Emanzini agcwele izilwandle zethu, imifula nezilwandle, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezidalwa eziphilayo. Mhlawumbe, isihloko sozwela kakhulu kubo bonke ngesenhlanzi. Lezi zidalwa ezikhethekile zisinikeza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zobunjwa, imibala, njll., Kepha, futhi ngaphandle kwalesi simo, iningi lazo lingamalungu eqembu elikhethekile esinikeza igama lalo izinhlanzi zamathambo.
Iyini inhlanzi emathambo?
Izinhlanzi zamathambo yilezo zinhlanzi ama-vertebrate nama-gnathostomes (ama-vertebrate abonakala ngokuba nemihlathi echaziwe). Banikezwe ngamathambo angaphakathi amathambo, yingakho igama labo. Bayaziwa futhi ngokuthi Osteictians.
Lolu hlaka lwamathambo lwangaphakathi luyisimo esiyinhloko esibahlukanisa kwelinye iqembu elikhulu. de peces: izinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous. Njengelukuluku, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi kukhona iqembu lesithathu de peces, eyakhiwe izinhlanzi ezingenamhlathi. Lezi zamuva ziyivelakancane kakhulu futhi kunenani elincane kakhulu lezinhlobo phakathi kwazo, ngokwesibonelo, izibani.
Izinhlanzi ezingama-Bony, ikakhulukazi, izinhlanzi esijwayele ukuzibona, okungukuthi, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu njenge-salmon ejwayelekile, i-trout, i-aquarium fish, njll. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlanzi ezihlwabusayo, uma sikhuluma kabanzi, zingoshaka, imisebe nama-mantana.
Izici eziyinhloko zezinhlanzi zamathambo
Amathambo ezinhlanzi zamathambo ahlukaniswe izigaba eziningana: the amathambo e-axial, okunguyena ophethe ingxenye emaphakathi; amathambo e-cephalic ahlala engxenyeni yekhanda; i Amathambo ezoni, lena eseduze kwamaphiko okhalweni nawomgogodla; kanye ne- uhlaka lwamathambo, okuyiyona eyakha amaphiko.
Mhlawumbe umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezinamathambo nezinhlanzi ezisemathanjeni ungaphakathi. Izinhlanzi ezingama-Bony azinayo i- valve Kuvunguza, kodwa banazo i-pyloric blind futhi bakuswela lokho indlala engunxande.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwezinhlanzi ezinamathambo lunazo gill etholakala ngaphakathi kwegumbi le-gill, futhi embozwe uhlobo lwe-operculum oluveza kuphela ukuvuleka okuncane kwe-brachial ohlangothini ngalunye lwesilwane. Kuyaqabukela, yize kungenzeka futhi, ukuthi kuqhamuke i-preoperculum, kepha siyaphikelela ukuthi kuyinto engajwayelekile. Ama-gill athi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi awahlukaniswa yi-septa.
Kwezinye izinhlobo de peces ithambo, i ukubhukuda isinye iguquke yaba yiphaphu. Leli phaphu liyabasiza ukuba bahlale betha, bahambe babheke phezulu.
Umlomo walezi zilwane ubizwa ngokuthi umlomo wokugcina, okwazi ukunyakaza okunembe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye- amathambo e-dermal acacisiwe okwakhiwa ngalo. Amazinyo imvamisa ayizandiso ezincane zala mathambo e-dermal, futhi kufanele kuthiwe ukuphuka noma ukulahleka kwawo kuba ngumonakalo ongalungiseki.
Esinye isici ukuthi ngaphezu kwalesi skeleton sangaphakathi, futhi banamathambo ezingxenyeni zesikhumba sabo njengezikali. Lapho kukhonjwa ukuthi ngabe inhlanzi enamathambo ingeyohlobo oluthile noma olunye, lezi zikali, ikakhulukazi lezo ezitholakala kuhlobo lwazo umugqa ohlangothini nowewela ngaphesheya, zingasisiza kakhulu.
Endabeni yamaphiko, izinhlanzi ezinamathambo zinezinto ezimbalwa ze- amaphiko okhalo, i-pair of amaphiko wesifuba o ama-pectorals (ahambisana ngokuma komzimba nesimo sawo) no noma amaphiko amaningi wangemuva noma endunu. Kuye ngokuthi i-pelvic ne-thoracic fins zikhona, izinhlobo ezine zivela de peces ithambo: isisus (uma amaphiko we-pelvic ehlala ngemuva kwamaphiko we-thoracic), i-thoracic (uma amaphiko ekhaba asezingeni eliphakeme elifanayo noma ngemuva kancane kwaleyo enesigaxa), ama-yogula (uma amaphiko we-pelvic ephambi kwamaphiko we-thoracic) futhi, ekugcineni, i- apodal (Yilezo zinhlanzi ezinamathambo ezingenazo amaphiko okhalo).
Ukudla
Ukupheka ngamazinyo, okungukuthi, amazinyo, kanye nokuma kohlelo lokugaya ukudla kuyanquma lapho kucaciswa ukudliwa kwalezi zinhlanzi. Imvamisa, imvamisa ziyizilwane ezidla inyama, enesisu esikhulu, esine-pyloric cecum eminingana, nethumbu elifushane futhi eliqondile.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona izinhlanzi ezinamathambo ukudla kwazo kungohlobo lohlobo oludlayo, isisu sazo silula, kwesinye isikhathi esihlukanisayo, okwenza isisu esijwayelekile nenye i-crusher. Ngokwengxenye yayo, amathumbu ayinkimbinkimbi futhi made kakhulu.
Ukuzala
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinhlanzi ezingamathambo kuyinto ubulili, bethula abantu bobulili obuhlukene. Kumele kushiwo ukuthi ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane de peces amathambo kuba nzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ngoba abavezi i-dimorphism yocansi ecacile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinhlobo ezithile lapho ubulili, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bubuyiselwa emuva. Kulokhu okuhlukahlukene de peces izinhlanzi ezinamathambo zaziwa njengama-hermaphrodites alandelanayo.
Abesilisa abanaso isitho se-copulatory ngoba ukukhulelwa kungaphandle, ngaphandle kokunye okuhlukile lapho abesilisa benamaphiko endunu enza inqubo yokufaka umquba ngaphakathi.
Iningi labo liyizinhlanzi oviparous, nakuba kuvamile ukuthi amacala avele de peces ithambo umabhebhana y viviparous. ezinye ezihlukahlukene de peces Zinakekela amaqanda azo aze achanyuselwe futhi izingane zizalwe, kodwa akuvamile.
Isikhathi esithandwayo sokuzalisa sincike kakhulu kohlobo.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezingamathambo kanye nenhlanzi enesigaxa
Njengoba sekuchaziwe noma kucashunwe kuyo yonke le ndatshana, ngaphakathi kwezinhlanzi zomhlaba jikelele, sithola izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: izinhlanzi zamathambo y inhlanzi enesigaxa. Yize kungahle kube nokufana okuningi phakathi kwabo, kunokuningi umehluko okubahlukanisayo.
Izinhlanzi ze-Bony ngokusobala zine- skeleton umzimba wethambo kuyilapho leyo yenhlanzi enesigaxa yakhiwa ngu inhliziyo.
Ezinhlanzini zamathambo yebo ukubhukuda isinye futhi a umsila fin lobes alinganayo. Endabeni yezinhlanzi ezinesigaxa, asikho isinye sokubhukuda futhi i I-tail fin ine-lobes ehlukile.
Izikali ezisezinhlanzini zamathambo zikhona uhlobo lwe-cycloid. Izinhlanzi ezinesigaxa semizimba imizimba yazo imbozwe izikali ezincane ze uhlobo lwe-placoid hhayi ukugqagqana.
Ngokuqondene nokuphefumula, kukhona nomunye umehluko. Ezinhlanzini zamathambo kukhona amabhangqa amane amagill kanye ne-gill operculumKodwa-ke, akunjalo ezinhlanzini ezinesihlungu. Laba abakhona amabhangqa amahlanu noma ayisithupha okuvuleka kwegill futhi akukho gill operculum.
Izibonelo de peces ithambo
Ngokuyinhloko, iningi lezinhlanzi esizaziyo zingezase "club" yezinhlanzi ezingamathambo. Kunganikezwa inani elikhulu lezibonelo. Nazi ezinye: grouper, sardines, salmon, hake, carp, mackerel, sea bass, bonito, salmon, horse mackerel, njll..
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlanzi ezingamathambo
Emndenini wezinhlanzi ezingamathambo, singasungula umehluko noma ukuhlukaniswa okusha, abaphikisi babo abane- lindokuhle futhi i sarcopterygios.
I-Los lindokuhle Ziyizinhlanzi ezingamathambo ezikhiphe amaphiko akhiwe yizicubu zethambo. Ugebhezi lwayo ikakhulukazi lwenziwe ngezicubu zesigaxa. Zinezimbobo ezimbili zegill ezivikelwe i-operculum, futhi izikali ziyamangalisa futhi ziyisisekelo. Azinayo ikhala langaphakathi noma i-cloaca.
I-Los sarcopterygios izinhlanzi ezingamathambo zinamaphiko ngisho enezicubu ezinamanzi noma eziwumbala. Lezi zimpiko zifana kakhulu namaphiko amanye ama-amphibian, okuba luphawu olucace bha lwenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngaphakathi kwazo, sinokunye ukuhlukaniswa, phakathi kwezinhlanzi coelacantiforms, oteketiswa ngokuthi coelacanths, nezinhlanzi amaphaphu o I-Dipneas.
Siyethemba ukuthi sikwazile ukukuletha kuleli qembu lezilwane ezikhona osukwini lwethu lwanamuhla nasezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, kepha okungenzeka ukuthi asizazi izinto ezithile ezizenza zibe izinhlanzi ezikhetheke kakhulu.