Izinhlanzi zeCatfish Ingenye yezinhlanzi ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ihlukaniswa ngamadevu ayo avelele, afana nawekati. Yaziwa nangokuthi i-catfish futhi itholakala ngobuningi olwandle nasemifuleni. Ingowesigaba se- Ama-Siluriformes nomndeni I-PimelodiadaeLeli qembu lihlanganisa izinhlanzi ezikhuluphele, ezinamafutha amaningi, ngakho-ke, inyama eningi eyigugu ekudliwa ngabantu.
Iqembu elikhulu lezinhlanzi ezifuywayo lihlanganisa imindeni eminingi kanye nezinkulungwane zezinhlobongezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zobukhulu, izimo, imibala, izindawo zokuhlala, kanye nokuziphatha. Kunezinhlanzi ezincane ezingama-catfish ezingangesentimitha elilodwa ubude kanye neziqhwaga ezisinda kalula amakhilogremu angu-200, okwenza lolu hlelo lube ngelinye lazo zonke izilwane zasemanzini ezinomgogodla ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwenani lazo lemvelo, izinhlobo eziningi ziyisihluthulelo se- aquaculture futhi imele umthombo obalulekile wezomnotho emazweni amaningi.
Kulesi sihloko sizochaza le nhlanzi ngokuningiliziwe kanye nazo zonke izici zayo. izici nemisebenzi abanazo ezindaweni zokudoba izinhlanzi zasemanzini, emvelweni, nakwezomnotho. Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngezinhlanzi zasemanzini? Qhubeka ufunda
Izici eziyinhloko
Iningi lamasampula ezinhlanzi zekati lingaphansi kohlelo lwe- Ama-SiluriformesIbizwa nangokuthi i-catfish ngoba inamadevu akheke ngama-tentacles azungeze umlomo wayo afana namadevu ekati. Lawa madevu Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-filamentous barbelsEzinye izinhlanzi zinazo ngaphansi kwemilomo yazo noma ngisho nasezimpumulweni zazo. Njengamakati, lezi zintambo zisetshenziswa njenge... isitho sezinzwaukubona kalula ukudla abazokudla ngisho noma emanzini amnyama futhi bengaboni kahle.
Inani lama-barbel liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwawo, kodwa amaningi awo analo kufika kuma-pair amane kusatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izindawo zamakhala, emakhaleni, kanye nasengqondweni. Lezi zakhiwo zigcwele ama-chemoreceptorsukuze inhlanzi "inambitheke" futhi "inuke" indawo ezungezile lapho ithintana, okuvumela ukuthi ithole izinsalela zezilwane ezizingelwayo, izidumbu, noma izinto eziphilayo phansi ngokunemba okukhulu.
Imizimba yazo inezinhlungu ezibukhali, ezikwazi ukuhoxa engxenyeni engaphambili yezinhlungu zazo zasemhlane nezesifuba. Lezi zinhlungu ziwusizo kakhulu ezindaweni zemvelo lapho zihlaselwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zalezi zinhlungu zinezinhlungu izindlala zobuthi okungajova ubuthi bokuzivikela. Kuye ngohlobo lwezinhlanzi zekati, zingaba nalezi zinhlungu noma zingabi nazo, futhi amandla obuthi nawo ayahlukahluka. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ukuhlaba kuzwakala sengathi ukusha okukhuluNgakho-ke, kumele ziphathwe ngokucophelela ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Isici esikhethekile senhlanzi i-catfish ukuthi inakho isikhumba esiqinile kakhulu futhi asinazo izikaliAmanye amaqembu anezingqwembe zesikhumba ezisebenza njengezivikelo zokuzivikela ekuhlaselweni yizilo. Lezi zivikelo ziye zavela futhi zathatha indawo yezikali emindenini eminingi (njengeLoricariidae noma iDoradidae), ezinezivikelo "eziqinile" eziqondile ezihambisana nobude bemizimba yazo.
Ngokuya ngohlobo oluthile singathola osayizi abahlukahlukene abasuka kumasentimitha angama-50 kuye kumamitha amabili ubude. Kungaba kukhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesisindo, siyithola iphakathi kwamakhilogremu ama-2 kuya kwangama-5 ubukhulu obuseduze namamitha angu-3 ubude kanye nesisindo esingaba ngu-250 kgyize ngaphakathi kohlelo lonke, kuye kwachazwa abantu abafinyelela cishe amamitha angu-4 kanye namakhilogremu angu-300.
Ukwehlukahluka kosayizi ngaphakathi kwe-oda le-Siluriformes kukhulu kangangokuthi kubhekwa njengenye yamaqembu de peces ithambo elinomzimba ububanzi obukhulu bosayizi: kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezincane ezingangesentimitha elilodwa kuya ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile njenge-European wels catfish (I-Silurus glanis) noma i-giant Mekong catfish (I-Pangasianodon gigas).
Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ze-catfish
I-Catfish yakha i-oda Ama-Siluriformesiqembu le-monophyletic elisekelwa kabanzi yi- ubufakazi bama-moleculeBayingxenye ye-superorder I-Ostariophysisokuhlanganisa ne-carp, i-tetras, izinhlanzi zikagesi zaseNingizimu Melika kanye namanye amaqembu abonakala nge-Weber apparatus, isakhiwo samathambo esixhumanisa isinyi sokubhukuda nendlebe yangaphakathi futhi sithuthukise ikhono lazo lokuzwa.
Okwamanje, okulandelayo kuyaqashelwa imindeni eminingi ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-Siluriformes (ezingaphezu kuka-30 ngokusho kwababhali abaningi), cishe Izinhlobo ezingama-400 nokuningi kwe- 3.000 izinhlobo ezichaziweLokhu kusho ukuthi cishe Uhlobo olulodwa kwezingu-20 zezilwane ezinomgogodla Eyaziwa kakhulu yi-catfish, ebeka lolu hlelo phakathi kwesibili noma yesithathu ehlukahlukene kakhulu emhlabeni ngokwenani lezinhlobo.
Ukwehlukahlukana kwemindeni kuphezulu kakhulu futhi kufaka phakathi amaqembu afana nalawa I-Ictaluridae (inhlanzi ejwayelekile yaseNyakatho Melika), I-Pimelodidae (inhlanzi enkulu yaseNingizimu Melika), I-Loricariidae (izinhlanzi ezidla phansi ezihlomile noma ezihlomile), I-Callichthyidae (ama-coridora), Ariidae (inhlanzi yasolwandle i-catfish), I-Claridae (izinhlanzi ezihambayo eziphefumula umoya) kanye nezinye eziningi. Eminye imindeni ihlala emanzini ahlanzekile, eminye ezindaweni zasolwandle, kanti embalwa ihlala emanzini nasemhlabeni phakathi kwamazwe womabili.
Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kukholelwa ukuthi i-catfish ine- Umsuka weGondwanan, igxile kakhulu eNingizimu Melika. Imfuyo yezinhlanzi ezihlomile I-AfrocascudoUkutholakala kwama-siluriform ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-Upper Cretaceous eNyakatho Afrika kusikisela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwama-siluriform kwase kusakazeke kakade ngaphambi kokuqhekeka kwezwekazi elikhulu iGondwana, okuchaza ukuba khona kwawo njengamanje cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi.
I-taxonomy yaleli qembu ihlale ibukezwa: izinhlobo ezintsha nemindeni ziyaqhubeka nokuchazwa, kanti izifundo zofuzo ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa i-phylogeny yangaphakathi yama-SiluriformesLokhu kwenza i-catfish ibe yiqembu elinamandla kakhulu nelijabulisayo ngokombono wesayensi.
Ibanga nendawo yokuhlala
Lolu hlobo lutholakala oLwandle iCaribbean kanye noLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Kuvamile ukubonwa e- iGulf of Mexico nakwamanye amazweKodwa-ke, uma sikhuluma ngeqembu lezinhlanzi zekati ngokuvamile, ukusabalala kwazo cishe kungokweplanethi: zingatholakala ku- amanzi ase-continental kanye nasogwini lwawo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.
Indawo yayo yemvelo ikhawulelwe kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayolapho kugcwele khona izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika, e-Asia nase-Afrika. Noma kunjalo, izinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini zikhona nasezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu, njengezinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini zase-Europe i-wels catfish. Ziyizo zodwa izinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini eziphumelele ukuhlala kuwo. izindawo zokuhlala zamanzi ahlanzekile eMadagascar, e-Australia naseNew Guinea.
Ziningi kakhulu eduze kwezindawo zase- amanzi ahlanzekile nemifula enamandlaKungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusemfuleni noma olwandle, akuvamile ukuthi ihlale ezindaweni ezijulile kakhulu, kodwa ihlale ezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi. izitshalo, izimpande kanye neziqu ukufihla ezidla ezinye izilwane kanye nezilwane ezidla uhlaza. Izinhlobo eziningi zithanda izinqe ze- amatshe, isihlabathi noma udaka emanzini acwebile futhi anomthunzi, kanti amanye ajwayeleka kahle kakhulu emanzini amnyama angabonakali kahle.
Kukhona nezinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini eziye zakha izindawo zokuhlala ezikhethekile kakhulu: okungenani imindeni eyisishiyagalombili inezinhlobo i-hypogea (abahlala ngaphansi komhlaba) kanti abaningana banjalo ama-troglobia (abahlali basemhumeni abakhethekile), njenga I-Phreatobius cisternarum, ehlala ezimisweni zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izinhlobo zemindeni Ariidae y I-Plotosidae Zihlala emanzini asolwandle noma emiseleni futhi zihlala emanzini anosawoti.
Ngokuvamile, zibhekwa njengezinhlanzi ze- imikhuba ye-benthicOkusho ukuthi, zihlotshaniswa nephansi. Zibonisa ukuntanta okungekuhle (zivame ukucwila) ngenxa yekhanda lazo elisindayo, elinamathambo kanye nesinye sokubhukuda esinciphile, okuzisiza ukuthi zihlale eduze kwesisekelo ngenkathi zidla.
Ukuziphatha nokondla
Le nhlanzi ithanda ukuthula. Kodwa-ke, uma isongelwa, iyakwazi ukukhulula ubuthi obugcinwe emithanjeni yamaphiko ayo. Amandla obuthi ancike ohlotsheni futhi angabangela ubuhlungu obukhulu kanye nokusabela kokuvuvukala kubantu nakwezinye izilwane.
Isidlakudla esikhulu anaso i-catfish ngabantuUsongo olukhulu kunawo wonke yikudoba njalo lolu hlobo lwenyama ukuze kutholakale inyama yalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukungcola, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinye izindawo kuye kunciphisa kakhulu inani labantu abathile. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi ziyacatshangelwa. eqinile futhi zizalana kalula, okuyinto eye yasiza ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi.
Ngokuqondene nekhono layo lokuzingela, iyisitha esikhulu esikwaziyo ukudla ngaphandle kokwenza umzamo omkhulu. Iningi lezinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini zinjalo. abathumbi basebusuku Basebenzisa izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo, izilwane ezifile, izinhlanzi ezincane ezigulayo noma ezibuthakathaka, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezitholakala phansi kolwandle. Leli cebo libavumela ukuthi bachithe imali amandla amancane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezidla ezinye ezibhukuda ngokushesha futhi ezisebenzayo.
Ukudla kwabo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi indawo yabo yemvelo ingumfula noma ulwandle. Labo abahlala emifuleni balinda ukuthi umsinga ulethe ukudla kwabo. Ngakho-ke, ababhekwa njengabazingeli abakhulu, kodwa kunalokho babhekwa njengabazingeli abangosomathuba. Okuphambene nalokho kuyiqiniso kulabo abahlala olwandle, lapho izinhlobo eziningi ziba khona... izidla inyama ezisebenzayoUkudla kwabo abakuthandayo kufaka phakathi izinhlanzi ezincane kunabo, izilwane ezinamagobolondo, izibungu, izinambuzane zasemanzini, kanye nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezihlala phansi.
Ngaphakathi kweqembu kukhona nezinhlobo omnivorous okuhlanganisa ekudleni kwabo ulwelwe, imbewu kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo, ngisho nezinye abadli bemifino kuphelaLokhu kuguquguquka kokudla kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini ziphumelela kangaka nokuthi kungani ezinye izinhlobo zingaba yizidlakela uma zifakwa ezindaweni zemvelo ezingezona ezazo.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kweCatfish
Uma ifinyelela ubude obungama-25 cm, kubhekwa ukuthi isifinyelele esicongweni sayo. ukuvuthwa ngokocansiInqubo yokuzala iqala njengoba intwasahlobo isondela futhi amazinga okushisa enyuka. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, isikhathi sokuzalana sigxila engxenyeni efudumele kakhulu yonyaka. Ukuvundisa kwenziwa ngaphandle: insikazi ikhipha amaqanda bese eyesilisa iwavundisa emanzini.
Ukuze kwenziwe lokhu, abesifazane babekela amaqanda kanye ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, izinhlanzi zesilisa ziyakwazi ukuvundisa abesifazane abaningana. Inani lamaqanda akhiqizwayo lincike ku- usayizi kanye nobudala kwensikazi, futhi ingasukela emakhulwini ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni eziningana nge-clutch, okunikeza iqembu ikhono elikhulu lokululama lapho izimo zivuma.
Uma sifuna ukuzala kuqale ethangini lezinhlanzi, kubalulekile ukugcina izinga lokushisa liseduze Ama-20 degrees noma ngaphezulu kancane, kuye ngohlobo oluthile. Izimo zendawo yazo yemvelo kumele zilinganiswe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka, okuhlanganisa imijikelezo yokukhanya, ikhwalithi yamanzi, kanye nokuba khona kwezindawo zokucasha lapho abantu abadala bengakwazi khona vikela isethingiEzinhlotsheni eziningi, eyesilisa yakha noma ilungiselela isidleke, umgodi, noma indawo yokukhosela lapho izodonsela khona eyesifazane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhathi Amaqanda athatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-8 ukuchamiselaKodwa-ke, lesi sikhathi singaba sifushane noma sibe side kuye ngokushisa kwamanzi. Izibungu zivame ukudla isikhwama sazo somquba kuqala, bese kuthi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa (phakathi kuka-3 no-5 kuye ngohlobo lwazo), ziqale ukudla umabhebhanaizilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla bese kuba ukudla okuncane okukhethekile okuthosiwe.
Inyama ye-catfish ifunwa kakhulu ngenxa yekhwalithi yayo ephezulu kanye nezindleko zayo. Iqukethe inani elikhulu... amaprotheni, isilinganiso esincane samathambo amahle ezinhlotsheni eziningi kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile okwaziswa kakhulu ekudleni kwendabuko kwamazwe amaningi.
Ukunakekelwa kwabathunjiweyo
Uma uthenga i-catfish ye-aquarium yakho, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ingakanani. imikhuba yezinhlobo ukulungisa i-aquarium ngandlela thile. Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi imikhuba iyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, kokubili isimo sendawo yangaphakathi, kanye nethangi lezinhlanzi, Kumelwe zihambisane nohlobo lwezinhlanzi zekati esizozethula..
Iningi labo badinga izingodo nezinye izesekeli ukukwazi fihlaEzinye izinhlobo zidinga ukukhanya okuncane futhi ziyawathanda ama-aquarium ane- izindawo ezinombalaIzitshalo ezintantayo kanye nezindawo zokukhosela zamatshe noma zezinkuni zivamile. Ezinye, njenge-corydoras, zikhetha izindawo ezivulekile ezinesikhala sokufuna ukudla esihlabathini.
Ngokuphathelene nokondla, udinga futhi ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni nokuthi ludla kanjani kusengaphambili; ezinye zinjalo imidlwane, abanye imifino Futhi eziningi zidla ngisho nezinhlobo zokudla (ezidla yonke into). Ngenxa yalesi simo, singazithola ezitolo eziningi ze-aquarium. ukudla kwe-catfish fish Lokhu kudla okulinganiselayo kuyasiza kakhulu ekugcineni izinhlanzi. Kungangezelelwa ngokudla okuphilayo noma okuqandisiwe (izibungu, izimfanzi ze-brine, izilwane ezincane ezinamagobolondo) kanye namaphilisi okucwilisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamzimba ezibalulekile azintuli.
Kunconywa ukuthi kube ne-aquarium engaphansi kwe-aquarium. isakhiwo esihle ukuze zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa kahle nephansi. Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zichitha isikhathi sazo esiningi phansi kwe-aquarium, futhi uma sibeka isakhiwo esihle esifana nohlaluZizojwayela kangcono futhi izimpondo zazo zizovikelwa ekulimaleni. Ezinhlotsheni ezinama-barbel athuthuke kakhulu, isihlabathi esithambile singcono kunetshe elibukhali.
Amanzi kumele ahlale kuhlanzekile futhi nge umoya-mpilo omuhleNgakho-ke, uhlelo lokuhlunga kumele lube luhle uma sifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyasinda. Njengezinhlanzi zase-benthic, zizwela kakhulu ekuqongeleleni imfucuza phansiNgakho-ke, kuyalulekwa ukufutha njalo, ukushintsha amanzi kancane, nokugwema ukufutha ngokweqile okubangela ukubola kwezinsalela.
Okunye okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile yi- usayizi omdala yezinhlobo. Ezinye izinhlanzi ezithengiswa njengezincane njengezinhlanzi zokuhlobisa zingafinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu futhi zingafaneleki kuma-aquarium amancane asekhaya, zidinga amachibi noma ama-aquarium omphakathi. Ngaphambi kokuthenga, qiniseka ukuthi ucwaninga ngobukhulu obukhulu kanye nokuziphatha kwazo (ezinye izinhlobo zinokuthula kakhulu, kanti ezinye zidla ezinye).
Izintshisekelo ze-Catfish fish
Le nhlanzi inendlela engavamile yokuxhumana. Ikhiqiza imisindo engavamile kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi stridulationLe misindo ihlanganisa umsindo wokuklinya noma wokushaya okhiqizwa ngokuhlikihla imisipha yamaphiko esifuba ebhandeni lamahlombe noma ngokudlidliza isinyi sokubhukuda kusetshenziswa imisipha ekhethekile. Le misindo isebenza xhumana ezimweni zokuthandana, ukuzivikela, noma ukwethuka futhi kungahluka ngobukhulu, ubude besikhathi, kanye nephethini kuye ngohlobo kanye nomongo.
Ngaphezu kwe-stridulation, izinhlobo eziningi ziye zathuthukisa ukuzwa ngenxa yedivayisi ye-Weberian, evumela ukuthi zikwazi thola imisindo ephansi futhi uthole umthombo wemisindo engaphansi kwamanzi. Lolu hlelo lokuxhumana nge-acoustic luyisihluthulelo ezindaweni ezimnyama lapho ukubonakala kulinganiselwe khona.
Ema-aquarium, isetshenziselwa hlanza izimali njengoba zidla konke ezingakuthola ngezidladla zazo. Nakuba zingathathi indawo yokunakekelwa okufanele, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zekati ziyasiza lawula imfucuza yemveloulwelwe kanye nezinsalela zokudla, ngakho-ke kubhekwa "njengemishini yokuhlanza" yangempela ezindaweni zasemanzini.
Ukunakekela amaphuphu owesilisa kufanele afune indawo efanelekile lapho insikazi ibekela khona amaqandaKwezinye izinhlobo, eyeduna iqapha, iwaphephe futhi iwavikele amaqanda ezitheni, ikhombisa ukuziphatha kwabazali okuthuthukile kakhulu. Kwezinye, bobabili abazali bahlanganyela ekuvikeleni isidleke noma indawo yokukhosela.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-catfish ziye zathuthuka ekuzivumelaniseni okunamandla kakhulu: kukhona i-catfish kagesi ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ukushaqeka, "ezihamba" i-catfish ezingahamba ezweni elimanzi zisebenzisa amaphiko azo asesifubeni kanye nomoya wokuphefumula, kanye ne-catfish ehlala emihumeni eseyilahlekelwe umbala kanye nokubona ngokuphelele.
Ngokombono wezomnotho nowezenhlalo, i-catfish ingenye yezinhlanzi ezifuywa kakhulu ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi emhlabeni jikelele, enikeza umthombo wamaprotheni ongabizi kanye nokukhiqiza amathuba emisebenzi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ukutshalwa kwayo okujulile emachibini noma emakhejini sekusabalele kulo lonke elaseMelika, e-Afrika nase-Asia, kanti izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezixubile zikhethwe ngenxa yokukhula kwazo okusheshayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa kahle namapulazi.
Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokwehlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, ukungafani kwesimoUkubaluleka kwemvelo kanye nenani lezomnotho le-catfish kuyenza ibe yiqembu de peces Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kulabo abajabulela imvelo, izindawo zokugcina amanzi noma ukudla.