Umlando wokuphila eMhlabeni uphawuleka ngokuvela, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye nokushabalala kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa abambalwa kuphela abakwazile ukusinda ezigidini zeminyaka yoguquko kuyilapho begcina izici ezicishe zifane nezokhokho babo. izinhlanzi zangaphambi komlando Bangofakazi abaphilayo bezahluko zakuqala zomlando wezilwane weplanethi. Abanye babehlala nama-dinosaurs, kanti abanye, ngokumangalisayo, baye basinda kuze kube namuhla bengashintshile, behlala ekujuleni kolwandle njengezidalwa zangempela. izinsalela eziphilayoZitholele inhlanzi eyisakhiwo sodumo yangaphambi komlando—futhi yimuphi kubo osahlala olwandle namuhla—kulolu hambo olubanzi.
Iyini inhlanzi yangaphambi komlando futhi kungani ezinye zisaphila?
Uma sikhuluma ngakho izinhlanzi zangaphambi komlando, sibhekisela kulezo zinhlanzi ozalo lwazo lusukela ezikhathini ezikude ze-geological, futhi ezigcine izici zakudala ze-morphological and physiological eminyakeni eyinkulungwane. Eziningi zalezi zinhlanzi ziye zasinda ekuqothulweni okukhulu noshintsho olukhulu lwendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho ezinye zehlulekile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Igama izinsalela eziphilayo Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinhlobo zamanje ezibonisa umehluko omncane kakhulu we-morphological kusukela kokhokho bazo bezinto eziphilayo, nakuba ezingeni lofuzo nazo zenze izinguquko (ezinye zihamba kancane, ezinye zibalulekile). Isihluthulelo sokusinda kwabo sisezimweni ezifana nokubekezelelana izindawo ezeqisayo, imijikelezo emide yokuzala kanye nokuncintisana okuncane ezindaweni ezithile zemvelo ekujuleni kolwandle. Okwengeziwe mayelana nosongo lwezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezindaweni eziphilayo.
Ohambweni lwethu phakathi nesikhathi, sihlangabezana nayo yonke into kusukela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezinkulu manje esezishabalele kuya ezincane, zesimanjemanje ezinganakiwe emanzini ajulile kodwa eziphethe izimfihlo zomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
I-Dunkleosteus: I-Devonian Colossus
Enye yezinhlanzi ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ze-prehistory kwakuyi- I-Dunkleosteus, ilungu elivelele lomkhaya wama-arthrodire placoderms—owokuqala omkhulu izinhlanzi ezinomgogodla ezinemihlathiUbukhona bazo babubusa izilwandle ngesikhathi se-Devonian, cishe phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-380 kanye ne-360 yeminyaka edlule.
I-Dunkleosteus yayibonakala ngogebhezi olukhulu, olukhulu olumbozwe ngamapuleti amathambo njengezikhali. Imihlathi yayo, enamathambo acijile esikhundleni samazinyo, yayinamandla abhubhisayo, eyivumela ukuba iwachoboze kalula amagobolondo ezinye izinhlanzi nezisulu ezinkulu.
Ngosayizi omangalisayo, kufika ku Amamitha ayi-10 ubude futhi anesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ama-3Lesi silwane esizingelayo sasihlala esiqongweni seqoqo lokudla olwandle lwaso. Ukunyakaza kwawo, nakuba kwakungasheshi njengoshaka besimanje, kwakuphumelela kakhulu ekuqamekeleni nasekuhlaseleni okuqondile.
Izinsalela zeDunkleosteus zaqala ukutholwa eduze kweLake Erie, okwabangela uphenyo oluningi nokwakhiwa kabusha, okuningi kwakho okuye kwasikhanyisela ngokuthi yayinjani impilo yasolwandle ngaphambi kokuvela kwama-dinosaurs.
I-Xiphactinus: I-predator yamanzi aseCretaceous
El I-Xiphactinus Iyingxenye yeqembu lama-teleosts futhi yayingenye yezinhlanzi ezidliwayo ezazisatshwa kakhulu Okuhle kakhuluIgama layo, ngokwezwi nezwi elisho ukuthi “inkemba ephiko,” libikezela imvelo yalo yokuphanga kanye nokuvumelana nezimo ezimangalisayo.
Ngokuyinhloko yayihlala ezindaweni zasolwandle eziseningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yendawo manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-United States, kodwa ububanzi bayo buye bafinyelela ezifundeni zaseMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Umzimba wayo wawumude, wafinyelela ubude 4,3 futhi 6 amamitha ubudeAmaphiko ayo anamandla ayegqamile, anikezwe imisebe engamathambo ephumele ngaphandle ayeyenza ibe namandla amakhulu futhi ikwazi ukuhambahamba.
Ikhanda le-Xiphactinus laliyisicaba futhi linemihlathi emikhulu enamazinyo abukhali, ekwazi ukugwinya inyamazane yobukhulu obukhulu. Izinsalela ezitholakele zikhombisa ngisho nezibonelo zabantu abadala ezinezinsalela zabantu abasha ngaphakathi, okufakazela izenzakalo ze ukudla abantu.
Eminye imibono iphakamisa ukuthi i-Xiphactinus kungenzeka ukuthi yayihlala ngamaqembu amancane, okwakungayivumela ukuthi ibuse ngempumelelo izindawo zokuhlala ezihlukahlukene futhi isebenzise izinsiza ezihlukahlukene ze-trophic.
I-Cretoxyrhina: I-Ginsu Shark ye-Prehistory
El I-CretoxyrhinaIqanjwe ngokuthi "ushaka we-Ginsu" ngesimo esibukhali samazinyo ayo, yayingenye yezilwane ezinkulu ezidla olwandle zaseCretaceous. Ukubukeka nobukhulu bawo kusikhumbuza ushaka omkhulu omhlophe wanamuhla, ofana nawo ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ukukwazi ukufinyelela phezulu 7 amamitha ubude, iCretoxyrhina yayinemihlathi eqinile ehlome ngamazinyo afinyelela ku-7 cm ubude, asakazwe ngemigqa emibili yezingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-30 ngamunye. Ukudla kwayo kwakunomsoco futhi kuhlukahlukene:de peces, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle, kwabanye oshaka abancane.
Ukulunywa kwayo okunamandla nokunembayo kwayivumela ukuba iklebhule ngokushesha inyama namathambo enyama yayo. Ukusebenza kahle kwalesi silwane esizingelayo kube nomthelela ekwenzeni ulwandle lwaseCretaceous luqhudelane kakhulu futhi lube yizindawo eziyingozi.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-paleontological luqinisekise indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa i-Cretoxyrhina ekulawuleni abantu basolwandle, ihlanganisa indawo yayo njengomdlali oyinhloko ku-ecosystem yangaphambilini.
I-Squalicorax: I-carrion shark ye-prehistory
El Ama-squalicorax kwakungolunye uhlobo lukashaka olwaluhlala olwandle ngesikhathi seCretaceous. Ngaphandle yayifana kakhulu ne-tiger shark yamanje, enobukhulu obuhluka phakathi 2 futhi 5 amamitha ubudeUkuphakama kwayo okuphezulu kwakungavamile ukudlula amamitha angu-3.
Loshaka wawunomlomo ogcwele amazinyo abukhali, aphindele emuva, alungele womabili bamba inyamazane ephilayo ngokwanele ukuthuthukisa ukuziphatha kokukhipha. Izinsalela zezinsalela zibonisa ukuthi yayinokudla okuhluke kakhulu kwe-omnivorous futhi ayizange idebe izinsalela zezinye izilwane ezifile.
Ukuphumelela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-Squalicorax kwakungenxa yengxenye yayo ukuguquguquka kokudla, okwabavumela ukuba baphile ekushintsheni izindawo zokuhlala futhi baqhudelane ngokuphumelelayo ku-Cretaceous marine ecosystem.
Izinhlanzi zangaphambi komlando zisaphila nanamuhla: Izinsalela eziphilayo ezilwandle lwethu
Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zangaphambi komlando ezanyamalala. Ezinye izinhlanzi ezingavamile ziye zakwazi ukuphila kuze kube namuhla. futhi kungabhekwa njengezinsalela zeqiniso eziphilayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-coelacanth, i-hagfish, i-sturgeon, i-lamprey, nezinye izinhlobo ezingaziwayo kakhulu kodwa ezithakazelisa ngokufanayo.
- i-coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae and Latimeria menadoensis): Le nhlanzi ene-lobe-finned yayibhekwa njengengasekho kwaze kwaba yilapho kutholakala isifanekiso esiphilayo maphakathi nekhulu lama-100 emanzini ajulile ase-Afrika nase-Indonesia. I-coelacanth mikhulu, ilinganiselwa kumamitha amabili futhi inesisindo esicishe sibe yi-XNUMX kg. Ahlukaniswa ngamaphiko azo abhanqiwe anesakhiwo samathambo angaphakathi, abhekwa njengabanduleli bezitho zezilwane ezinomgogodla wasemhlabeni. Bahlala phakathi imigede engaphansi kwamanziZihamba kancane, zihlala isikhathi eside, futhi zinezinga lokuzala eliphansi kakhulu. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi luye lwaqhubeka nokuvela, nakuba luhamba kancane kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zasolwandle.
- Ama-Mixinos (i-hagfish noma i-hyperotretos): Ibhekwa phakathi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla ezindala ezisekhona, ezinezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-60 ezisekhona. Umzimba wabo omude, ozacile, ukuntuleka kwemihlathi, imikhuba yokumunca kanye ne-viscera-ukuncelisa ibenza bahluke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangakhiqiza amafinyila amaningi njengesivikelo.
- izibaniIzimuncagazi ezinde, ezifana ne-eel zasolwandle eziye zaba khona iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400. Zizinamathisela kwezinye izinhlanzi ngemilomo yazo yenkomishi futhi zidla igazi lazo. I-morphology yabo ishintshile kancane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nokhokho babo bezinto zakudala.
- I-Sturgeon: Kuhlanganisa cishe izinhlobo ezingama-27 eziye zaba khona cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-200. Ama-sturgeons angaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu futhi afinyelele osayizi abakhulu. Njengamanje basengozini ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile ukuhweba kwe-caviar.
- Ezinye izinsalela eziphilayoUshaka othosiwe, ushaka waseGreenland (okwazi ukuphila amakhulu eminyaka), i-nautilus, izimfanzi zehhashi nezinkalankala, ezinye izimfanzi ze-tadpole, ne-jellyfish zimelela izizukulwane zangaphambi komlando ezisekhona.
Lezi zinsalela eziphilayo zivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezijulile, ezingafinyeleleki, okunomthelela ekusindeni kwazo kanye nokunensa kokuguquguquka kwe-morphological.
I-Hagfish nama-lampreys: Ama-Agnathans kusukela esikhathini esidlule kuze kube manje
I-Los i-hagfish futhi i izibani abeqembu lasendulo de peces engenamihlathi, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-agnathan. Ziyizinsika emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezilwane ezinomgogodla.
I-Hagfish inekhono eliyingqayizivele lokukhiqiza into enamathelayo eyisebenzisa njengesivikelo lapho izizwa isongelwa. Ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi imikhuba yazo yokudla ingavamile kangangokuthi ngokuvamile zimba izilwane ezifile noma ezifayo ukuze zizishwabadele ngaphakathi, zisebenzisa ulimi lwazo olunamazinyo.
Ama-Lamprey wona anomumo oyisilinda nomlomo oyindilinga ogcwele amazinyo anezimpondo. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyizilokazane eziyisibopho, ezizivumela ukuba ziphile ngokuzihlanganisa nezinye izilwane zasolwandle futhi zidle igazi lazo.
I-Lancetfish: Ukubukeka okuqinile kanye nemvelaphi ekude
El I-Lancetfish (I-Alepisaurus ferox) ingesinye isibonelo esimangalisayo sozalo lwasendulo olunokubukeka kwangaphambi komlando ngokungangabazeki. Ngomzimba omude futhi ocindezelwe, ungafinyelela kumamitha amabili ubude. Iphiko layo elikhulu lomhlana, elifana noseyili, nemihlathi yalo enamazinyo abukhali kuyenza ibe isilwane esizingelayo sasolwandle esiphumelelayo.
Idla ngokuyinhloko de peces ama-cephalopods amancane nama-crustaceans. Ivamise ukubhukuda ekujuleni okukhulu futhi ayivamisile ukubonakala eduze nendawo, ngaphandle uma ithwalwa amaza noma ivaleleke ngephutha.
I-Arowana: Ukuguqulwa Okumangalisayo okuvela ku-Jurassic
El I-ArowanaUmndeni wakwa-Osteoglossidae uyinsalela ephilayo ozalo lwawo lusukela kuJurassic. Ihlala emifuleni nasemachibini aseNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika, e-Asia nase-Australia. Idume ngekhono layo eliyingqayizivele lokugxuma amamitha amabili ukusuka emanzini ukuze ibambe inyamazane efana nezinyoni noma izinambuzane, ikhono eliyihlukanisa phakathi kwezilwane ezidla amanzi ahlanzekile.
Umzimba we-Arowana mude futhi umbozwe amazenga amakhulu, acwebezelayo, osekwenze yaba inhlanzi eyaziswa kakhulu emazweni omhlaba.
I-Coelacanth: Isithonjana sezinsalela eziphilayo
El i-coelacanth ithatha indawo ehloniphekile emlandweni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kungokweqembu le actinistios, inhlanzi ene-lobe-finned eyavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400 edlule. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayisekho kwaze kwaba yilapho itholwa kabusha ngekhulu lama-XNUMX ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika futhi kamuva e-Indonesia. I-coelacanth ingenye yezilwane zasolwandle ezisondelene kakhulu nezilwane zokuqala ezihlala ezweni: amaphiko ayo ane-lobe-finned anezakhiwo zamathambo afana namathambo emilenze yezilwane eziphila emhlabeni.
Ihlala emihumeni ejulile futhi ayivamile ukusondela phezulu. Imetabolism yayo ihamba kancane, ikhiqiza i-ovoviviparously, futhi ingaphila amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. I-coelacanth inokuguquguquka okuyingqayizivele, njenge-a umhlathi onyakazayo kanye nohlelo lwezinzwa olukwazi ukubona amandla kagesi.
Okungenani izinhlobo ezimbili eziphilayo zikhonjiwe: I-Latimeria chalumnae ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika, futhi I-Latimeria menadoensis emanzini ase-Indonesia. Zombili zibhekwa njengezisengozini enkulu ngenxa yokubanjwa okungabanjwanga nokushintsha kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikali zayo ezinkulu, ezimahhadlahhadla, kanye nemibala yayo (kusuka koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okujulile kuya ensundu) kanye nobukhulu bayo obukhulu, kwenza i-coelacanth uphawu lwangempela lokumelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ezinye izinsalela eziphilayo nezinhlobo ezinezinhlu zasendulo
Uhlu lwezinhlobo zasolwandle ezinemvelaphi yangaphambilini alugcini lapha. Kunezinye izidalwa ezilandelanayo kanye nendlela yokuma kwazo eziye zamelana nesikhathi, njenge:
- ushaka wasegreenlandIbhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezinomgogodla eziphile isikhathi eside kakhulu emhlabeni. Iminyaka yokuphila kwayo ingase idlule amakhulu amane eminyaka. Ihlala emanzini abandayo eNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
- Ushaka othosiwe (Chlamydoselachus anguineus): Ifosili ephilayo yeqiniso enezici ezifana ne-eel eshintshe kancane kakhulu eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu.
- NautilusI-Cephalopod molluscs egcine igobolondo legobolondo lendabuko iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-500.
- I-shrimp kanye ne-horseshoe crabAma-arthropods anokubukeka nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo acishe afane namadlozi awo amathambo. Ziye zasinda ekuqothulweni okuningi okuningana, futhi izimiso zazo zokwakheka komzimba ziyizibonelo zokukhuthazela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
- Tadpole shrimpAma-crustaceans amancane, akhona emhlabeni iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200. Ziyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi ziphile ngoba amaqanda azo achanyuselwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo zemvelo.
- I-Jellyfish nezipontshi: Phakathi kwezilwane ezindala kakhulu, ezinezinsalela zakudala ezisukela emakhulwini ezigidi zeminyaka, futhi ngisho nenkulungwane yeminyaka yokwakheka komhlaba kwezinye izimo.
Ukuvikela lezi zinhlu zozalo zasendulo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nomlando wemvelo weplanethi.Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zisengozini enkulu ngenxa yokuxhashazwa, ukungcola nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukucwaninga, ukuqonda, nokwazisa umlando wabo ongajwayelekile kubalulekile ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukongiwa kwabo kanye nokuqonda kangcono ukuthi impilo yakwazi kanjani ukunqoba futhi ijwayelane nawo wonke amagumbi oMhlaba.
