Enye yezinhlanzi etholakala kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba yi- izinhlanzi ze-mullet. Izinhlobo zayo sezisakazeke kakhulu futhi, ngakho-ke, kuye ngendawo lapho ibonwa khona, ingaba namagama ajwayelekile ahlukene, ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi ze-mullet. Kuyaziwa ngamagama afana nalawa umulethi, ifenisha, umnyuzi o mugil. Igama layo lesayensi ngu I-Mugil cephalus. Oweqembu de peces ama-teleosts, kuya oda Mugiliformes futhi i Umndeni wakwaMugilidae.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizochaza izici, indlela yokuphila kanye nokuzala kabusha kwezinhlanzi ze-mullet, kanye nezici zayo isimilo, imikhuba yokudla, indawo yokusabalalisa, it ukudoba kanye nentshisekelo ye-gastronomic, amagama ezifunda, izinhlobo ezifanayo y izici zezempilo efanele. Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe? Ungaphuthelwa!
Izici eziyinhloko
Le nhlanzi inamandla aphakeme kakhulu okumelana nosawoti ophakeme. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-euryhaline kanye ne-eurythermic fish.Okwesibili ukuthi ingakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa ahlukene. Ngokuvamile, zonke izinhlanzi zingahlala zinempilo ezinhlobonhlobo zamazinga okushisa. Nokho, inhlanzi ye-mullet ingakwazi ukubekezelela izinhlobonhlobo eziningi. Lokhu plasticity bokuphila Iba yisici esibalulekile ekwandeni kwayo emhlabeni wonke futhi iyimbangela enkulu yokwanda kwayo emhlabeni wonke.
Akulona uhlobo oludinga izimo eziningi ezinzima, ngakho impumelelo yokusinda iphezulu kakhulu. Ingaphila emanzini asukela ku-4,5 ºC kuya ku-37 ºCLeli banga elibanzi lokushisa livumela ukuthi liguquguquke kakhulu uma kuziwa ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Usawoti futhi unobubanzi obubanzi. Ingaphila emanzini anosawoti asukela ku-0 kuye ku-45 psu (amayunithi asebenzayo osawoti), okuchaza ubukhona bayo imilambo, amachweba asogwini, emanzini aphakathi nezwe nolwandle oluvulekile.
Ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokujula kuncike kusayizi wesifanekiso. Amasayizi e-mullet angaphansi noma alingana namasentimitha angu-7 avame ukuhlala isikhathi eside kuwo amanzi ahlanzekileNakuba zingahlala emanzini ahlanzekile, akuyona indawo ekahle kakhulu ukuba zizalane futhi zikhule kuyo, ngenxa yokuthi umjikelezo wokuphila kwazo i-catadromous (bavuthwa emanzini aphakathi nezwe futhi zazalela olwandle).
Inomzimba omude futhi inakho amaphiko amabili omhlane kuhlukaniswe ngokusobala, amaphiko e-pectoral kanye ne-caudal fin. I-dorsal fin yokuqala ivamise ukuba nayo 4-5 imisebe ye-spiny. Amaphiko mancane uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba wonke. Inezikali ezinkulu ezibonakala ngokucacile, futhi umlomo wayo uyisiphetho, awumkhulu kakhulu noma uphimisele. Amazinyo aso mancane kakhulu futhi awanayo imicu. Isici esihlukile yi- ijwabu leso elinamafutha okuvala amehlo ngokwengxenye; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayinawo umugqa osemaceleni ebonakalayo futhi evame ukubonisa 6–7 imivimbo yasemaceleni efiphele futhi a indawo emnyama ngaphansi kwe-pectoral.
Usayizi nesisindo
Sithola izibonelo ukuthi Zinosayizi ophakathi kwamasentimitha angama-30 no-60Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, sizothola izilinganiso ezihlukene. Izibonelo ezingavamile ngempela zitholwe zinesilinganiso esingafika kumasentimitha angu-120. Ngokuvamile zikhula phakathi kuka-3,9 no-6,4 cm ngonyakaAbesifazane bakhula ngokushesha kunabesilisa. Babona ukukhula okugqame kakhulu ehlobo nasentwasahlobo ngoba amazinga okushisa aphezulu nokudla kuningi kakhulu.
Mayelana nesisindo, into ejwayelekile kakhulu ukuthi baphakathi ububanzi obuphakathi kwe-1,5 kg (ama-specimens amancane kakhulu noma asathuthuka) kanye Ama-8 kilos (enkulu kunazo zonke nalezo esezifinyelele ukuvuthwa). Kubantu abavamile, ama-specimens ngokuvamile ahluka ngosayizi ukusuka 3-4,5 kg, nakuba amarekhodi edlula lelo nani ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
Umbala oyisisekelo unompunga, ubheke komhlophe. Ukushintsha kombala kukhonjiswa ngohlelo olwehlayo, futhi indawo yomgogodla iyingxenye emnyama kakhulu yawo wonke umzimba, enokukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi isiliva emaceleni. Iyakwazi ukufinyelela phakathi Uneminyaka engu-4 no-16 ubudala, kuye ngezici eziningi; kwezinye imiphakathi zibhaliwe ukuphila isikhathi eside kuze kufike eminyakeni engu-25Ingabuye igcinwe ekuthunjweni, nakuba kuvamile, isikhathi sokuphila sifushane.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Ukukwazi ukuzivumelanisa cishe nanoma iyiphi indawo yasemanzini, indawo yokusabalalisa yayo inkulu kakhulu. Iyakwazi ukusekela ukuphila emanzini ahlanzekile nasolwandle. Kubhekwa njengohlobo oluthile cosmopolitan, njengoba kungaba ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene.
Lapho kuvame kakhulu Singathola inhlanzi ye-mullet emanzini ashisayo nashisayo.. Indawo lapho izinhlanzi ezizonquma ukuhlala kuzo izonqunywa izici ezithile ezibalulekile kuzo. Okokuqala ukuthi bangaba nendawo eyanele enezixhobo zamatshe kanye uhlaza oluningiOkwesibili ukuthi idinga ugu ukuze iphile. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ekujuleni kwe kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-120 futhi yileyo ndlela ezikwazi ngayo ukuhamba emanzini angashoni.
Mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwayo, I-Mugil cephalus ithatha i ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Atlantic (kusuka ezindaweni ezipholile enyakatho kuya eNingizimu Melika, kuhlanganise neGulf of Mexico), i- I-Eastern Atlantic (kusuka e-Bay of Biscay kuya eningizimu ye-Afrika), wonke ULwandle iMedithera futhi i ULwandle Olumnyamakanye ne I-Eastern Pacific (kusuka eningizimu yeCalifornia kuya eChile). Kuvame kakhulu ku imilambo y amachweba asogwini, futhi igcwele futhi amachweba namatheku, sibonga ukubekezelelana kwabo ukuhlukahluka kosawoti kakade kumazinga athile we izinto eziphilayo emanzini.
ESpain ibonakala kalula ogwini oluningi. Singayibona eCatalonia, Valencia naseMurcia, futhi ijwayeleke kakhulu e-Andalusia, enamarekhodi avamile ezindaweni zamachweba nezamanzi. Esimweni sezulu esifudumele, singabonakala emanzini avulekile eduze nogu, ukwakha izinhlanzi izinto ezingaphezulu.
Ukondla kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinhlanzi ze-mullet
Phakathi kokudla kwalezi zinkomishi singabona izinketho ezahlukahlukene ezahlukahlukene. Kuyinto yezinhlobo ezi-omnivorous, ngakho udla konke. Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla yi- udoti wemvelo nezinto ezitholakala zintanta emanzini noma phansi olwandle. Ihlale ibhekile ukuthi yini engatholakala olwandle efakwe ku-substrate. Ingadla futhi i-moss ne-biofilm ezakha ngaphansi kolwandle nasemadwaleni noma ezakhiweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Inokuvumelana nezimo njengokuthi isisu esinemisipha kakhulu futhi a ithumbu elide evumela wena sebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ama-sediments kanye ne-detritus ngemva kokuwahlunga ngosizo lwedivayisi i-buccopharyngobranchial; ngenxa yalesi sizathu bavame ukucatshangelwa i-iophagous.
Ngokuvamile, ukudla okuchichima kakhulu ekudleni kwabo kukhona:
- Izimila zasolwandle, njenge ulwelwe obomvu noma i ulwelwe oluhlaza.
- Ama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene.
- Ama-Nematode nezinye izinhlobo zonyaka.
- I-Zooplankton.
Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo, inhlanzi ye-mullet iyona esebenza kakhulu. Ezindaweni zamachweba nezasentubeni, ingabonakala idla nge- umlomo omude nekhanda libheke phansi, ngincele i ungqimba olungaphezulu lwenhlabathi, kamuva uhlunga nge-pharyngeal kanye nezakhiwo ze-branchial.
Manje siqhubekela phambili ekukhiqizeni kabusha (ukuzala de peces kuma-aquariums). Le nqubo ifinyezwa ngohambo olukhulu ngenzalo entsha. Ukuzalela isikhathi eside kunokujwayelekile, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, ngenxa yokuthi kufanele zithole indawo ekahle yazo.
Babheka ukuthi indawo engcono kakhulu yiyona ekude kakhulu nokuxokozela futhi lapho ukuphepha okuthile kwamaqanda kungaqinisekiswa khona. Amajolo azala ngezikhathi ezimbili ngonyaka. Owokuqala wenziwa ekwindla kanti omunye ubusikaBafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili Iminyaka engu-3 noma lapho befika a 20 amasentimitha ubudeAkuzona zonke izinhlanzi ezinomthamo ofanayo wokuvuthwa. Ezinye zingama-40 cm ubude futhi azikasebenzi ekukhiqizeni.
Zibekela amaqanda ayizigidi ezi-0,5 kuya kwezi-2 insikazi ngayinye., nokho-ke abaningi babo abasindi. Amaqanda i-pelagic y Bathatha cishe amahora angama-48 ukuchamusela. I izibungu (≈2,4 mm) Zihlala eduze nombhede lapho amaqanda achanyuselwe khona futhi zidla izinsalela eduze ne-substrate ngenkathi zikhula futhi zikhula. Uma befika I-16-20 mm, fuduka ubheke emanzini aphakathi nezwe (ikakhulukazi amachweba kanye nezindawo zokugcina zemifula), lapho bethola khona isiphephelo y ukudla inala ukuqeda isigaba sayo sobusha.
Ukuziphatha kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
ubushelelezi uhlala ngamaqembu, ekhuthele kakhulu ekufuneni ukudla kanye nokunyakaza kwansuku zonke phakathi kwe ingaphezulu nezingqimba ezingashoni phansi. Ngezikhathi ezifudumele kungenziwa ukufuduka yesilinganiso esithile, futhi umjikelezo wayo kakhulu i-catadromous: abantu abadala abahlala e-estuarine noma ezindaweni ezinosawoti omncane zifudukele olwandle ukuze zizale emabhange amaningi.
Kuvamile ukubukela iqhuma aphume emanzini. Phakathi kwemibono eyamukelwa kakhulu yile ukucinga oxygenation Emanzini angajulile anomoya-mpilo omncane oncibilikile, i ukuchithwa kwezinhlayiyana enamathiselwe emzimbeni noma emathunjini, futhi kungenzeka lula ukuhamba kwe-gastrointestinal kusuka ezintweni ezimunywe ngesikhathi sokuhlungwa kwenhlabathi.
Ukuhlonza kanye nezinhlobo ezifanayo
Amalungu e-Mugilidae abonisa izici ezifanayo futhi angadideka. I-Mugil cephalus ngokuvamile babe ijwabu leso elinamafutha ithuthukiswe kahle, udebe olungaphezulu oluncane, indawo emnyama ngaphansi kwe-pectorals kanye umugqa ongemuva awukho. Ingabheka imivimbo eseceleni oqondayo.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-mullet" futhi ezididekile ziyi I-Chelon labrosus (nodebe olungenhla mkhulu nokubukeka okuqinile), Liza ramada y Oedalechilus labeo (ikhanda). Ukuzihlukanisa kudinga ukubheka ukujiya kwezindebe, ukuhlelwa kwe amaphiko omhlane, the iphrofayili yekhanda kanye nemininingwane ye- i-teething futhi i i-opercula.
Amagama ajwayelekile ngesifunda
- UCaptain, Mullet - España
- Lisa / Liza – Argentina, Chile, Spain kanye Peru
- I-mullet emnyama (i-mullet emnyama) - Cuba
- I-mullet empunga - ICuba neSpain
- I-mullet enemithende - Cuba naseMexico
- Lisa - Iziqhingi zaseBalearic, eCatalonia naseValencia (eSpain)
- Muxe (ikhanda, silty) - Galicia (Spain)
- Muil – Asturias (Spain)
- Umnyuzi / Imbongolo – Cantabria (Spain)
- I-Muble / Corcón / Corrocón - Izwe laseBasque (Spain)
- i-albur – Isifundazwe saseSeville (Spain)
- I-Lisote / Lebrancho – Canary Islands (Spain)
Impilo, ama-parasites kanye ne-aquaculture
Ngokuhlala ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu, I-Mugil cephalus ingase ithintwe yi izimuncagazi y amagciwane, umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu ku aquaculture. Phakathi kwama-parasites abhalwe phansi i-protozoa i-cutaneous-branchial (isb., ukubangela amabala amhlophe), ama-monogeneans esikhumbeni nasezinsizeni ( Gyrodactylus , Dactylogyrus ), ama-trematodes i-digenetic ( i-Clinostomum , izibungu ze -Diplostomum ) ezingafaka imisipha noma amehlo, izikelemu ze-tapeworm (isb. I-Ligula intestinal ) kanye ama-nematode ezithweni zangaphakathi. Amagciwane abuye achazwe amagciwane ( Vibrio , Aeromonas , Photobacterium ), igciwane (isb., i-lymphocystosis) kanye ukhunta ( Saprolegnia ), engabangela yonke into kusuka ezilonda zangaphandle kuya ku-sepsis; izifo ezifana isifo sofuba nazo zibalulekile.
Ekukhiqizeni, imikhuba emihle ye ukushayela, ukuminyana ezifanele, ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nemigomo ye i-biosecurity ukunciphisa isigameko. Ekusetshenzisweni, a ukupheka okulungile o iqhwa Kusemqoka ekunciphiseni ubungozi obuhambisana nezimuncagazi, njengoba kunconyiwe emikhiqizweni yokudoba jikelele.
Ukudoba kanye nentshisekelo ye-gastronomic
Inyama ye-mullet inedumela eliguquguqukayo, elibekwe kakhulu yi- indawo yokuhlala futhi i ukudla yesifanekiso. Ama-mullets we umfula futhi of amachweba ane-brackish ngamanzi asezingeni elihle, lapho zidla khona ulwelwe, ezingenamgogodla y plankton,banikele ngenyama namanzi futhi of ukunambitheka okuhle. Ematafuleni aseMedithera, i inhlanzi enosawoti futhi eyomisiwe I-mullet ithola udumo olukhulu lokupheka: i-motley (Italy/Spain), karasumi (Japan), i-batarekh (Egypt) noma amalungiselelo aseMpumalanga Asia. Ku Peru, ngaphezu kokudliwa izinto zokulondoloza ezintsha nezibhenywayo, isetshenziswa ku ceviches; ezindaweni ze Florida kanye Alabama Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuvamile okuthosiwe, ngabhema o kubhakwe.
Ivumela amasu alula athuthukisa ukunambitheka kwawo: insimbi noma i ember ngezikali zokuvikela inyama, othosiwe ngezingcezu ezincane noma phakathi izingcezu, futhi ku-marinade ngama-marinades endabuko. I-roe yayo, ngaphezu kokuba ifakwe usawoti, ingajatshulelwa greyithiwe o i-laminated ku-pasta, amasaladi noma izitsha zokudla kwasolwandle.
Ukudoba i-mullet (ezemidlalo)
Kubadobi, inhlanzi imelela a I-reto ngenxa yendlela yokondla (ukuncela nokuhlunga) kanye nayo ukungathembi emanzini acwebileyo. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa ukukhanya con upende o ukuntanta, imigqa emihle (≈0,25-0,30 mm) kanye izingwegwe ezincane (No. 12–16). A inetha lokufika Kuwusizo uma udoba ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi noma ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Indlela ethandwa kakhulu yi- inothi lesishiyagalombili, ukugcina isiyengo siphakathi kwamanzi noma eduze nendawo, lapho izikole zigada khona. Isu le oyinhloko indawo ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, ngendlela yokudoba emanzini aphakathi nezwe. Ngokwe izilobo ngempumelelo: I-pan (ku-crust noma kuxutshwe), masila ufulawa wasekhaya/amanzi/ushukela/amafutha, izingcezu zezinhlanzi o i-viscera (isb., inhliziyo), izikelemu zasolwandle futhi encane imichilo yenyama. Ithiphu ewusizo: sebenzisa Umbala wokudla noma izinhlayiya ezicwebezelayo ukunikeza ukubonakala ekudongeni emanzini adaka, eheha ukunaka kwayo.
Lapho iluma, i-mullet ayivami ukuthi ilume kanzima: ncela isiyengo, ngakho-ke kuhle ukulinda uze uphawule a ukushuba njalo futhi ugwaze ngobumnene. Ekulweni, shintshana aqoqwe akhululwe ukumqeda amandla ngaphandle kokuphula i-bass. Izikhathi ezinhle kakhulu zivame ukugxila kuzo kusasa, ukushona kwelanga y ebusuku lamanzi azolile.
Emkhakheni wezohwebo, i-mullet ivame ukuvela ezimakethe zendawo futhi, kuye ngesizini nemvelaphi, intengo yayo okungabiziNjengazo zonke izinhlanzi, i ukuvuselelwa Kubalulekile ukujabulela ukuthungwa kwayo okuhle kakhulu namaphunga amnandi.
Nakho konke okushiwo ngenhla, i-mullet iyinhlanzi evumelana nezimo ngokungavamile, enomzimba oqinile, ukuziphatha okuhambisanayo, ukudla okuhlukahlukene, kanye nentshisekelo enkulu yabathandi bemvelo, abathanda ukudoba, abathanda i-aquaculture abanomthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokudla kwendabuko nokudla kwasolwandle okudala.
