Ulwandle oluzungeze inhlonhlo yaseSpain kanye neziqhingi lungaphezu nje kwendawo enhle yokuya ogwini lolwandle: luyi-mosaic yangempela izinhlobo zasolwandle, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo okubalwa ngezinkulungwane. Kusukela emanzini abandayo ase-Atlantic kuya eMedithera efudumele kakhulu, izinto eziphilayo ezinemvelaphi ehlukene kakhulu ziyahlangana, njengoba zithole lapha indawo efanelekile yokuhlala, ukuzala noma ukumisa ukufuduka kwazo.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola, ngendlela ehlelekile, ingxenye enhle yalolo hlobo lokwehlukahluka: ulwelwe, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izinhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, izimfudu, izitshalo zasolwandle Futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, sizoxoxa ngezinyathelo eziyinhloko zomthetho kanye nezinhlelo zokulondolozwa ezisetshenziswayo. Sizophinde sibukeze lezo zinhlobo, nakuba zithakazelisa, ezingabangela ukudumba noma ukulimala kwababhukudi, ukuze wazi ukuthi yini esemanzini uma ubhukuda nokuthi kungani kubaluleke kangaka ukuyivikela.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ogwini lwaseSpain
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezifana neStrait of Gibraltar, ithonya le-Atlantic, amanzi aseMedithera kanye namanzi ase-Afrika angaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo kusho ukuthi ezindaweni ezifana neMalaga noma iziQhingi zaseCanary Izinhlobo ze-Atlantic, Mediterranean, Macaronesia kanye ne-subtropicalLokhu kusho ukuthi kuzingxenye ezithile kuphela zogu lolwandle lapho okulandelayo kuchazwe khona:
- Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezahlukene ze- izinyoni zasolwandle noma izinyoni zasemanzini.
- Okuningi kusuka ku-30 izitshalo zasogwini kanye nezinhlobo ezintathu ze-phanerogams (izitshalo zasolwandle eziqhakazayo).
- Okuningi kusuka ku-15 cetaceans ezahlukene (imikhomo, amahlengethwa, imikhomo yokushayela, imikhomo enemilomo...).
- Izinhlobo ezi-4 ze izimfudu zasolwandle ukwethula njalo.
- Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 ze- inhlanzi ogwini kanye ne-pelagic.
- Okuningi kusuka ku-500 izilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle phakathi kwama-mollusk, ama-crustacean, ama-echinoderms, ama-cnidarians, ama-polychaetes, ama-bryozoan kanye nama-sponge.
- Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-150 ze- izimila zasolwandle, kokubili okuluhlaza okotshani, onsundu kanye nokubomvu.
Lokhu kuceba kwezinto eziphilayo kuhlelwe ngendlela ethile Imiphakathi engama-60 ehlukene ye-biotic, kusukela emabhishi anesihlabathi namawa kuya emadlelweni angaphansi kwamanzi, izinhlelo zamadundu, amaxhaphozi, imilomo yemifula kanye namatshe angaphansi kwama-coral lapho ama-coral, ama-gorgonian kanye neziponji zikhula khona.
Izitshalo ze-algae nezasolwandle: isisekelo sezinto eziphilayo
Izitshalo ze-algae nezitshalo zasolwandle ziyisixhumanisi sokuqala ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokudla futhi zikhiqiza umoya-mpilo kanye ne-CO₂ yokulungisa.2 futhi inikeza indawo yokukhosela izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Uhlu olusemthethweni lwezilwane zasolwandle kanye nezitshalo luqokomisa okulandelayo: inqwaba yezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-algae kanye nezitshalo eziningana zezimbali zasolwandle, njengoba kuboniswa amacala we Ulwelwe olunobuthi olusongela impilo yasolwandle.
Phakathi kwe-algae eluhlaza (i-chlorophyceae) kunezinhlobo ezifana ne- Caulerpa prolifera, Codium bursa, Flabellia petiolata, Ulva lactuca, Ulva rigida o I-Valonia utricularis, ezimboza amatshe, amachibi olwandle kanye nezindawo ezingaphansi ezingajulile, okusebenza njengokudla kwezilwane ezidla uhlaza njenge-salema noma i-vieja.
I-algae ensundu (i-Phaeophyceae) ihlanganisa ukwakheka okukhulu, isibonelo Cystoseira mediterranea, Cystoseira tamariscifolia, Laminaria ochroleuca noma Sargassum vulgareLezi "zimila zomuthi" zakha amahlathi angaphansi kwamanzi lapho izinhlanzi ezincane, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezinhlobo eziningi ze-mollusk zithola khona indawo yokukhosela.
Okunye okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu yi-red algae (Rhodophyceae), enezinto ezifana ne- Asparagopsis armata, Gelidium spinosum, Jania rubens, Laurencia obtusa o I-Nemalion helminthoidesEziningana zazo zakha uqweqwe lwe-calcareous (coralline) oluhlanganisa i-substrate enamadwala futhi luhlanganyele ekwakhekeni kwendawo yokuhlala yama-coral.
Ngokuphathelene nezitshalo zasolwandle zangempela (ama-phanerogam), eSpain sithola amadlelo ase- I-Posidonia oceanica (eMedithera) kanye ne- ICymodocea nodosa y Zostera noltiiLezi zimfunda zisebenza "njengezindawo zokukhulisa izingane" de peces kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, ziqinisa isihlabathi futhi ziyisihluthulelo sempilo yogu lolwandle, yingakho eziningi zingaphansi kokuvikelwa okukhethekile.
Emanzini omphakathi waseValencian, isibonelo, imiphakathi emincane yase- I-halophila iyakhula, i-phanerogam enamaqabunga athambile aziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "amaqabunga esihlabathi", ahlala ezindaweni ezithambile futhi anezele ubunzima endaweni yokuhlala.
Izilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle: iziponji, amakhorali, izimpethu kanye nenkampani
Izilwane ezingenamgogodla zakha ingxenye enkulu yazo izinhlobo zasolwandle ezifakwe kukhathalogiUkuhlukahluka kwazo kwezimo, imibala, kanye nemisebenzi yazo yemvelo kukhulu kakhulu, futhi eziningi zazo aziwa nhlobo kumuntu ovamile ogezayo yize zingaphansi kwezinyawo zakhe.
Ama-Cnidarians kanye nama-“coelenterates”: i-jellyfish, ama-anemones, ama-coral kanye nama-gorgonians
Ngaphakathi kwama-cnidarians sithola i-sea jellyfishAma-anemones nama-coral asukela ezinhlotsheni ezincane kuya ezintweni eziphilayo ezinkulu zasekoloni. I-jellyfish efana [faka izinhlobo ze-jellyfish lapha] ivelele kakhulu ogwini lwethu. I-Cotylorhiza tuberculata (i-jellyfish yamaqanda athosiwe noma amanzi aqoshiwe), i-rhizostoma pulmo (i-jellyfish eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma i-acalefo azul), Aurelia aurita (i-jellyfish evamile) kanye I-Pelagia noctiluca, edume ngokukhanya kwayo kanye nokuhlaba kwayo okubuhlungu kakhulu.
Uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu oluqoshwe emanzini aseSpain ngezinye izikhathi yi- Indoda yesiPutukezi (Physalia physalis)Empeleni iyikoloni elintantayo lama-polyp hhayi i-jellyfish "emsulwa". Ama-tentacles ayo anganwebeka amashumi amaningana amamitha, futhi ubuthi bayo bungabangela ukusha okukhulu ngisho nezimo ezisongela ukuphila kubantu abazwelayo, izingane, noma asebekhulile.
Iqembu lama-anemone olwandle lihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ezaziwa kakhulu ngababhukudi nabadobi: I-Actinia equina (utamatisi wolwandle), I-Anemonia sulcata (okuncelayo), I-Aiptasia mutabilis, izinhlobo eziningana ze I-Telmatactis kanye nama-polyps ahlaba umxhwele I-Parazoanthus axinellaeZonke zinamaseli ahlabayo, kodwa izinga lokusabela esikhumbeni somuntu liyahlukahluka kakhulu komunye nomunye.
Ama-corals nama-gorgonian nawo amelwe kahle: kukhona ama-corals aqinile njenge- I-Dendrophyllia engapheli (i-coral e-orange), I-Leptosammia privotiamakhorali amhlophe abandayo afana nalawa Lophelia pertusa y I-Madrepora oculatakanye nezinhlobo eziningi ze-gorgonian (i-Eunicella verrucosa, i-Leptogorgia sarmentosa, i-Paramuricea grayi, phakathi kwezinye). Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zakha izindawo zokuhlala ezinezilinganiso ezintathu ezikhula ubunzima bolwandle kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlobene nalo.
Iziponji nama-sea squirts
Iziponji (i-Porifera) zimboze izindonga zamatshe, imihume, nezindawo ezinemithunzi ehlukahlukene ngezimo nemibala. Izinhlobo ezifana [faka izinhlobo lapha] zivela kumakhathalogi ogwini lwaseSpain. I-Verongia aerophobia (isiponji esiphuzi), I-Suberites domuncula (isiponji se-hermit), I-Spongia officinalis (isiponji sokugeza), I-Axinella damicornis, Ama-polypoides e-Axinella, I-Chondrosia reniformis o I-Clathrina clathrusEzinye bezibalulekile emlandweni ekudobeni iziponji ukuze zisetshenziswe ekhaya.
I-Las ama-ascidian kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-tunicates (i-subphylum Tunicata), njenge I-Ascidia mentula o I-Halocynthia papillosaNgokuvamile azibonakali kodwa ziyizihlungi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu: zimpompa amanzi amaningi, zisiza ekuhlanzeni nasekuvuseleleni izakhamzimba.
Izimpethu zasolwandle kanye namanye amaqembu angabonakali kangako
Izimpethu zasolwandle (ikakhulukazi ama-polychaetes) zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlaba umxhwele njenge- isibungu somlilo (Hermodice carunculata), enezinwele ezihlabayo, noma izidalwa ezimangalisayo ezihlala emapayipini ezifana Sabella spallanzanii y I-Serpula vermicularis, ezibonisa ama-plume okuhlunga amise okwefeni.
Ezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezingabonakali kodwa eziningi yilezi ama-bryozoan, ezinye zibukeka njenge-coral (isibonelo I-Myriapora truncata, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-false coral, noma I-Reteporella grimaldii, "i-Venus lace"), eyakha izakhiwo ezincane ze-calcareous emadwaleni. Kukhona futhi amaqembu angaziwa kangako njenge- ama-ctenophores (ngokwesibonelo I-ovata ye-Beroekanye nezinto eziphilayo ezinamathelayo njenge-salps (Salpa fusiformis, Salpa maxima), ezakha amaketanga antantayo ahlunga i-plankton.
Ama-Echinoderms, ama-crustaceans nama-mollusk: izilwane "zakudala" zasemanzini olwandle
Uma sicabanga ngezilwane zasolwandle ezitholakala ogwini olunamatshe nolunesihlabathi, kufika engqondweni ama-sea urchin, i-starfish, izinkalankala, ama-shrimp, ama-octopus, namagobolondo asolwandle. Konke lokhu kumelelwe kahle kakhulu ogwini lwaseSpain, kanye nohlu olusemthethweni oluhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ze-echinoderms, cishe ikhulu lama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusk angaphezu kuka-150.
Ama-Echinoderms: ama-sea urchins, i-starfish, nama-sea cucumber
Phakathi kwama-echinoderms, ama-sea urchin avelele, njenge- I-Paracentrotus lividus (i-sea urchin evamile), Arbacia lixula (i-hedgehog emnyama), I-Sphaerechinus granularis (i-puffer hedgehog) noma ama-hedgehog enhliziyo afana I-Spatangus purpureusAmeva ayo angabangela imijovo ebuhlungu kakhulungokuhlaba nokuvuvukala; ezinye izinhlobo zize zikhiphe izinto ezinobuthi ezindlaleni ezitholakala emithanjeni.
Eqenjini le i-starfish sithole okuqinile I-Marthasterias glacialis (inkanyezi ecijile), I-Echinaster sepositus (inkanyezi ebomvu), I-Ophidiaster ophidianus (inkanyezi ensomi), kanye nezinkanyezi ezibuthakathaka (izinkanyezi ezibuthakathaka) ezifana I-Ophiothrix fragilis u I-Ophiocomina nigra, ezivame ukufihlwa ngaphansi kwamatshe nasemaweni.
Ama-holothurian, aziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ukhukhamba wolwandle noma “ama-pingaburro”, afaka izinhlobo ezifana I-Holothuria sanctori o I-Holothuria tubulosaBangabahlaziyi abakhulu bezinto ezingcolisayo: badla isihlabathi nezinto eziphilayo bese bebuyisela izinto ezingcolisayo “zihlanzekile,” okufaka isandla ekugcwalisweni komoya-mpilo phansi.
Ama-Crustacean: izinkalankala, ama-lobster, nama-shrimp
Iqembu lama-crustacean asolwandle nawasemanzini ahlanzekile lihlanganisa izinkalankala, ama-lobster, ama-prawn, ama-shrimp, ama-barnacle, kanye nama-barnacle. Aye ahlelwa inqwaba yezinhlobo ezahlukene, enezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo zokuphila, kusukela ezinkalankeni ezihlala ogwadule kuya ezinkalankeni ezihlanzekile.
Phakathi kwezinkalankala zasogwini kanye nezamadwala kukhona I-Pachygrapsus marmoratus (juyón), I-Eriphia verrucosa (Inkalankala noma ijeki yamaMoorish), UCarcinus maenas (inkala eluhlaza) noma I-Necora puber (inkalankala). Emanzini ajulile, kuvela izinhlobo zokudoba ezinjengo Ama-paguru omdlavuza (inkalankala edliwayo) noma izinkalankala zasebukhosini zohlobo I-Calappa.
Ama-lobster nezidalwa ezihlobene nawo zimelelwa yi- I-lobster yaseYurophu (i-Homarus gammarus), lo red lobster (Palinurus elephas) kanye nama-lobster "anemisipha" afana I-Scyllarus arctus (santiaguiño) noma I-Scyllarides latusAma-crustacean e-Decapod ahlanganisa nama-shrimp nama-prawn ayigugu kwezentengiselwano njenge- I-Nephrops norvegicus (isikhuphashe), U-Aristaeopsis edwardsiana (iphoyisa) noma I-Parapenaeus longirostris (i-shrimp emhlophe).
Azikho izilwane ezihlala ndawonye ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-symbiotic crustaceans, njengezinhlanzi ezincane ezihlala ndawonye nama-anemones, ama-sea urchins, ama-sponge noma ama-gorgonians, noma ama- ama-barnacles (Pollicipes pollicipes) kanye nezinye izigodi ezifana I-Balanus trigonus o I-Megabalanus tintinnabulum, ezimboza amatshe endaweni yokuntweza emanzini.
Ama-mollusk: kusukela kuma-limpet kanye nezinkonkoni kuya kuma-squid kanye ne-octopus
Iqembu lama-mollusk nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihlobene nalo lingenye yezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ogwini lonke: izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-160 ezifakwe kuhlu okuhlanganisa ama-bivalves (ama-clam, ama-mussels), ama-gastropod (iminenke, ama-limpet, ama-nudibranch) kanye nama-cephalopod (ama-octopus, i-squid, i-cuttlefish).
Phakathi kwama-bivalves, izinhlobo ezivame ukudliwa zifaka phakathi Umlenze womlenze (i-clam), I-Warty Venus (i-warty clam), Umkhumbi KaNowa (Umkhumbi kaNowa), Phina rudis (ikamu lolwandle) noma I-Spondylus senegalensis (oyster). Ezinye, njenge- idate palm (Lithophaga lithophaga)Zivikelwe ngokuqinile ngenxa yomthelela omkhulu odalwa yizinto ezikhishwayo edwaleni lapho zihlala khona.
Ama-limpet atholakala emadwaleni nasemadamini agcwele amanzi (Patella ulyssiponensis, Patella candei, Patella piperata), kanye neminenke emincane efana ne-“burgados” (Osilinus atrata, Gibbula magus, Gibbula cineraria) noma “amagobolondo amancane” ohlobo Trivia kanye ne-porcelain (I-Luria lurida, i-Zonaria pyrum).
Ama-cephalopod akha elinye iqembu lezinkanyezi: i- ingwane evamile (i-Octopus vulgaris), lo i-cuttlefish (i-Sepia officinalis), the i-squid evamile (i-Loligo vulgaris), izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-squid kanye ne-cuttlefish emanzini avulekile (Ommastrephes bartramii, Todarodes sagittatus, Illex coindetii), kanye nezinhlobo ezikhangayo ezifana ne- I-Spirulina (i-Spirula spirula) noma i Ingwane yevampire (Tremoctopus violaceus).
Ama-Nudibranch kanye nama-sea slugs ayisibonelo esikhethekile: mancane, anemibala, futhi aziswa kakhulu ngabathwebuli bezithombe abangaphansi kwamanzi. Izinhlobo ezifana ne- Hypselodoris picta, Limacia clavigera, Peltodoris atromaculata (inkomo yaseSwitzerland) noma izinhlobo ezahlukene I-Aplysia, ezaziwa ngokuthi onogwaja basolwandle.
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle: kusukela ogwini olungajulile kuya ekujuleni okukhulu
Uhlu de peces Izilwane zasolwandle ezingabonakala emanzini aseSpain ziyamangalisa: zibekwe ohlwini izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-350, kusukela kuma-gobies amancane nama-blennies kuya ezidla ezinye izilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle njenge-tuna, i-swordfish kanye noshaka abahlukahlukene.
Izindawo ezingaphansi kwedwala nesihlabathi ezingajulile ziyikhaya lezinhlobo ezijwayeleke kakhulu kubantu abagezayo: i-mullet ebomvu (i-Mullus surmuletus), I-gilthead seabream (i-Sparus auratus), i-sargos (i-Diplodus spp.), i-salemas (i-Sarpa salpa), abesifazane abadala (Sparisoma cretense), i-mackerel (i-Scomber colias), ama-boga (ama-boops ama-boops) noma ezimibalabala Inhlanzi eluhlaza (iThalassoma pavo) y amantombazane (Coris julis).
Ezindaweni ezixubile zamadwala nesihlabathi, kunezinhlobo eziningi ama-wrasses (irosemary, abelusi bezinkomo), izintaba ezifana ne- inkomo encane (uSerranus scriba) noma izimbuzi (USerranus atricauda, iSerranus cabrilla) futhi, ezindaweni ezinemifantu nezindawo zokukhosela, ama-grouper nama-abbot (I-Epinephelus marginatus, i-Mycteroperca fusca), okuyizimpawu zangempela zezilwane zaseMedithera naseCanary Island.
Emanzini ajulile navulekile kakhulu, kuthuthwa izinyoni ezinkulu ezifudukayo njengezinyoni I-bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), the i-yellowtail amberjack (i-Thunnus albacares), lo i-prickly pear (i-Thunnus obesus), the impisi enkulu (Thunnus alalunga), the i-tuna (i-Auxis rochei), the ama-bonito (i-Katsuwonus pelamis) kanye nezinye i-tuna kanye ne-scombrids ezifana I-Sarda sarda o I-Orcynopsis unicolor.
Akukho ukushoda kwezinhlobo ezikhangayo ezifana ne- i-moonfish (i-Mola mola) kanye nezihlobo zakhe, i-clockfish (uZeus faber), the ama-pejesables (i-Lepidopus caudatus, i-Aphanopus carbo), imivimbo eyahlukahlukene (izinhlobo I-Raja, i-Dipturus, i-Leucoraja), i-guitarfish (Ama-Rhinobatos) kanye nenqwaba yoshaka, abavela ku- i-basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) ngisho nezinhlobo zasemanzini ajulile ezifana I-Etmopterus spinax, i-Centrophorus granulosus, i-Oxynotus centrina noma ama-pejesremios ayimfihlakalo (U-Regalecus glesne).
Endaweni ephakathi kwamaza kanye nokujula okungamamitha ambalwa, izinhlanzi ezincane njenge- ama-blennies (ama-blennies asesiswini), the ama-gobies (ama-cabozos), the inhlanzi yenaliti futhi i amahashi asolwandle (i-hippocampus ye-Hippocampus, i-Hippocampus guttulatus), ikakhulukazi ezisengozini yokonakala kwezindawo zazo zokuhlala.
Izimfudu zasolwandle, izilwane ezincelisayo, nezinye izilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ezinomgogodla
Futhi de peces kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, amanzi ethu agcina izilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ezinomgogodla ezivusa isithakazelo esikhulu kwezenhlalo nakwezesayensi: izimfudu, ama-cetacean kanye, nakuba kakade kungavamile, ne-monk seal.
Izimfudu zasolwandle
EMedithera nase-Atlantic eduze ne-peninsula, izinhlobo ezine zezimfudu zasolwandle zibonwa kaningi: i-loggerhead ufudu lwasolwandle (Caretta caretta), lo i-leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), lo ufudu lwe-hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) futhi i ufudu oluluhlaza (Chelonia mydas)Iningi labo liyizivakashi ezivamile ezisebenzisa la manzi njengendawo yokudla noma izindawo zokuma ezifudukayo.
Zonke izimfudu zasolwandle zifakiwe ohlwini lwezimfudu zasolwandle. izinhlobo ezivikelwe nezisengozini yokuqothulwa emhlabeni jikelele, futhi iSpain inesibopho sokubavikela ngokusebenzisa ukuvikelwa kofudu lwasolwandle, ukunciphisa ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ngengozi, ukuphathwa kahle kwamabhishi azalela amaqanda kanye nokunakekelwa kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezilahlekile noma ezilimele.
Izilwane zaseCetacean kanye nemvu yamanzi ye-monk
Uhlu lwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezingabonakala emanzini aseSpain lukhulu kakhulu: imikhomo yesidoda (i-Physeter macrocephalus), izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-rorquals (eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezivamile, ezi-minke, ezinamaphiko aphansi, ezishisayo), imikhomo yangakwesokudla (Eubalaena glacialis), imikhomo enezimpukane (I-Megaptera novaeangliae), i-orcas (I-Orcinus orca), imikhomo yomshayeli (I-Globicephala melas, G. macrorhynchus), amahlengethwa (avamile, anemigqa, anekhala elibottlenose, anamabala, anamazinyo aqinile, akwaFraser), imikhomo yokubulala engamanga (I-Pseudorca crassidens) kanye nemikhomo eminingana enomlomo (I-Ziphius cavirostris, i-Mesoplodon spp., i-Hypereoodon ampullatus).
Ngokomlando, yayikhona futhi uphawu lwe-monk (i-Monachus monachus)Manje isicishe iphele ogwini lwethu kodwa isenabantu kwezinye izindawo zaseMpumalanga yeMedithera nasempumalanga ye-Atlantic. Ingenye yezimvu zamanzi ezisengozini enkulu emhlabeni.
Izinhlobo eziyingozi zababhukudi: i-jellyfish, izinhlanzi ezinobuthi kanye nezinye izingozi ezivamile
Inani elikhulu lezinhlobo lisho ukuthi, ngezikhathi ezithile, ezinye zingasilimaza. ukulunywa, ukubhobozwa, noma ukulimala Uma sizinyathela, sizithinta, noma sizihlanganisa nazo ngengozi. Lokhu akukona ukubangela ukwethuka, kodwa kumayelana nokwazi ukuthi yini ekhona nokuthi sisabele kanjani.
Phakathi kwe i-jellyfish Sesivele sikhulume ngeminye eminingana efanele: I-Cotylorhiza tuberculata (ukuhlaba okuncane kakhulu noma okucishe kungabonakali), i-rhizostoma pulmo (ukuluma okukhulu), Aurelia aurita (ukungakhululeki okuncane) kanye I-Pelagia noctilucaokungadala ukusha okukhulu, ubuhlungu, kanye nokulimala okuphola kancane. Ukuba khona ngezikhathi ezithile kwe- i-portuguese caravel Kudinga ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe lapho iziphathimandla zikhipha izixwayiso.
Phakathi kwezinhlanzi eziyingozi ezinyaweni ezingenalutho kukhona i-weever fish (Trachinus draco, Echiichthys vipera)ezingcwaba esihlabathini ezindaweni ezingajulile futhi ezinezinhlungu ezinobuthi emhlane nasekhanda, kanye inhlanzi encane noma i-miracielo (Uranoscopus scaber), nayo enomgogodla onobuthi futhi iphila ingcwatshwe ingxenye ezinqeni ezithambile.
La i-scorpionfish noma i-scorpionfish (i-Scorpaena scrofa kanye nezinhlobo ezihlobene nayo) Olunye uhlobo okufanele uluqaphele: imisebe yalo egobile emhlane inezindlala zesifo sobuthi, kanti ukuhlaba kungabangela ubuhlungu obukhulu kakhulu, ukuvuvukala kwendawo ngisho nezimpawu ezijwayelekile ezifana nokuzungeza noma ukushintsha komfutho wegazi.
I-Los ama-sea urchin, ikakhulukazi i-Paracentrotus lividusAma-sea urchin ayimbangela evamile yokuvakashela ezimweni eziphuthumayo ehlobo: iqolo lingabhoboza isikhumba kakhulu, liphule, futhi liqhubeke nokukhipha izinto ezicasulayo uma lingasuswanga kahle. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela ilula: gqoka izicathulo ezifanele ezindaweni ezinamadwala futhi ugweme ukuncika odongeni olumbozwe ama-sea urchin noma ama-anemones.
Kudingeka futhi sicabangele Ama-stingrays (i-Dasyatis pastinaca nezinye izinti)ezinesithonsi esinobuthi emsila. Nakuba zingavamisile ukuhlasela, zingakwazi ukuzivikela uma zinyathelwa noma ziphazamiseka, zikhiqize amanxeba abuhlungu kakhulu adinga usizo lwezokwelapha.
Uhlaka lwezomthetho kanye nezinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zasolwandle
Ukwehlukahlukana okungavamile okuchazweyo akukhululekile ezinsongweni: ukudoba ngokweqile, Ukungcoliswa kolwandleukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlaselayo kuyimbangela yokuncipha kwenani labantu abaningi. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu, iSpain isungule uhlaka oluqinile lwezomthetho nokusebenza.
La Umthetho 42/2007, mayelana neGugu lemvelo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayoKusungula isisekelo sokuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo zasolwandle ezithandwa ngumphakathi. Isimemezelo Sasebukhosini 139/2011 Ithuthukisa Uhlu Lwezinhlobo Zasendle ngaphansi Kokuvikelwa Okukhethekile, olubuyekezwe kamuva (isibonelo, yi-Order AAA/1771/2015) ukuze lufake izinhlobo ezintsha noma lushintshe isigaba sazo sokusongela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i I-oda le-AAA/75/2012 Ichaza ukuhlolwa okwenziwa njalo kwesimo sokulondolozwa kwe-taxa efakiwe kulolo hlu futhi ilawula ukuvinjelwa kwezenzo ezingathinta kabi isimo sazo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa konke kusukela kuma-cetacean kanye nama-sea turtles kuya koshaka, izinyoni zasolwandle, nezinye izinhlobo ezisengozini.
Ezingeni lesifunda, imithethonqubo efana UMTHETHO 5/2017, mayelana nokudoba olwandle kanye nokufuywa kwezinhlanzi zomphakathi waseValencianBabeka imigomo ecacile: ukuvikela izindawo zokudoba, ukulondoloza izinsiza zemvelo zasolwandle nokuqinisekisa ukuxhashazwa okuqhubekayo ngokombono wezemvelo, wezomnotho kanye nowezenhlalo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okulandelayo sekuqalisiwe izinhlelo ezithile zokufunda, zokululama kanye nokubuyiselwa kwazo zezilwane zasolwandle, ngokubambisana phakathi kohulumeni, izikhungo zesayensi kanye nezinhlangano zabadobi. Isibonelo esihle yisivumelwano phakathi koMnyango Wezolimo, Intuthuko Yasemakhaya, Isimo Esiphuthumayo Sezulu kanye Nokuguquka Kwemvelo Komphakathi WaseValencian kanye I-Oceanographic Foundation.
Ukubambisana nabadobi kanye namanethiwekhi okubamba izintambo
Ochwepheshe bokudoba basemgqeni ophambili wokuxhumana nezilwane zasendle zasolwandle, ngakho-ke ukubambisana kwabo kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni ukutholakala kokubanjwa ngengozi, ukuboshwa kanye nokubonwa kwezinhlobo ezivikelweEmphakathini waseValencian, isibonelo, kusungulwe inqubo ethile nezinhlangano zabadobi yalokhu okulandelayo:
- Bika okubonwe yi- cetaceans futhi urekhode ukusebenzisana nemishini yokudoba.
- Bika ukuthwebula ngengozi kwe- izimfudu zasolwandle, ama-elasmobranch (oshaka nemisebe) noma ezinye izinhlobo ezibucayi.
- Bambisana ekuqoqweni nasekulethweni kwamasampula abukhoma emaqenjini okutakula.
Imibiko yokubanjwa kwezimfudu, amahlengethwa, imikhomo nezinye izilwane ezivikelwe ngengozi ivame ukudluliselwa ku- inombolo yocingo oluphuthumayo 112, evuselela iphrothokholi yenethiwekhi exhumene futhi ihlanganise amaqembu akhethekile.
Ezinye izinhlelo ezithile ezithuthukiswayo zifaka phakathi uhlelo lokubuyisela ufudu lwasolwandleIzilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kanye nama-elasmobranch ekubanjweni ngengozi, okuhlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwazo, ukuxilongwa, ukwelashwa, ukuvuselelwa kanye nokukhululwa kwazo endaweni yemvelo.
Enye iphrojekthi ethokozisayo yileyo ehloselwe ukubuyisa inani lama-seahorse (i-Hippocampus hippocampus kanye ne-H. guttulatus) kanye nama-coral ogwini lwaseValencia. Ukubanjwa ngengozi kwalezi zilwane ngamanethi kuvame kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yokubambisana nezinhlangano zabadobi zingaqoqwa, zigcinwe ezindaweni ezikhethekile, futhi ngemva kokufunda izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele, ziphinde zifakwe emvelweni.
Iphrothokholi yokuhlola nayo iyasetshenziswa Ukuzalela nokuzalana ekuthunjweni kwama-sea urchins (i-Paracentrotus lividus kanye ne-Arbacia lixula), ngenhloso yokuqinisa imiphakathi yemvelo nokuhlola ukuvela kwayo ngokuqapha kwesayensi yizikhungo ezifana ne-Institute of Coastal Ecology.
Ekugcineni, izifundo ezisetshenziswayo ezifana nephrojekthi ziyathuthukiswa "Izifundo zezici zokuzala ze-octopus evamile (i-Octopus vulgaris) emanzini omphakathi waseValencian", eqondiswa yi-IMEDMAR-UCV kanye nezinhlangano zabadobi kanye nokuphathwa kwezokudoba, ukuze kulungiswe ukuvinjelwa kokudoba, ubukhulu obuncane kanye nokuphathwa kuye ngebhayoloji yangempela yalolu hlobo.
Lonke lolu chungechunge lwezinhlobo, izindawo zokuhlala, imithethonqubo, kanye nezinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo lubonisa izinga ulwandle esilubona ngasogwini oluyindalo eyinkimbinkimbi nebuthakathaka, lapho eziningi zihlala khona ndawonye. i-jellyfish, ama-sea urchins, izimfudu, imikhomo, ulwelwe, amakhorali kanye nezinhlanzi zazo zonke izinhloboUkuzazi, ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi ezingasibangela izinkinga nokuthi yiziphi eziseduze nokuwa, nokuqonda ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani imizamo yokuzivikela, kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokujabulela ulwandle ngenhlonipho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi luhlala luyindawo yokuphila ezizukulwaneni eziningi.
