Enye yezinhlanzi etholakala kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba yi- izinhlanzi ze-mullet. Izinhlobo zayo sezisakazeke kakhulu futhi, ngakho-ke, kuye ngendawo lapho ibonwa khona, ingaba namagama ajwayelekile ahlukene, ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi ze-mullet. Kuyaziwa ngamagama afana nalawa umulethi, ifenisha, umnyuzi o mugil. Igama layo lesayensi ngu I-Mugil cephalus. Oweqembu de peces ama-teleosts, kuya oda Mugiliformes futhi i Umndeni wakwaMugilidae.
Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza izici, indlela yokuphila, kanye nokuzala kwe-mullet, kanye nokuziphatha kwayo , imikhuba yokudla , indawo yokusatshalaliswa , ukubaluleka kwayo ekudobeni nasekugayeni ukudla , amagama esifunda , izinhlobo ezifanayo , kanye nezici zezempilo ezifanele . Ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe? Ungaphuthelwa!
Izici eziyinhloko
Le nhlanzi inamandla aphezulu kakhulu okubekezelela amazinga aphezulu kasawoti. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-euryhaline kanye ne-eurythermal . Okwesibili, ingamelana namazinga okushisa ahlukene. Ngokuvamile, zonke izinhlanzi zingahlala ziphilile ngaphakathi kwamazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, i-mullet ibekezelela izinhlobo eziningi. Lokhu kuqina komzimba kuyisici esibalulekile ekwandeni kwayo emhlabeni wonke futhi kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokusabalala kwayo emhlabeni jikelele.
Akuyona inhlobo edinga izimo ezinzima kakhulu, ngakho izinga layo lokusinda liphezulu impela. Ingaphila emanzini asukela ku-4,5°C kuya ku-37°C . Lolu hlu olubanzi lokushisa luyivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene. Iphinde ibekezelele ububanzi bosawoti. Ingaphila ezindaweni ezinosawoti ezisukela ku-0 kuya ku-45 psu (amayunithi anosawoti asebenzayo), okuchaza ukuba khona kwayo ezindaweni zokungena emanzini , emachibini asogwini , emanzini angaphakathi , kanye nolwandle oluvulekile.
Ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene kanye nokujula kuhlobene nobukhulu besampula. Ama-mullet anobude obungamasentimitha angu-7 noma ngaphansi avame ukuhlala kakhulu emanzini ahlanzekile . Nakuba angaphila emanzini ahlanzekile, akuyona indawo efanele kakhulu ukuthi azale futhi akhule, njengoba umjikelezo wawo wokuphila uvame ukuba yi-catadromous (avuthwa emanzini angaphakathi futhi azale olwandle ).
Inomzimba omude impela kanye namaphiko amabili ahlukene ngokucacile , amaphiko asesifubeni, kanye nephiko elisesinqeni. Iphiko lokuqala lesifubeni livame ukuba nemisebe engu-4-5 enamaqhubu . Amaphiko mancane uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba wonke. Inezikali ezinkulu, ezibonakala ngokucacile, futhi umlomo wayo uyisiphetho, awumkhulu kakhulu noma awubonakali. Amazinyo ayo mancane kakhulu futhi awanayo imicu. Isici esihlukile yijwabu leso elimboza amehlo kancane; ngaphezu kwalokho, alinawo umugqa obonakalayo ohlangothini futhi livame ukubonisa imivimbo emincane engu-6-7 ohlangothini kanye nendawo emnyama phansi kwamaphiko asesifubeni.
Usayizi nesisindo
Sithola amasampula anobukhulu obusukela kumasentimitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-60 . Kuye ngohlobo lwawo, sithola izilinganiso ezahlukene. Amasampula amahle kakhulu atholakale enobude obungamasentimitha angu-120. Ngokuvamile akhula phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-3,9 no-6,4 ngonyaka . Abesifazane bakhula ngokushesha kunabesilisa. Ihlobo nentwasahlobo zombili zithola ukukhula okuphawulekayo ngoba amazinga okushisa aphezulu futhi ukudla kuningi.
Ngokuphathelene nesisindo, ngokuvamile zisukela ku-1,5 kg (izinhlobo ezincane kakhulu noma ezisakhula) kuya ku -8 kg (ezinkulu kakhulu kanye nalezo esezifinyelele ukuvuthwa). Emiphakathini evamile, izinhlobo zivame ukuba nesisindo esicishe sibe ngu- 3–4,5 kg , yize amarekhodi edlula lesi sibalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
Umbala oyisisekelo umpunga, ubheke kumhlophe. Ukushintsha kombala kubonakala phansi, indawo yangemuva iyingxenye emnyama kakhulu yomzimba, ikhombisa ukubonakaliswa okuluhlaza okotshani noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nezinhlangothi ezisiliva . Ingaphila iminyaka ephakathi kwengu-4 nengu-16 , kuye ngezici eziningi; kwezinye izinhlobo, kuye kwabhalwa ukuthi iphila isikhathi eside esifinyelela eminyakeni engu-25 . Ingagcinwa futhi ivalelwe, yize, njengoba kuvamile, isikhathi sayo sokuphila sifushane.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Njengoba ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa cishe nanoma iyiphi indawo yasemanzini, indawo yayo yokusabalala inkulu kakhulu. Ingaphila kokubili ezindaweni zemvelo zamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezasolwandle. Ibhekwa njengohlobo oluhlala ezindaweni eziningi , njengoba ingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene.
I-mullet ivame ukutholakala olwandle olushisayo nolungaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo . Ukukhetha kwayo indawo yokuhlala kunqunywa yizici eziningana. Okokuqala, idinga isikhala esanele esinezihlabathi kanye nezitshalo eziningi . Okwesibili, idinga ugu lolwandle. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha ayi-120 futhi zingathuthela emanzini angajulile.
Ngokuphathelene nokusabalala kwayo, i-Mugil cephalus ihlala ogwini lwe-Atlantic entshonalanga (kusukela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ezinesimo sezulu esipholile kuya eNingizimu Melika, kufaka phakathi iGulf of Mexico), i -Atlantic empumalanga (kusukela eBay of Biscay kuya eningizimu ye-Afrika), lonke uLwandle iMedithera kanye noLwandle Olumnyama , kanye nePacific empumalanga (kusukela eningizimu yeCalifornia kuya eChile). Ivame kakhulu ezindaweni zokungena kwamanzi kanye namachibi asogwini , futhi itholakala kakhulu emachwebeni nasemachwebeni, ngenxa yokubekezelela kwayo ukuguquguquka kosawoti kanye namazinga athile ezinto eziphilayo emanzini.
ESpain, iyabonakala kalula ogwini oluningi. Ingabonakala eCatalonia, eValencia, naseMurcia , futhi ivame kakhulu e-Andalusia, lapho ibonakala khona njalo ezindaweni ezisemachwebeni nasezindaweni zokungena kwamanzi. Ngezikhathi ezifudumele, ingabonakala emanzini avulekile eduze nogu, yakha amaqembu aphezulu.
Ukondla kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinhlanzi ze-mullet
Ukudla kwalezi zinhlobo ze-mullet kufaka phakathi izinketho ezahlukahlukene. Ziyizinhlobo ezidla yonke into , okusho ukuthi zidla cishe noma yini. Umthombo wazo oyinhloko wokudla yimfucuza yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto ezitholakala emanzini noma olwandle. Zihlala zifuna noma yini ezingayithola olwandle. Zidla futhi i-moss kanye ne-biofilm eyakheka olwandle nasemadwaleni noma ezakhiweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Zinezimo ezifana nesisu esinemisipha eminingi kanye namathumbu amade azivumela ukuthi zisebenzise imfucuza kanye ne-detritus ngemva kokuzihlunga ngedivayisi yazo ye -buccopharyngobranchial ; ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zivame ukubhekwa njengezinga eliyi-iliophagous.
Ukudla okutholakala kakhulu ekudleni kwabo ngokuvamile yilokhu:
- Izimila zasolwandle, njenge ulwelwe obomvu noma i ulwelwe oluhlaza.
- Ama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene.
- Ama-Nematode nezinye izinhlobo zonyaka.
- I-Zooplankton.
Phakathi kwalolu hlobo, i-mullet iyona evame kakhulu. Ezindaweni zasechwebeni nasezindaweni zasogwini lolwandle, ingabonakala ifuna ukudla ngomlomo wayo ophumayo bese iqonda phansi, imunca ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-sediment , bese iluhlunga ngezakhiwo ze-pharyngeal kanye ne-gill.
Manje siqhubekela phambili ekukhiqizeni kabusha (ukuzala de peces kuma-aquariums). Le nqubo ifinyezwa ngohambo olukhulu ngenzalo entsha. Ukuzalela isikhathi eside kunokujwayelekile, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, ngenxa yokuthi kufanele zithole indawo ekahle yazo.
Bakholelwa ukuthi indawo engcono kakhulu ikude nomsindo futhi lapho amaqanda angagcinwa khona ngokuphephile. I-mullet izala kabili ngonyaka, kanye ekwindla kanye nasebusika . Ifinyelela ekuvuthweni kobulili lapho ineminyaka emithathu noma lapho ifinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angu-20 . Akuzona zonke izinhlanzi ezikhula ngesivinini esifanayo; ezinye zifinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angu-40 futhi azikakhuli ngokwanele ukuzala.
Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda aphakathi kwezigidi ezingu-0,5 nezingu-2 , yize eziningi zingasindi. Amaqanda ahlala emaqandeni futhi athatha amahora angaba ngu-48 ukuchamisela. Izibungu (cishe amamilimitha angu-2,4) zihlala eduze kolwandle lapho amaqanda achamisela khona futhi zidla imfucumfucu eduze kwesisekelo njengoba zikhula futhi zikhula. Uma zifika ku- 16-20 mm , ziya emanzini angaphakathi (ikakhulukazi emifuleni nasezindaweni eziphansi zemifula), lapho zithola khona indawo yokukhosela nokudla okuningi ukuze ziqedele isigaba sazo sobusha.
Ukuziphatha kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
Ama-mullet ahlala ngamaqembu , akhuthele kakhulu ekufuneni kwawo ukudla, futhi ahamba nsuku zonke phakathi kobuso kanye nezingxenye ezingajulile zolwandle. Ezinkathini ezifudumele, angase afuduke ngezinga elithile, futhi umjikelezo wawo wokuphila uvame ukuba yi-catadromous : abantu abadala abahlala ezindaweni zomsele noma ezindaweni ezinosawoti omncane bathuthela olwandle ukuze bazale emaqenjini amakhulu.
Kuvamile ukuzibona zigxuma ziphuma emanzini. Phakathi kwemibono eyamukelekayo kakhulu ukufuna umoya-mpilo emanzini angajulile ane-oxygen encibilikile kancane, ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiya ezinamathela emzimbeni noma ema-gill, kanye nokwenza kube lula ukudluliselwa kwezinto ezigwinyiwe esiswini ngesikhathi sokuhlunga indle.
Ukuhlonza kanye nezinhlobo ezifanayo
Amalungu omndeni wakwaMugilidae anezimpawu ezifanayo futhi angadideka. I-Mugil cephalus ngokuvamile ineso leso elikhule kahle , udebe olungaphezulu oluncane , indawo emnyama phansi kwezimpiko zesifuba, futhi ayinawo umugqa ohlangothini . Ingase futhi ibe nemivimbo ohlangothini engabonakali .
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-mullet" futhi ezivame ukudidaniswa nazo kukhona i-Chelon labrosus (enodebe olungaphezulu olujiyile futhi olubukeka luqinile), i-Liza ramada , kanye ne -Oedalechilus labeo (inja ebushelelezi). Ukuzihlukanisa kudinga ukubheka ubukhulu bezindebe , ukuhlelwa kwamaphiko angemuva , iphrofayili yekhanda , kanye nemininingwane yamazinyo kanye ne -opercula.
Amagama ajwayelekile ngesifunda
- UCaptain, Mullet - España
- Lisa / Liza – Argentina, Chile, Spain kanye Peru
- I-mullet emnyama (i-mullet emnyama) - Cuba
- I-mullet empunga - ICuba neSpain
- I-mullet enemithende - Cuba naseMexico
- Lisa - Iziqhingi zaseBalearic, eCatalonia naseValencia (eSpain)
- Muxe (ikhanda, silty) - Galicia (Spain)
- Muil – Asturias (Spain)
- Umnyuzi / Imbongolo – Cantabria (Spain)
- I-Muble / Corcón / Corrocón - Izwe laseBasque (Spain)
- i-albur – Isifundazwe saseSeville (Spain)
- I-Lisote / Lebrancho – Canary Islands (Spain)
Impilo, ama-parasites kanye ne-aquaculture
Ngenxa yokuthi ihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, i-Mugil cephalus ingathinteka yizinambuzane kanye namagciwane , okuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi . Izinambuzane ezibhalwe phansi zifaka phakathi i-cutaneous-gill protozoa (isb., lezo ezibangela amabala amhlophe), ama-monogeneans esikhumbeni kanye nama-gill (i-Gyrodactylus, i-Dactylogyrus), ama-digenetic trematodes (izibungu ze-Clinostomum, i-Diplostomum) ezingangena emisipheni noma emehlweni, ama-cestodes (isb., i-Ligala intestinalis), kanye nama-nematodes ezithweni zangaphakathi. Kuchazwa futhi ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya (i-Vibrio, i-Aeromonas, i-Photobacterium), igciwane (isb., i-lymphocystosis), kanye ne -fungal (i-Saprolegnia) , okungadala noma yini kusukela ezilonda zangaphandle kuya ku-septicemia; izifo ezifana nokuwa nazo zibalulekile.
Ekukhiqizeni, imikhuba emihle yokuphatha , ubuningi obufanele bamasheya , ikhwalithi yamanzi , kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo kunciphisa ukwanda kwamagciwane. Ekusetshenzisweni, ukupheka noma ukuqandisa okufanele kubalulekile ekunciphiseni izingozi ezihlobene namagciwane, njengoba kunconywa ngemikhiqizo yokudla kwasolwandle ngokujwayelekile.
Ukudoba kanye nentshisekelo ye-gastronomic
Inyama ye-mullet inedumela eliguquguqukayo, elibekwe kakhulu yi- indawo yokuhlala futhi i ukudla yesifanekiso. Ama-mullets we umfula futhi of amachweba ane-brackish ngamanzi asezingeni elihle, lapho zidla khona ulwelwe, ezingenamgogodla y plankton,banikele ngenyama namanzi futhi of ukunambitheka okuhle. Ematafuleni aseMedithera, i inhlanzi enosawoti futhi eyomisiwe I-mullet ithola udumo olukhulu lokupheka: i-motley (Italy/Spain), karasumi (Japan), i-batarekh (Egypt) noma amalungiselelo aseMpumalanga Asia. Ku Peru, ngaphezu kokudliwa izinto zokulondoloza ezintsha nezibhenywayo, isetshenziswa ku ceviches; ezindaweni ze Florida kanye Alabama Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuvamile okuthosiwe, ngabhema o kubhakwe.
Ihambisana namasu alula athuthukisa ukunambitheka kwayo: i-grilled noma i-barbecue ngezikali ukuvikela inyama, ithosiwe ibe yizicucu ezincane noma izingcezu , futhi ifakwe ama-marinade endabuko. Inyama yayo ephekiwe, ngaphezu kokuba inosawoti, ingajatshulelwa i-grilled noma iqoshiwe phezu kwe-pasta, amasaladi, noma izitsha zokudla kwasolwandle.
Ukudoba i-mullet (ezemidlalo)
Kwabadobi, i-mullet iyinkinga ngenxa yemikhuba yabo yokudla (ukumunca nokuhlunga) kanye nokuqaphela kwabo amanzi acwebile. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-tackle elula ene - float , imigqa emincane (cishe u-0,25–0,30 mm), kanye nama-hook amancane (usayizi 12–16). Inethi yokufika iwusizo lapho udoba usezikhungweni noma ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Indlela ethandwa kakhulu ukudoba ngokuntanta , ukugcina isicupho phakathi kwamanzi noma eduze kwamanzi, lapho amaqembu ezinhlanzi eqapha khona. Isu lokudoba endaweni ngezikhathi ezithile, njengokudoba emanzini ahlanzekile, lisebenza kahle. Izicupho ezisebenzayo zifaka isinkwa (esiqoqwe noma esixovwe), inhlama eyenziwe ekhaya eyenziwe ngofulawa, amanzi, ushukela, namafutha, izingcezu zezinhlanzi noma indle (isb., inhliziyo), izimpethu zasolwandle , kanye nezingcezu ezincane zenyama. Icebiso eliwusizo: sebenzisa umbala wokudla noma i-glitter ukuze wenze isicupho sibonakale emanzini amnyama, udonse ukunaka kwezinhlanzi.
Uma i-mullet iluma, ayivami ukuluma kakhulu: imunca isicupho, ngakho-ke kungcono ukulinda uze uzizwe ucindezelekile bese ubeka ingwegwe kancane. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, thatha okunye bese ukhulula ukuze ukhathale inhlanzi ngaphandle kokuphula umholi. Izikhathi ezinhle kakhulu ngokuvamile ukusa , ukuhlwa , kanye nobusuku emanzini athule.
Emkhakheni wezentengiselwano, i-mullet ivame ukutholakala ezimakethe zendawo futhi, kuye ngokuthi isizini isuka kuphi kanye nemvelaphi yayo, intengo yayo iyathengeka . Njengazo zonke izinhlanzi, ukusha kubalulekile ukuze ujabulele ukuthungwa kwayo okuhle kakhulu kanye nephunga layo.
Ngenxa yakho konke okungenhla, i-mullet iyinhlanzi eguquguqukayo ngendlela emangalisayo , enempilo eqinile, ukuziphatha okuhle, ukudla okuguquguqukayo kanye nesithakazelo esikhulu kokubili kubathandi bemvelo kanye nalabo abahilelekile ekudobeni, ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi okunesibopho kanye nokudla kwasolwandle okungokwesiko nokudala.
