Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukuba khona kwe izinhlobo ezihlaselayo de peces emifuleni, amadamu namachibi eSpain isibe enye yezinsongo eziyinhloko izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kanye nebhalansi yemvelo ye-ecosystem. Isingeniso—ngokuzithandela noma ngengozi— de peces abantu bakwamanye amazwe, ngenxa yezenzo zabantu ezixhumene nakho kokubili ukudoba kwezemidlalo kanye nokugcinwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo zangaphandle, kubangele izinkinga ezinkulu zezilwane zomdabu kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo nezomnotho ehlobene nemvelo.
Kunokuba yinkinga engavamile, inkinga yezinhlanzi ezihlaselayo ithinta izigodi eziningi zemifula namapaki emvelo, okuhlanganisa konke kusukela ezingozini zemvelo kuya ezijezisweni ezinkulu zezimali kulabo abaphula imithetho yezemvelo. Ukuhlaziya amanye amacala akamuva nafanele kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqonda ubukhulu benkinga kanye nokuphuthuma kokuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo.
Izinhlanzi ezisongela izilwane zase-Iberia: izinhlobo ezifakiwe
Akuzona zonke izinhlobo de peces babe namandla afanayo okuhlasela. ESpain, cishe izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili Zihlonzwe ngomthelela wazo omubi ikakhulukazi endaweni yemvelo. Okulandelayo kuyagqama:
- I-Torpedo (I-Silurus glanis): enemizimba ekwazi ukudlula amamitha angu-2 kanye nokudla okuhlukahlukene ngendlela engavamile, ibhekwa njengenhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke yasemanzini ahlanzekile eYurophu futhi ingesinye sezilwane ezidla ezinye eziyinhloko zemvelo yasemfuleni. Yethulwa ngawo-70s, isizinze emifuleni efana ne-Ebro ne-Guadalquivir, yasabisa ngisho nokudobela ukuhweba kanye nezindawo ezivikelekile ezifana nendawo yaseDoñana.
- I-Arctic Char (Salvelinus fontinalis): edabuka eNyakatho Melika futhi yaziwa ngokuthi i-brook trout, yahlasela amachibi asezintabeni eziphakeme kanye nemifula ngemva kokwethulwa ukuze kugcinwe imfuyo kanye nokudoba kwezemidlalo. Ukuba khona kwawo kusongela kokubili izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini endaweni, kushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emanzini futhi kubangele ukuxutshwa kwenhlanzi yezinhlanzi ezivamile.
- Izinhlanzi ze-snakehead (Chana spp.): Nakuba ingakatholakali endle e-Spain, ifakwe ohlwini lwezinhlobo ze-alien ezihlaselayo. Ukuvumelana kwayo nezimo okungavamile kuyivumela ukuba iphefumule umoya futhi iphile ngaphandle kwamanzi izinsuku eziningi, okuzokwenza kube lula ukusabalala kwayo kuyo yonke indawo uma kwenzeka idedelwa ngephutha.
- Izinhlanzi zokuhlanza amachibi noma i-plecostomus (I-Hypostomus plecostomus): ngokwesiko ezindaweni zasemanzini ezifuywayo, ukuhweba kwayo kanye nokuba khona kwayo manje sekunqatshelwe ngenxa yengozi ezibeka ezilwaneni zendawo uma zidedelwa emachibini noma emifuleni, lapho zingaqhudelana khona nezilwane zendabuko.
- Ezinye izinhlobo eziyinkinga zihlanganisa mnyama, ibhesi emnyama, pike, Gambusia, i-percasol y I-Asian goby, zonke zisuswa njalo ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi zaseSpain.
Ukuziphatha, imiphumela kanye nokwanda kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo
Impumelelo ehlaselayo yalezi zinhlanzi ezingavamile ichazwa yizici ezifana nesifiso sazo sokudla, ukuzala okuphezulu, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezindaweni ezahlukene. Isibonelo, i-wels catfish kanye ne-snakehead zibonisa amandla amakhulu okuzala noma ukusinda emanzini kunezinhlobo zezilwane zasendaweni.
Umthelela wemvelo usukela ekudlaleni izinhlanzi ngqo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, kanye nezinyoni zasemanzini kuya ekungalinganini kwezindlela zokudla, ukuncintisana ngokudla, kanye nokubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala. Emanzini aphezulu asezintabeni, i-brook trout iye yashintsha ngisho nemijikelezo yezakhamzimba futhi yaphakamisa amazinga e-phosphorus, okuthinta ukuzala kwezinhlobo ezazingakaze zihlale ndawonye nezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye izilwane.
Emachibini nasemifuleni elawulwayo, ukuba khona okukhulu kwezinhlobo ezifana ne-carp kanye ne-goldfish — nazo ezihlaselayo — kubangela izigameko zokufa ngenxa yezinguquko ezisheshayo zokugeleza kwamanzi, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, noma lapho zizama ukuhlala ezindaweni ezintsha futhi zibhekana nezithiyo ezingenakuqhathaniswa, okuphoqa imikhankaso yokususa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola kwamanzi.
Umonakalo awugcini nje endaweni yemvelo. Ukudoba kwendabuko kanye nokufuywa kwezinhlanzi kuthinteka ngqo kwezomnotho ngenxa yokuncintisana kanye nokungeniswa kwezinambuzane noma izifo ezihlobene nalezi zinhlobo ezihlaselayo.
Amasu okuphendula kanye nokulawula kwesikhungo
Iziphathimandla zezemvelo kanye nabaphathi basebenzisa izinyathelo ezahlukene zokubhekana nokusabalala kwezinhlanzi ezihlaselayo:
- Imikhankaso yokuqwashisa eqondiswe kubadobi, abathanda i-aquarium, kanye nomphakathi ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwengozi noma okungekho emthethweni.
- Ukuqaliswa kokususwa okukhulu kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha okujulile ezindaweni ezinenani elikhethekile lemvelo, njengamachibi asezintabeni eziphakeme noma amachibi athintwa iziqephu zokufa ngezikhathi ezithile.
- Ukususwa okuhlelekile kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezinhlanzi zomdabu ezindaweni zazo zemvelo, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezinciphisa umonakalo.
- Ukuphoqelelwa kwe-Spanish Catalogue of Invasive Alien Species kanye nomthetho ohlobene, osukela ezinhlawulweni ezibalulekile kuye ekuvinjweni kokuba nempahla, ukuzalanisa, noma ukuhweba. Kwezinye izimo, izinhlawulo zokungathobeli imithetho zifinyelela ku-€200.000, noma ngisho nama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-XNUMX uma umonakalo omkhulu wemvelo ufakazelwa.
Imiphakathi ezimele iphinde igcine imithethonqubo ethile yokugada nokulawula, ikakhulukazi kulezo zindawo lapho imiphumela yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nomnotho ingaba nzima kakhulu. Isibonelo esimangalisayo kwakuwukutholwa kwechweba lasePeñalara ngemva kweminyaka yokusebenza ukuze kuqedwe i-char, okuvumela ukubuyiswa kwezinhlobo ezikhona ze-zooplankton kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini.
Ukuvimbela kanye nokwenza: ukhiye wokulawula izinhlobo ezihlaselayo de peces
Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi ukuvimbela kuyithuluzi eliphumelela kakhulu nelingabizi kakhulu lokubhekana nalezi zinhlobo. Imfundo yemvelo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi kanye nezinqubo ezicacile zesenzo, kungavimbela izilwane ezithengwe ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane, ezisetshenziselwa ukudoba ezemidlalo, noma ezithuthwa ngengozi zisuka emakhaya emifuleni nasezindaweni zamachibi ethu.
Uma kutholakala uhlobo oluhlaselayo , isincomo siwukuthi ungalokothi uludedele endle futhi uxhumane ngokushesha nezinsizakalo zokuvikela izilwane zasendle. Kunezindlela ezisemthethweni zokulahla izilwane zakwamanye amazwe ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala kanye nezijeziso.
Ukulawula lezi zinhlobo kunzima ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye namandla okuzala amaningi alezi zinhlanzi, okuhambisana nokungabikho kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane kanye nokuhlukana kwendawo yokuhlala okubangelwa yizindawo zokugcina amanzi namadamu. Ngakho-ke, ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bomphakathi, izinhlangano zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nezakhamuzi kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukusabalala kwezinhlanzi ezihlaselayo nokuvikela imvelo yaseSpain.
Ukwethulwa kwezinhlanzi zangaphandle ezihlaselayo ezindaweni zasemanzini zaseSpain kuye kwadinga ukuphindaphindwa kwamasu okuqapha, ukubuyisela kanye nokufundisa ngemvelo. Ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi kanye nokulawulwa kokuvikela kuyizici ezibalulekile zokumisa ukusabalala kwazo kanye nokuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo emifuleni namachibi ethu.