye izinto eziphilayo, okufaka isandla enkingeni yendawo yokuhlala.
I-Spanish Mediterranean nayo igcwele ama-ascidian kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-tunicates , njenge- Ascidia mentula , i-Halocynthia papillosa , kanye ne-"sea carnation" i-Clavelina lepadiformis . Nakuba ekuqaleni zibukeka njengezitshalo noma ama-gelatinous sacs, ziyi-chordates ezihlobene nezilwane ezinomgogodla.
La maqembu e-sessile abalulekile emiphakathini efana nezindawo ezinama-coral, imihume engaphansi kwamanzi, kanye namatshe ajulile, lapho ahlinzeka khona indawo yokukhosela, ahlunge amanzi, futhi alungise ikhabhoni ne-calcium ezakhiweni zawo.
Ama-Echinoderms: i-starfish, ama-urchins olwandle, namakhukhamba olwandle
Ama-Echinoderms (i-phylum Echinodermata) ayiqembu lasolwandle kuphela elihlanganisa i-starfish, ama-sea urchins, izinkanyezi ezithambile, ama-sea cucumber, kanye nama-crinoid (izimpethu ezinamakhanda ayisicaba) . Ama-Echinoderms ngokuvamile abonisa ukulingana kwe-pentaradial kanye nohlaka lwangaphakathi olune-calcareous.
Ogwini lwaseCanary, izinhlobo eziningi ziye zafakwa ohlwini njenge-"star's star" ( Asterina gibbosa ), "star Canary" ( Narcissia canariensis ), "star ecijile" ( Marthasterias glacialis ), "blood star" ( Henricia sanguinolenta ) noma ama-sea urchins afana ne-long-spiked "uriza" ( Diadema antillarum ), "cachero sea urchin" ( Arbacia lixula ) noma i-sea urchin edliwayo "enesiphundu" ( Paracentrotus lividus ).
Amakhukhamba olwandle (ama-holothurian) afana neHolothuria sanctori , i-H. forskali noma i-H. tubulosa ayizinto ezinhle zokuvuselela inhlabathi: agwinya isihlabathi kanye nemfucumfucu ephilayo, agaye izinto eziphilayo futhi abuyisele i-substrate enomoya-mpilo futhi ehlelekile.
Izinkanyezi zaseBrittle ( i-Ophiothrix fragilis , i-Ophioderma longicauda , i-Ophiocomina nigra ) kanye nezinyoni zenhliziyo ezifana neSpatangus purpureus noma i-Echinocardium cordatum nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo kanye nokulinganisela kwemiphakathi yase-benthic.
Ikhono lokuvuselela izitho nezicubu ezinhlotsheni eziningi ze-starfish kanye ne-sea cucumber lenze kwaba amamodeli ajwayelekile ocwaningo lwe-regenerative biology kanye nentuthuko.
Ama-mollusk asolwandle kanye nohlu olukhulu lwesifunda
I-phylum Mollusca ingenye yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu olwandle, enezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zeminenke, ama-limpet, ama-bivalve, ama-octopus, ama-squid, kanye nama-sea slugs . Eziqhingini zaseCanary, kunohlu oluphelele lwamagama omdabu ahlelwe yi-Canarian Academy of Language lwezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-160 ze-mollusk nezidalwa ezihlobene nazo.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-bivalves, izinhlobo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi i-warty clam ( Venus verrucosa ), i-common snail ( Acanthocardia tuberculata ), i-oyster ( Spondylus senegalensis ), i-scallop ( Pteria hirundo ), kanye ne-comb shell ( Pinna rudis ). Ama-gastropod atholakala kakhulu kuma-limpets ( Patella spp.), ama-periwinkle ( Osilinus atrata ), amagobolondo okuhlobisa njengegobolondo le-porcelain ( Erosaria spurca , Zonaria pyrum ), kanye nama-cones anobuthi ayingozi ( Conus spp.).
Eqenjini le-cephalopod sithola ingwane evamile ( I-Octopus vulgaris ) , i-"fabiana" ( I-Octopus macropus ), i-squid efana ne -Loligo vulgaris , i-Loligo forbesii kanye "nama-potas" ahlukene ( Illex coindetii , Todarodes sagittatus , Sthenotlepus ofnali ) kuhle p. , Sepia bertheloti ).
Ama-sea slugs (ama-nudibranchs namanye ama-opisthobranchs) akha isahluko esihlukile: izinhlobo ezifana ne -Hypselodoris picta webbi , i-Plocamopherus maderae , i-Peltodoris atromaculata (“inkomo yaseSwitzerland” edumile) noma i-Taringa ne -Aldisa ehlukahlukene zivamile eziqondisweni zokuntywila ngenxa yemibala yazo emihle kanye nokuma kwazo.
Ezinye izinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini abandayo njenge- argonaut ( Argonauta argo ), “umoya” ( i-Spirula spirula ) noma iminenke entantayo yohlobo lwe- Janthina zibonisa ukuzivumelanisa okuhlukile kokuphila olwandle oluvulekile, ngokusondelene ne-jellyfish, ama-siphonophores kanye nenqwaba ye-sargassum.
Ama-crustaceans namanye ama-arthropods olwandle
Ama-arthropod olwandle aqukethe izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezinamagobolondo: izinkalankala, ama-lobster, ama-shrimp, iminenke, ama-barnacle, ama-copepod, ama-krill, nabanye abaningi . Ezingeni lesifunda, njengaseziQhingini zaseCanary, amagama abekwe ngendlela efanayo ezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu.
Ezinye izibonelo “isicabucabu senhlanzi egobhozayo” ( Percnon gibbesi ), izinkalankala zase-hermit zohlobo lwe- Dardanus ne- Pagurus , “inkalankala yenkosi” ( Calappa granulata ), “inkalankala ye-mole” ( Albunea carabus ), “inkalankala yase-Afrika” ( Palinurus elephas ), izinkalankala ezigobhozayo noma izinkalankala ezigobhozayo ( Scyllarus arctus , Scyllarides latus ), “inkalankala ebomvu” ( Aristaeopsis edwardsiana ) noma inkalankala ehlanzekile ( Lysmata seticaudata ).
EMedithera, eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ze-taxa ziyaphindwa futhi ezinye zengezwa njenge-"velvet crab" ( Necora puber ), i-"European lobster" ( Homarus gammarus ), ama-marsh fiddler crabs ( Afruca tangeri ), ama-barnacles ( Pollicipes pollicipes ) noma ama-barnacles ( Balanus , Megabalanus , Perforatus ).
Ama-crustacean amaningi agcina ubudlelwano obuhle bokusebenzisana : i-anemone shrimp ( Thor amboinensis ), i-shrimp ehlotshaniswa nama-gorgonian, ama-sponge noma ama-ascidian, noma izinkalankala ezincane ezihlala ngaphakathi kwama-mussels kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-bivalves, njenge -Pinnotheres pisum.
Emanzini aseSpain angaphandle sithola nezilwane ezihlala emanzini njengenkalankala yomfula ( i-Austropotamobius pallipes ) noma inkalankala ebomvu yaseMelika ( i-Procambarus clarkii ), ezibonakala, nakuba zingezona ezasolwandle, ezihambisana nezilwane zasemanzini.
Izikelemu zasolwandle nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla
Emanzini olwandle, ikakhulukazi anesihlabathi nodaka, kuhlala izimpethu eziningi ze-polychaete annelid kanye namanye amaqembu ezimpethu ezingabonwa kakhulu.
Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi "isibungu somlilo" ( iHermodice carunculata ), "i-common minnow" ( i-Perinereis cultrifera ), "isidambisi se-sea feather" sesizukulwane iSabella neProtula , "isibungu sesihlahla" ( i-Lanice conchilega ), "isibungu sombani" ( i - Eurythoe complanata ) noma "isibungu se-spaghetti" ( i-Eupolimnia nebulosa ), konke okunemisebenzi ebalulekile ekuvuseleleni umoya kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo.
Phakathi kwezimpethu ze-pelagic, izimpethu ze-chaetognath noma i-arrow worm ( Sagitta macrocephala , Sagitta lyra , Krohnitta pacifica ) ziyagqama; ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezibonakala kalula eziyingxenye ye-zooplankton futhi zisebenza njengokudla kwezinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Futhi akufanele sikhohlwe amaqembu afana nama-bryozoan, ama-brachiopods kanye nama-foraminifera , amaningi awo afaka isandla ngamagobolondo awo e-calcareous ekwakhekeni kwezihlabathi namadwala (i-limestone, i-marl) futhi ashiye irekhodi elicebile lezinsalela ezisiza ekwakheni kabusha umlando wezilwandle.
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle: ukuhlukahluka kanye nezinhlu zendawo
Izinhlanzi ziyiqembu elihluke kakhulu lezilwane zasolwandle ezinezinhlungu: izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-33.000 ezichazwe, ezingaba ngu-20.000 zazo zingolwandle . Zihlukaniswe ngezinhlanzi ezinamathambo (i-Osteichthyes), izinhlanzi ezinamafutha (i-Chondrichthyes), kanye namaqembu angenamihlathi asendulo njenge-hagfish kanye ne-lampreys. Umbuzo ovamile ukuthi inhlanzi ihlala isikhathi esingakanani.
Indlela ejwayelekile yokwakheka kwenhlanzi enamathambo ihlanganisa uhlaka lwamathambo, i-operculum emboza ama-gill, i-swim bladder, kanye nohlelo lwama-scales oluyingxenye yohlaka lwamathambo lwayo lwesikhumba. Amafin ahlinzeka ngokushukuma, ukuqina, kanye nokushelela; iningi lawo linephin elinomlomo oqinile kanye nomlomo ohambayo kakhulu, okuvumela ukubanjwa kwesilwane ngendlela enembile.
Empumalanga ye-Atlantic naseCanary Islands kukhona uhlu olukhulu lwe Izinhlobo ezingama-354 de peces izilwane zasolwandle ezinamagama ajwayelekile ajwayelekile: kusukela ezilwaneni ezizingelayo ezifana ne-grouper, i-amberjack, i-silverside noma i-barracudas, kuya koshaka (oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe, oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe, oshaka ababhula, oshaka bemikhomo), imisebe (ama-stingray, ama-manta ray, i-guitarfish, imisebe kagesi) noma izinhlanzi ezimangalisayo (njenge-moonfish)Mola mola), isiliva (U-Regalecus glesne) noma isitsha esimnyama (I-Aphanopus carbo), noma inhlanzi enkulu.
EMedithera kanye nogu lwase-Andalusian kanye nolwaseValencian, kunezinhlobo eziphawulekayo njenge- gilthead seabream ( i-Sparus aurata ) , i-white seabream, i-salema porgy, i-white seabream, ama-mullet abomvu, ama-croakers, ama-dentex, ama-snappers, ama-horse mackerel, ama-bonito, ama-sierra mackerel, ama-tuna amakhulu noma ama-gobies amancane nama-blennies ahlala emachibini aphakathi kwamaza, emadlelweni otshani basolwandle kanye nasezindaweni ezinamatshe.
Phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezidla inyama, oshaka kanye nemisebe kuvelele . Ushaka omkhulu omhlophe owesabekayo ( i-Carcharodon carcharias ) uvela ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi kunezimo zokuhlaselwa oshaka , kuyilapho izinhlobo ezifana noshaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ( i-Prionace glauca ), oshaka abancane, oshaka abancane abanombala okhanyayo, oshaka abamnyama, kanye noshaka ababushelelezi be-hound zivame kakhulu. Iningi labo manje lisengozini enkulu yokudoba ngokweqile kanye nokubanjwa ngokungafanele.
Izinhlanzi ezingenamhlathi, njenge- hagfish noma ama-lamprey akhiqiza i-mucus , zimelela izizukulwane zasendulo ezisiza ukuqonda imvelaphi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yezilwane ezinomgogodla, nakuba endaweni ezungezile yolwandle kuphela ukuba khona kwazo kuncane kunasemanzini ajulile noma ashintshashintshayo.
Izilwane ezincelisayo, izimfudu nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ezinkulu zasolwandle
Ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi, ulwandle luyikhaya lezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle (ama-cetacean, ama-pinniped, ama-sirenian) kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle ezibuyele endaweni yasemanzini zivela kokhokho basemhlabeni.
Izilwane zaseCetacean zifaka phakathi imikhomo ye-baleen (imikhomo yamafin, imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, imikhomo yama-humpback) kanye nemikhomo enamazinyo (imikhomo yama-sperm, imikhomo enemilomo, amahlengethwa, imikhomo ebulalayo, imikhomo ye-pilot). Izinhlobo eziningi zilotshwe emanzini aseSpain naseMacaronesia: umkhomo we-sperm ( Physeter macrocephalus ) , umkhomo we-fin ( Balaenoptera physalus ), umkhomo we-humpback ( Megaptera novaeangliae ), ihlengethwa elivamile ( Delphinus delphis ), ihlengethwa elinemigqa ( Stenella coeruleoalba ), ihlengethwa le-bottlenose ( Tursiops truncatus ), umkhomo we-false killer ( Pseudorca crassidens ), i-Cuvier's, i-Blainville's, i-Gervais', i-True's, kanye neminye imikhomo enemilomo.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-pinniped, uhlobo oluphawuleka kakhulu endaweni yase-Iberia yi- monk seal ( i-Monachus monachus ) , enye yezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezisengozini enkulu emhlabeni, enezinhlobo ezincane kakhulu ezisakazeke phakathi kweMedithera esempumalanga, i-Atlantic empumalanga kanye nezinye izindawo zaseMacaronesia.
Izimfudu zasolwandle ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezijwayele ulwandle ezifika ogwini kuphela ukuzobeka amaqanda azo. Okungenani izinhlobo ezine zitholakala emanzini ethu: ufudu lwe-loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ), ufudu oluhlaza ( Chelonia mydas ), ufudu lwe-hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata ), kanye nofudu olukhulu lwe-leatherback ( Dermochelys coriacea ). Izinhlobo zazo zisongelwa ukubanjwa ngengozi, ukugwinywa kwepulasitiki , ukushayisana nezikebhe, kanye nokulahlekelwa amabhishi okuzalela izidleke.
Emphakathini waseValencian, isibonelo, kukhona uhlelo lokubuyisela izimfudu zasolwandle nezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezithintekile ekudobeni , oluphethwe ngokubambisana nguhulumeni wesifunda, i-Oceanogràfic Foundation, kanye nezinhlangano zabadobi. Uma kwenzeka ukuboshwa noma ukubanjwa ngengozi, inombolo ephuthumayo engu-112 kanye nenethiwekhi yokuboshwa kuyavulwa.
Kuphinde kuthuthukiswe amaphrojekthi athile ezinhlanzi zasolwandle ( i-Hippocampus hippocampus kanye ne-H. guttulatus ) kanye nama-coral asogwini , kuqoqwa amasampula abanjwe emishinini yokudoba, kulungiswe futhi kubuyiselwe ezindaweni ezifanele ezifundwe ngaphambilini.
Izindawo ezinezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle eSpain
Ugu lwaseSpain luthakazelisa kakhulu ngoba lusebenza njengendawo yokuguquka kwe-biogeographical phakathi kwe-Atlantic efudumele, iMedithera, kanye namanzi angaphansi kwe-tropical enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika . Lokhu kudala i-mosaic yezinhlobo ze-Atlantic, iMedithera, ezishisayo, kanye nezinhlobo ezitholakala endaweni ethile.
Isibonelo, isifundazwe saseMálaga sinomunye wemikhakha ephezulu kakhulu yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle eYurophu: izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 zezinyoni zasolwandle nezinyoni zasemanzini, izitshalo zasogwini ezingu-30, ama-cetacean angu-15, izimfudu zasolwandle ezine, utshani basolwandle abathathu, izinhlanzi ezingu-200, izilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla ezingu-500, kanye nolwelwe oluyi-150 sezitholakale . Iningi lalezi zinto eziphilayo lihlotshaniswa nezindawo zemvelo ezifana namawa, amaxhaphozi, izinhlelo zamagquma, ama-coral reef, kanye namadlelo otshani basolwandle.
EziQhingini zaseCanary, kwenziwe umsebenzi wokulinganisa amagama avamile e- algae, ama-cnidarian, ama-crustacean, ama-echinoderms, ama-mollusk, izinhlanzi, izitshalo zasolwandle, izimfudu nezilwane ezincelisayo , okudala inkomba ewusizo kakhulu yemfundo yezemvelo, ukusabalalisa kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza.
Lezi zikhathalogi azigcini nje ngokwenza kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kososayensi, abadobi kanye nezakhamuzi, kodwa futhi zisiza ekutholeni ngokushesha izinguquko emiphakathini yezinto eziphilayo , ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo, ukwehla kwezinhlobo zezentengiselwano noma ukunyamalala kwezinto eziphilayo ezizwelayo.
Izinhlelo zokuvikela ngokomthetho nezokongiwa kwezilwane zasolwandle
Ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle eSpain kusekelwa uhlaka oluqinile lwezomthetho. Umthetho 42/2007 weGugu Lemvelo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye neSimemezelo Sasebukhosini 139/2011 ulawula Uhlu Lwezinhlobo Zasendle Ngaphansi Kokuvikelwa Okukhethekile kanye neKhathalogi Yezinhlobo Ezisengozini, okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle.
Imiyalelo elandelayo efana ne -AAA/1771/2015 kanye ne-AAA/75/2012 ichaza ukuthi yiziphi izinhlanzi ezivikeleke kakhulu nokuthi isimo sazo sokulondolozwa kufanele sihlolwe kanjani ngezikhathi ezithile, ivimbela izenzo ezizilimazayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izimfudu zasolwandle, ama-cetacean, izimvu zamanzi, ezinye izinyoni zasolwandle, kanye noshaka abahlukahlukene kanye nemisebe.
Ezingeni lesifunda, imithetho efana noMthetho 5/2017 Wokudoba Olwandle kanye Nokufuywa Kwamanzi Komphakathi WaseValencian ibeke imigomo ecacile: ukuvikela izindawo zokudoba, ukulondoloza izinsiza eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuxhashazwa okuqhubekayo ngokombono wezemvelo, wezomnotho kanye nowezenhlalo.
Lokhu kuhunyushwa kube izinhlelo eziqondile zokuqapha, ukubuyisela emuva kanye nokuphathwa kokudoba : izifundo ngebhayoloji yokuzala ye-octopus evamile ( i-Octopus vulgaris ) emanzini aseValencian, izinqubo zokubambisana nabadobi ukubika ukubonwa kwezilwane zase-cetacean kanye nokusebenzisana nemishini yokudoba, noma izikhungo zokubuyisela izilwane zasendle zasolwandle lapho kunakekelwa khona izimfudu, amahlengethwa kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezivikelwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphrojekthi esayensi afana nokudalwa kwamamephu omhlaba wonke omthelela womuntu ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle kanye nezifundo zokuncipha kwenani lezinyoni zasolwandle eziqashwe kahle kusiza ukulinganisa ukuwohloka kolwandle kanye nokubeka phambili izinyathelo zokuphatha.
Lonke lolu hlelo lwemizamo yezomthetho, yesayensi kanye neyokubambisana nomkhakha wokudoba luhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka okungavamile kwezinambuzane ezincane, ulwelwe, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izinhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlala olwandle olufana neMedithera, i-Iberian Atlantic noma amanzi aseCanary kungaqhubeka nokusebenza nokuguquka amakhulu eminyaka amaningi, kugcinwa izinsizakalo zemvelo esithembele kuzo ngqo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyayithanda noma cha.