Namuhla sihamba siye endaweni ejulile yolwandle, lapho sithola khona izilwane zasolwandle ezihluke kakhulu kulezo esizibona phezulu. Lawa mafomu awumphumela wezinqubo zokujwayela ekujuleni, uma kubhekwa izimo ezihlukene lapho. Phakathi kwe izinhlobo ezinjalo ezingavamile kwenzenjani, sizithola sine inhlanzi yezibaniLena inhlanzi evezwe kulesi sihloko, futhi ngiyakuqinisekisa ukuthi uzomangala lapho ufunda ngayo. Igama layo lesayensi ngu I-Centrophryne spinulosa futhi uhlala ekujuleni kwe izingcindezi eziphezulu nokukhanya okuphansi kakhulu.
Ufuna ukwazi zonke izimfihlo Mayelana ne-lanternfish? Qhubeka ufunde ukuze ufunde kabanzi.
Indawo ye-Abyssal
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle zinezici ezihlukile ngoba zidinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zemvelo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukungabi khona kwelanga, lo ingcindezi ephezulu kakhulu ye-hydrostatic, lo izinga lokushisa eliphansi futhi i ukuswelakala kokudlaZonke lezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu zenza ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlala kulokhu kujula zikhule izitho ezizivumela ukuba zivumelane nezimo futhi ziphile.
Indawo lapho kuhlala khona i-lanternfish yaziwa ngokuthi indawo ye-abyssopelagic. Iwumdweshu wolwandle ngaphansi kwezinkulungwane zamamitha ukujula futhi iphawuleka ngokuntuleka kwayo kwelanga eliqondile. Indawo ezungezile iyabanda, kunamanzi phakathi 4 kanye no-10 ºC emaphuzwini amaningi, futhi ingcindezi iphindaphindeka ngamakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nendawo engaphezulu. Amandla afika ikakhulukazi ngesimo se “iqhwa lasolwandle” (ukwehla kwezinhlayiya eziphilayo) kanye nezilwane ezidlayo ngezikhathi ezithile, ngakho izilwane ezidla ezinye ezijulile zolwandle zisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo wonke amathuba.
Ukuze siziqondise kule ndawo, kulula ukuhlukanisa izindlela ezimbili zokuphila eqenjini elikhulu lezinhlanzi "ze-flashlight" ze-oda Lophiiformes: lezo i-benthic (ehlezi ngemuva, esebenzisa i-camouflage) nalabo abakhona i-pelagic (kulengiswa kukholamu yamanzi). I-Centrophryne spinulosa Ingavela kuzo zombili izimo, kodwa isici esivamile ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kwezakhiwo ezithile zokuzingela ebumnyameni.
Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi abantu bafinyelele kule ndawo ukuze benze izifundo ezibanzi uma kubhekwa izimo ezimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ulwazi oluningi luvela ukuthathwa kwendawo, amarekhodi nge izimoto ezisetshenziswa ukude kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibonelo ezitholwe amanethiwekhi ajulile.
Izici eziyinhloko
Inhlanzi ye-lantern inayo isilinganiso esingamasentimitha angama-23 ngobude kwabesifazane balolu hlobo. Ikhanda layo likhulu impela kanti umhlathi umkhulu njengekhanda. Ine amazinyo amancane, aphakathi nendawo ukuze bakwazi ukubamba inyamazane yabo futhi bavimbele ukuphunyuka kwayo. Iyethula i-dimorphism yezocansi, ngakho kulula ukubona iduna nensikazi: amaduna mancane kakhulu futhi anokwakheka kwawo aguqulelwe ukuthola nokuhlangana nensikazi.
Umbala wesikhumba sayo uphenduka phakathi kobomvu nokumnyama, futhi inenani elikhulu imigogodla emincaneI-appendage etholakala eduze kwekhala yaziwa ngokuthi i-illicium bese iphetha ngesiyeyelo (esca). Eziningi zeLophiiformes, Abesifazane kuphela abanalolu “luyenga olukhanyayo”, esebenza njengesimangalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banayo a intshebe ye-hyoid esiza ukubahlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo.
Ngokuphathelene nenyama yayo, inamanzi impela. Ukuba namanzi amaningi ezicutshini zayo, amathambo alula impela futhi zimbozwe ungqimba oluncane lwe-calcium carbonate. Umzimba wabo nezimo kakhulu, enembobo yomlomo nesisu esikwazi ukunwebeka, okubenza bakwazi ukugwinya inyamazane ezinkulu ngokuphindwe kabili ubukhulu bazo.
Indlela i-lantern fish ekhipha ngayo ukukhanya
I-bioluminescence yezinhlanzi ze-lantern ibangelwa ubuhlobo i-symbiotic nama-bacteria ekwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya. Lawa magciwane, atholakala endaweni ezungezile, ahlala endaweni isheyini ye-illicium, futhi ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali bakhiqiza ukukhanya okubandayo okungalawulwa ngamandla. Ngokubuyisela, bathola izakhamzimba wezinhlanzi nendawo yokuhlala ezinzile.
I-illicium "lighthouse" yenza imisebenzi eminingana: isebenza njenge ukuzingela inkohliso (kulingisa izinto eziphilayo ezincane ezihambayo), kwenza izimpawu phakathi kwabantu ngabanye yohlobo olufanayo futhi, kwezinye izimo, isiza i ukukhanya kwangemuva, belingisa ukukhanya kwamanzi ukuze bafihle i-silhouette yabo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye nezilwane ezizingelayo. Ebumnyameni obuphelele, noma iyiphi inzuzo ebonakalayo yenza umehluko, futhi lokhu kungenye yezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu embusweni wezilwane.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi, i-ilicium iyi-a ukuguqulwa komsebe wokuqala we-dorsal fin elihamba libheke ekhanda bese lishintsha libe induku nesilo. KumaLophiiformes amaningi, inhlanzi inganyakazisa le “huku” ngokunemba okukhulu, ichaza amaswidi amancane elingisa ukuziphatha kwezibungu nama-crustaceans.
Indawo yokuhlala nokudla
Ukuze uthole lolu hlobo kufanele uye kulo iPacific Ocean ukusuka eBaja California kuya eziqhingini eziseningizimu yeMarquesas kanye neGulf of California. Iphinde yabanjwa emanzini ka I-Nueva Guinea, the ISouth China Sea, Venezuela futhi i Isiteshi saseMozambiqueLokhu kuphakamisa ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi emanzini ashisayo nangaphansi, ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nawo ekujuleni okukhulu.
Izinhlanzi ezifundwe zithathwe phakathi kwamakhulu ambalwa namamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Ngenxa yokuthi inobubanzi obujulile bokusabalalisa kanye nemikhuba enzima ukuyiqaphela, le nhlanzi ibonakale iphila izikhathi ezimbalwa kuphela kusukela ekuchazweni kwayo. Amarekhodi ayivelakancane kangangokuthi isifanekiso esisha ngasinye siyasinikeza idatha ebalulekile ngebhayoloji yabo.
Ngokuqondene nokudla kwayo, kuphelele esidla inyama. Idla izinhlanzi ezincane, crustaceans nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla emvelweni. Bangochwepheshe beqiniso ku- ukuzingela ngokuqamekela: Ziheha inyamazane yazo nge-illicium futhi, lapho isondela ngokwanele, zivula umlomo wazo omkhulu futhi zikhiqize ukumunca kungazelelwe lokho ngokwezwi nezwi “okumunca” ngaphakathi. Ukwakheka kwamazinyo aso kusebenza njenge hlola i-valve ukuvimbela ukuphunyuka.
Ngaphezu komlomo wokunwebeka, une-a isisu esinwebekayo Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zikwazi ukusizakala ngokubamba okukhethekile futhi ziphile isikhathi eside sokuntuleka kokudla. Ezindaweni lapho ukudla kufika ngokungalindelekile, lelisu liyisihluthulelo sokusinda.
Okushubile ubumnyama, ukucindezela nokubanda kwenza lezi zinhlanzi zidle amandla amancane ekunyakazeni: zincamela ukulinda isikhathi esifanele ngaphambi kokuba ziqalise ukuhlasela, zikhulise amandla azo. ukulinganisela kwamandlaKu-ecosystem ye-abyssal, badlala indima ye izilwane ezizingelayo eziphezulu ngezinga elincane, ukushintsha inani labantu bezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihlala phansi futhi kugaywe kabusha i-biomass eyehla phezulu.
Ukuzala
Uma kuziwa ekuzaleni, le nhlanzi ayijwayelekile neze. Owesifazane une-ovary eyodwa kuphela ehlanganiswe ne-epithelium efana ne-villi. Ngifuna ukwazi nakakhulu, Iduna liba uhlobo “lwezinambuzane zocansi” lapho ikhwelana nensikazi. Uma kubhekwa amabanga amakhulu kanye nokuminyana kwabantu okuphansi, owesilisa unikela impilo yakhe kubo thola owesifazane, eqondiswa izimpawu zamakhemikhali nezibonwayo.
Uma uyithola, ikhiqiza inyunyana ngokulumaKwamanye ama-Lophiiformes, ngemva kokubambelela kwamazinyo, kukhona a ukuhlanganiswa kwezicubu phakathi kwabo bobabili abantu; owesilisa wehlisa esakhe uhlelo lokugaya ukudla nezitho, bese encika ku ukujikeleza kwegazi kwabesifazane ukuze bazondle. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukutholakala kwesidoda sezintambo ezizayo. Ukuvundisa kuvame ngaphandle: Eyensikazi idedela amaqanda kanti eyeduna ikhipha isidoda ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi amaqanda akhula ngokuzimela.
Ezizukulwaneni ezithile ezihlobene, abesifazane bangase bahlaselwe yi-parasite abesilisa abambalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, kanye nokuguqulwa okungavamile kwe-immunology kuye kwachazwa okuvimbela ukwenqatshwa kwalesi "graft" ephilayo. Nakuba imininingwane ihluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ukuthambekela okuvamile kuyefana: ukwandisa impumelelo yokuzala endaweni lapho ukuzithola kuyinselele enkulu kakhulu.
Akufanele kudidaniswe ne-aquarium lanternfish
Ekuhwebeni kwe-aquarium, "inhlanzi ye-lantern" ibizwa nangokuthi I-Poropanchax evamile (ngokwengxenye kufana ne Aplocheilichthys normani), uhlobo Amanzi ahlanzekile ase-Afrika ehluke kakhulu kwalasha I-Centrophryne spinulosaLe nhlanzi encane ye cishe u-4,5 cm, ngokuziphatha okunokuthula nokunobungane, uhlala kuyo imifula, imifudlana nemifula futhi yakhe izikole ezisebenzayo. Ibekezelela kahle ukuhlukahluka kokuqina kanye ne-pH, uhlala ku 24-26 ºC futhi idla njenge omnivore ye-brine shrimp kanye nokudla okuthengiswayo.
Amehlo akhe akhombisa a ukubonakaliswa okwesibhakabhaka emangalisa kakhulu (yingakho igama elijwayelekile). Igcinwa ku-aquariums kusuka Ama-80 amalitha ngokuhlunga okuhle, umoya-mpilo, nezitshalo eziningi. Ayihlangene nelasha elithi Lophiiformes ngaphandle kwesiteketiso esidumile; yingakho kubalulekile ukwehlukanisa kokubili uma ukhuluma "ngezinhlanzi ze-lantern".
Ilukuluku lwenhlanzi ye-lantern
Naphezu kokuhlala ekujuleni, le nhlanzi ithintwa abantu. Ku-seafood gastronomy, ezinye izinhlobo zidume ngokuthi "izinhlanzi ze-lantern" noma izihlobo eziseduze (njengama-Lophiiformes athile asogwini kanye nama-myctophid, nawo angama-bioluminescent) angase avele ku- izitsha zesifundaEndabeni yezidalwa zakwalasha zangempela, ukuthunjwa kwazo okuqondile okukhethekile ngenxa yobunzima bezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuminyana kwabantu okuphansi.
Ukuvela kwayo ngezikhathi ezithile ebusweni Kungase kuhlotshaniswe kwezinye izimo nezimo ze-oceanographic ezifana I-El Niño, eshintsha imisinga namazinga okushisa, idale ukufa okubonakalayo kanye nemicimbi ebambekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- i-acidification yolwandle kanye neminye imithelela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ishintsha indawo ejulile, okunemiphumela isayensi esayidalula.
Ngokuya ngezimo ezimbi lapho i-lanternfish ihlala khona, ukuthwebula lezi zinhlobo kuba yinto eyinkimbinkimbi ngempela kubantu. Zingama-25 kuphela izifanekiso ezithathiwe. kusukela kwatholakala uhlobo. Naphezu kwalokhu, iwuhlobo oludume ngayo Izici ezihlukile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe ku izimoto ezingaphansi kwamanzi, izinzwa kanye namasampula angalimazi kuzosivumela ukuthi sandise ulwazi lwethu ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo.
Izinhlanzi ze-lantern azigcini nje ngokuba nobuhlobo namabhaktheriya e-bioluminescent, kodwa zikhona izinhlobo eziningi ezihlobene nazo ezikhanyisa izitho zemizimba yazo ukuze zinyakaze, zondle, futhi zazane. Ku-Lophiiformes, lokhu kukhanya kuyisihluthulelo ku ukuxhumana kwe-intraspecific nasempumelelweni yokuzingela.
Njengedatha eyengeziwe emangalisa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwe-oda i-Lophiiformes: kwezinye izizukulwane ezifana I-Ceratias, abesifazane bangabamba kuze kube abesilisa abayisithupha kuhlanganisiwe; baye bachazwa ukujwayela amasosha omzimba kwabesilisa abathanda lokhu kuhlanganiswa; futhi kukhona izinhlobo ezinkulu ezifana I-Ceratias holboelli, ekwazi ukudlula imitha eyodwa ubude, nakuba i-protagonist yalesi sihloko incane kakhulu. Kuyathakazelisa futhi ubudlelwano bayo ne ukudlwengula umthengisi wezinhlanzi (Lophius piscatorius), i-Lophiiforme yasogwini engenayo i-illicium ye-bioluminescent njengoba ithuthukiswe njengaleyo yolwandle, kodwa i-morphology efanayo wekhanda nomlomo.
Lolu hambo lubonisa isilwane esingajwayelekile esiveza amasu okuziphendukela kwemvelo anembayo: i-symbiotic bioluminescence, ukuzingela ngobuqili bakho, i-dimorphism yocansi eyedlulele kanye nesayensi yokwakheka komzimba eklanyelwe imikhawulo yokuhlala. Ukonga izindawo zabo ezihlala ekujuleni kolwandle kanye nokukhuthaza ucwaningo olunomthwalo wemfanelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni kangcono ukuhlukahluka okufihliwe kwezilwandle.
