Cishe uke wazibuza ukuthi izinhlanzi ziyakwazi yini ukuxhumana nokuthi zikwenza kanjani. Amaqembu amaningana ososayensi aye ahlola lo mbuzo futhi enza ucwaningo ukuze abonise ukuthi angakwazi. izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Kulesi sihloko sizokufundisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zingaxhumana kanjani, zihlanganise lokho osekwaziwa ngokubheka kanye nokuhlola okutholakele kwakamuva okuvela ku-marine bioacoustics. ama-acoustic, amakhemikhali, namasignali abonakalayo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwemvelo kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nokongiwa.
Imisindo yokuxhumana
Ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zinamandla okuxhumana; benza kanjalo ukukhononda nokukhala okufana nemisindoukuchofoza, umsindo, noma uchungechunge lwama-pulses anesigqi. Emvelweni wamanzi, i Umsindo uhamba ngokushesha futhi unciphisa kancane kunasemoyeni, okwenza kube isignali esebenza kahle kakhulu yokushintshisana ngolwazi noma nge ukubonakala okuphansi.
Ososayensi baseNew Zealand bakholelwa ukuthi zonke izinhlanzi ziyezwa, kodwa akuzona zonke ezinekhono lokwenza imisindo. Ngenjwayelo, Ingabe izinhlobo ezinesinye sokubhukuda zikhiqiza imisindo? okuhambisana nemisipha ekhethekile enyakazisa ngokushesha evevezela njengesigubhu; kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezikhiqiza imisindo ngokucindezela (ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezakhi zamathambo noma zamazinyo) noma ngezimpawu i-hydrodynamics lapho ushintsha isivinini noma isiqondiso.
Kusuka eNyuvesi yase-Auckland, uSolwazi Ghazali uqinisekise ukuthi izinhlanzi ziyaxhumana lapho kunesidingo sokwethusa izilwane ezidla ezinye, lapho zifuna ngababili nalapho bedinga ukuziqondisa. Lo mbono uhambisana nobufakazi ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zisebenzisa umsindo ukubumbana komphakathiukuzivikela kwe indawo, ukuxhumanisa kwe izinhlanzi kanye nendawo ye izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele.
Isibonelo esicacile yizinhlanzi ezimhloshana noma inkonjane engakwazi yenza imisindo ehlukileEnye ehlala ithule i-cod, eyenza umsindo kuphela lapho idinga ukugana:I-hypothesis ukuthi basebenzisa umsindo njengethuluzi lokuvumelanisa ukuze owesilisa nowesifazane bakhiphe amaqanda abo ngasikhathi sinye futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathole ukukhulelwa okuphumelelayo.Ezinye izinhlobo ezihlala emanzini zibanga umsindo ukuze zigweme ukuhlaselwa izilwane ezizingelayo.
I-goldfish ebonwa emanzini ane- Ukuzwa okuhle kakhulukodwa abanalo ikhono lokuphimisela futhi abakwazi ukwenza noma yimiphi imisindo efanele ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi, isikhumbuzo esihle sokuthi akusiyo yonke imindeni Bakhe izinqubo zomsindo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
- Kungani zikhipha imisindo? Ukuze uhehe umlingani, maka indawo, xhumanisa ukuzala, uvikele izinsiza, ucele usizo, noma uxwayise ngezilwane ezidla ezinye.
- Zizikhiqiza kanjani? Ukudlidliza kwesinye sokubhukuda ngemisipha ye-sonic, ukungqubuzana kwamathambo noma amazinyo, namasignali we-hydrodynamic.
- Yiziphi izinzuzo abanazo? Ibanga nesivinini esikhulu kunezimpawu ezibonakalayo noma zamakhemikhali, nokuncika kancane ekucaceni nasekukhanyeni kwamanzi.
Ukuxhumana kwezinhlanzi ngomchamo
Olunye uhlobo lokuxhumana olukhona ezinhlanzi ngomchamo. Ucwaningo oluningi lwenziwe mayelana nalokhu, okuhlanganisa nolo olushicilelwe kujenali ethi Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Lolu cwaningo lubika ukuthi Izinhlanzi zingaxhumana ngamakhemikhali athile atholakala emchameni wazo., okubonisa izimo zangaphakathi ezifana ukubusaisimo sokuzala noma isimo sokuzala ulaka.
Ukuxhumana kudlala indima ebalulekile empilweni nasekwakheni izinhlanzi. Kunezinhlanzi eziningi ezisebenza ezindaweni ezinolaka ukuze zikwazi ukuvikela umhlaba wazo. Ukuze kusungulwe imihlahlandlela yokumaka indawo, ukuxhumana kuyadingeka.Ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi ukuxhumana ngamakhemikhali phakathi kwezinhlanzi kunendima ebalulekile ekuhlalisaneni kwazo. Nakuba zikhona ezinye izimpawu ezicacile ezibonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukuxhumana zodwa, njengezikole ezinkulu. de peces, ukuxhumana ngamakhemikhali kubaluleke kakhulu.
Izimpawu zamakhemikhali zihlanganisa izinhlanganisela ezincibilikayo ezifana pheromones kanye nama-metabolites ane-nitrogen ahlakazeka ngokushesha. Nakuba amanzi ehlanza futhi ehambisa lezi zinto, indawo ehlala emanzini ilungele ukudluliswa kolwazi lwamakhemikhali emabangeni amafushane naphakathi, ikakhulukazi emiseleni noma ezindaweni zokukhosela lapho umsinga uphansi khona.
Amasignali abonakalayo kanye nama-acoustic nawo ahlolisisiwe, ahlangana nezinqubo zamakhemikhali ukuze akhe a isistimu ye-multimodalUma sikhuluma ngomchamo, ucwaningo luyazama ukuthola ukuthi izinhlanzi ziyawusebenzisa yini ukumaka indawo yazo noma... lungisa ukuziphatha kwezimbangi eduze. Amandla, imvamisa, kanye nomxholo wokuphuma kwegazi kubonakala kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwezinhlobo nemvelo yazo.
Ukuhlolwa komchamo
Ukuthola ukuthi ngabe umchamo ubambe iqhaza yini endaweni, Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ethangini lamanzi elihlukaniswe ngokuhlukaniswa.Izilwane zavinjelwa ukuthi zingathintani zodwa. Ithangi lakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi babonane, kodwa amanzi aphuma kwelinye igumbi awangeni kwelinye. Izinhlanzi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene zaxhunywa, njengoba lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile sokuhlaziya ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimbangi.
Izinhlanzi zazijovwe ngento yokudaya umchamo wazo ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze ulinganiswe futhi ubhekwe. Lapho lokhu sekwenziwe, ososayensi baqala ukukala ukuthi ungakanani umchamo okhishwa izinhlanzi ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Uma izinhlanzi ezimbalwa zibonana ethangini, zaziphakamisa amaphiko azo futhi zisondelane ngobudlova. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Bakhipha umchamo omningi uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo lapho izinhlanzi ezimbili zazingakwazi ukubonana..
Izinguquko zabonwa nasezindleleni zokuziphatha zezinhlanzi ezazikwazi ukubonana. Lezi zinguquko Babheka kuphela ukuthi ngabe umchamo uya kolunye uhlangothi lwethangiUma kunjalo, uma inhlanzi ibona enkulu, yayinciphisa ulaka lwayo futhi ithobeke. Indima ye- uphawu lwamakhemikhali ngokwesaba ukudlelwa kanye nendawo. Uma umchamo ungakwazanga ukudlula ku-septum, akukho shintsho ekuziphatheni olwabonwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubukhulu bungakanani.
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi umchamo usebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwezinhlanzi. Kungenzeka ukuphetha ngokuthi izinhlanzi zikhipha umchamo ngamabomu ukuze zixhumane nazo isimo sokugqugquzela kanye nalo ukuthambekela kolakanokuthi lokhu kuxhumana kujwayelane nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ingqikithi kanye nesikhathi (ukufuduka, ukukhiqizwa kabusha noma ukuvikela insiza).
Indlela yokuxhumana de peces: ama-acoustics enziwayo
I-Passive acoustics iyindlela yokuqopha nokufunda ukuthi izinhlanzi zixhumana kanjani zisebenzisa umsindo. Izinhlobo eziningi zinazo izitho ezikhiqiza umsindo: izicubu ezishaya ngesigqi esinyeni sokubhukuda, noma izakhiwo ezikhalayo ngenxa yokushwibeka. Kukhonjisiwe Izinhlanzi ezikwazi ukwenza imisindo ngokuvamile yilezo ezinesinye sokubhukuda kanye/noma izakhi zamathambo ezijatshulelwe ukudlidliza noma ukuhlikihla ndawonye. Uma ufutha ibhaluni bese ulishaya, umphumela ufaniswa naleyo "percussion" yangaphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi zingakhipha imisindo ngokusebenzisa stridulation yezakhi zamathambo, ngokunyakazisa imisipha, noma ngokudlula umoya emigodini yomzimba. Lezi zimo zithuthukisa i ukusinda Endaweni yasemanzini: lapho ubhekene nokuhlasela kwezilwane ezizingelayo, umsindo ungahlanganisa iqembu futhi wenze kube lula ukuphunyuka.
Amabhange de peces Bahleleke kahle kakhulu futhi bancike eqenjini ukuze baphile. Esimeni esiphuthumayo, ukuxhumana—kungaba nge-acoustic, amakhemikhali, noma amasignali abonakalayo— vumelanisa izimpendulo futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokusabela ezinsongweni.
Ubuchwepheshe, imitapo yolwazi kanye nokusebenziseka kwayo ekulondolozweni
Intuthuko yakamuva isivumela ukuthi "silalele" ulwandle ngokuningiliziwe. AmaHydrophone isizinda, amarekhodi azimele kanye namasu we Umsindo wendawo Ihlanganiswe nevidiyo engu-360°, lezi zixhobo zisiza ukukhomba ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhiqiza umsindo ngamunye nokuthi kumuphi umongo. Zifakwe ngaphandle kokuba khona komuntu okuqondile ukugwema ukuchema kokuziphatha, ukuthwebula ama-soundscapes izinsuku ezigcwele noma amasonto.
Isignali ye-acoustic isivele isetshenziselwa indawo ama-aggregations wokuzala, hlola impilo yezixhobo, thola izinhlobo ezihlaselayo futhi uhlonze izindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile. Eminye imindeni ingabakhiqizi abavelele bemisindo yomphakathi (efana ne-Sciaenidae, i-Batrachoididae, noma i-Pomacentridae), kanti eminye, njengama-cyprinids amaningi, ithule. Noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezincane zezilwane zingaba nomsindo ngokumangazayo uma ziqhathaniswa nobukhulu bazo, ezinemishini emincane yezwi ekhiqiza izimpawu ezinamandla kakhulu ngokuncintisana phakathi kwabesilisa noma ukuvikela izinsiza.
Lolu lwazi luhlelwe lwaba yolwazi namalabhulali anomsindo ahlanganisa amakhulukhulu okurekhodiwe aqinisekiswe ngochwepheshe. Nakuba ikhathalogu global isahlanganisa a ingxenye encane kwezinhlobo de peces owaziwayo, ukukhula kwabo okuqhubekayo kusiza izifundo zokuqhathanisa, ukuqeqeshwa kwe amamodeli wokuqashelwa kanye namasu okuphatha izindawo zokudoba anembe kakhulu.
Esinye isici esiyinhloko ukuthi imisindo eminingi de peces wakhe maqondana nezinhlobo ezithile (noma okomndeni), ngokuhluka kwemvamisa, ubude besikhathi, kanye namaphethini okushaya kwenhliziyo. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlonza acoustic kude, njengoba kwenzeka ngokuhlabelela kwezinyoni, futhi ivula umnyango wokubalwa kwabantu ezindaweni ezivikelekile noma eziqhelile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokutshuza ngokuqhubekayo.
Imisindo yolwandle kanye nomsindo we-anthropogenic
I-soundscape yasolwandle ihlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-geophony (imisindo ye-abiotic, njengamagagasi noma imvula), i-biophony (imisindo) de peces kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle) kanye i-anthrophony (imisebenzi yabantu). Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye endaweni ngayinye kuvumela ukuchazwa amaphethini emvelo futhi uthole okudidayo.
Umsindo we-anthropogenic osuselwe kuthrafikhi yasolwandle, i-sonar, noma amadivayisi okuvimbela i-acoustic can izimpawu zemaski yezinhlanzi futhi ibangele imiphumela yomzimba kanye nokuziphatha: ukucasha okwengeziwe, ukukhiqiza kabushaIzinguquko ekudleni, zanda ukucindezeleka kanye nokufa kwabantu ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Kufana nokuzama ukuba nengxoxo phakathi komsindo, okwenza kube nzima ukuheha umngane womshado, ukuhlanganisa ukuzala, noma ukuvikela indawo.
Ukuqonda ukuthi umsindo wezinhlanzi uvumela nini, kuphi, futhi kanjani ukuklama izinyathelo zokunciphisa (izindawo zomsindo othulile, imithetho yomzila, amashejuli nesivinini, noma amawindi omsebenzi wokudoba). Lokhu kusiza futhi ukuthola indawo izindawo zokuzalanisa ukuzilawula ngendlela efanele, ukuvikela izikhathi ezibucayi zomjikelezo wempilo.
- Ukuqapha okungahlaseli: Ama-Hydrophones aqopha umsebenzi esikhathini eside futhi athole imijikelezo yansuku zonke, yamaza, noma yenyanga.
- Ukuphathwa kwezokudoba: Isiginesha ye-acoustic yezinkomba zokuzala iqondisa ukuvalwa kwesikhashana namasu okuxhashazwa okusimeme.
- Ukubuyiselwa: Ukuqhathanisa i-soundscape yezixhobo ezinempilo nezindawo ezitholakalayo kusivumela ukuthi sihlole impumelelo yezenzo.
- Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi: imisindo ethile yenza kube lula ukuyibona ukuhlasela noma ukwenziwa kabusha kwamakoloni ngaphandle komthelela oqondile endaweni yokuhlala.
Imisindo isiqalile futhi ukuqoshwa emaqenjini angafundiwe kangako, njengezinhlanzi ezithile ezinoqwanga, ezinamarekhodi ukuklabalasa okukhulu ezimweni zokusebenzisana. Lokhu kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi i- ukuhlukahluka kwe-acoustic Izinga lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle likhulu kakhulu kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili, futhi kusenomkhawulo obanzi okufanele uhlolwe, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nezimfunda zasolwandle noma imihlume.
Ngaphandle kokuthi ubani "oculayo" futhi ubani ongaculi, iphuzu elifanelekile ukuthi izinhlanzi zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yezimpawu ze-acoustic, amakhemikhali, nezibonwayo ukuze zixazulule izinselele ezimpilweni zazo zansuku zonke: ukuthola umngane womshado, ukuvikela insiza, noma ukubuyela endaweni yazo yokukhosela ebusuku. Ngokuhlangene, lezi zimpawu zivumela a ukuxhumana komphakathi isimanga eqenjini elinjalo elihlukahlukene nelakudala lezilwane ezinomgogodla.
Ngakho konke okungenhla, umlayezo ucacile: izinhlanzi azizona izimungulu; umhlaba wabo ugcwele imiyalezo yomsindo namakhemikhali ezivumela ukuthi ziphile futhi zichume. Kusukela ekuzaleni kuya ezimpawu zamakhemikhali emchameni noma ekuchofozweni kwe-alamu, ucezu ngalunye lungena olimini oluyindida isayensi eluqondayo ngenxa i-acoustics ye-passiveUbuchwepheshe obusha bokuqopha nemitapo yolwazi evulekile kubalulekile. Njengoba ikhathalogi yokurekhodwa ikhula nomsindo wabantu uncipha, sizoba namathuluzi angcono okulondoloza izinhlobo zezilwane nemvelo encike kulezi zingxoxo zangaphansi kwamanzi.