Ebukhulwini bezilwandle, imifula nezilwandle, i izinhlanzi zamathambo (ama-osteichthyes) akha iqembu elikhulu nelihluke kakhulu lezilwane ezinomgogodla zasemanzini. Lezi zilwane ezithakazelisayo ziza ngezinhlobonhlobo ezimangalisayo zokwakheka, ubukhulu, nemibala, futhi zikhona kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlala emanzini kule planethi, kusukela emanzini asezindaweni ezibandayo kakhulu kuya ekujuleni kolwandle. Kodwa yini ngempela ebachazayo futhi ebahlukanisa kwamanye amaqembu? de peces, njenge-cartilaginous noma engenamihlathi? Ngalesi sihloko, sihlola ngokujulile Izimpawu, ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, izibonelo, kanye nomehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezinamathambo ne-cartilaginous, kanye nezinto ezingaziwa kangako mayelana nebhayoloji yazo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Iyini inhlanzi emathambo?
I-Los izinhlanzi zamathambo, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi Ama-Osteichthyes, akha iqembu ama-gnathostome vertebrates (okungukuthi, ifakwe imihlathi ecacile) isici sayo esiyinhloko ubukhona be-a uhlaka lwangaphakathi lwamathambo kwakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngu ithambo elibaliwe, ngokungafani nezinhlanzi ezinoqwanga, uhlaka lwalo lwamathambo luguquguqukayo futhi lwenziwe ngoqwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banokujwayelana kakhulu nokuphila kwasemanzini, ngemininingwane ye-anatomical kanye neyokuphila ehlukile embusweni wezilwane.
Leli qembu lihlanganisa iningi lezinhlanzi ezikhona zombili amanzi ahlanzekile njengoba amasaladi. Kuvamile ukuthi izinhlanzi ezidliwa abantu (njenge-saumoni, i-carp, i-tuna, noma i-sea bream) zibe izinhlanzi ezinamathambo, njengezinhlobo eziningi ze-aquarium ezihlobisa.
Lapho uhlukanisa izinhlanzi, amaqembu amathathu amakhulu ahlukaniswa:
- Izinhlanzi ezingama-Bony (Osteichthyes): I-Bone skeleton kanye nokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
- Izinhlanzi ze-Cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes): I-cartilage skeleton, isibonelo oshaka, imisebe nemisebe ye-manta.
- Inhlanzi engenamihlathi (Agnatha): Iqembu elincane, elifana namalambu kanye ne-hagfish, elibonakala ngokungabi bikho kwemihlathi nokubukeka okude.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlanzi ezingamathambo
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwesayensi kwezinhlanzi ezingamathambo kuveza isakhiwo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesithakazelisayo:
- Isigaba actinopterygii (inhlanzi ene-ray-finned):
- I-Subclass Chondrostei: Kufaka phakathi ama-sturgeon nezinhlanzi zakudala.
- I-Subclass Neopterygii:
- I-Infraclass Holostei
- I-Infraclass Teleostei: Imele iningi de peces yesimanje.
- Isigaba I-Sarcopterygii (inhlanzi ene-lobe):
- I-Subclass Coelacanthimorpha: ama-coelacanths.
- I-Subclass Dipnoi: I-Lungfish.
- I-Subclass Tetrapodomorpha: Kuhlanganisa okhokho be-tetrapods yasemhlabeni.
Ama-Actinopterygians Bahlanganisa iningi lezinhlobo ezikhona, ezibonakala ngamaphiko asekelwa imisebe yamathambo. I-Sarcopterygian Zihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zasendulo ezinama-lobed fins, ezihlobene ngokuqondile nezilwane ezinomgogodla wasemhlabeni.
Izici eziyinhloko zezinhlanzi zamathambo
- Uhlaka lwamathambo kanye nesakhiwo samathambo
Umzimba uhlukene phakathi amathambo e-axial (umgogodla), i-cephalic (ugebhezi), i-zonal (i-fin anchorage) kanye ne-appendicular (fins). ithambo lamathambo inikeza amandla, isivikelo kanye nekhono lokubhukuda eliphumelelayo.Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous, ama-osteichthyes ane i-ossified vertebrae kanye nezimbambo ezihlukene, okuvumela ukuqina okukhulu kwemisipha nokuguquguquka.
- Ukuphefumula nokuphefumula
Ukuphatha gill ngaphakathi kwegumbi legatsha elikleliswe ngu-a i-operculum mobile, esiza ukuvikela nokugeleza kwamanzi adingekayo ukuze kukhishwe umoya-mpilo.
Kwezinye izimo, ama-gill ashintsha abe amaphaphu akudala noma amaphaphu ukubhukuda isinye kuthatha ingxenye yokuphefumula. - Umlomo, amazinyo nemihlathi
Umlomo wetheminali, oveziwe futhi unembe kakhulu. amazinyo Zivela emathanjeni esikhumba futhi ngokuvamile azishintshwa uma sezilahlekile, ngokungafani noshaka. - izikali
Zimboza umzimba futhi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuya ngokuvela kwemvelo:- Ama-Cycloids: Imiphetho ebushelelezi, ejwayelekile yezinhlobo zakudala.
- Ama-Ctenoids: Imiphetho ehlanganisiwe, ezinhlotsheni zesimanje.
Lezi zilinganiso zisebenza njengesivikelo, zinciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi zisize ekuhlonzweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane (ikakhulukazi ngomugqa ongemuva).
- Amaphiko
Anamapheya amaningana (i-pectoral, pelvic) kanye nama-fins angabhanqiwe (i-dorsal, anal, caudal). Kuye ngokuma kwe-pelvic ne-thoracic fins, sihlukanisa phakathi kwesisu, i-thoracic, i-jugular, ne-apodal fins. - ukubhukuda esinyeni
Isitho sangaphakathi esigcwele igesi esilawula ukuvuthwa futhi sivumela izinhlanzi ukuthi zihlale zimisiwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ikhula ibe iphaphu. - Uhlelo lwezinzwa nezitho zezinzwa
Qokomisa umugqa oseceleni, okukhethekile ekuhlonzeni ukudlidliza nokunyakaza emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chromatophore esikhumbeni avumela ukuhlukahluka nokufihla kuye ngokuthi indawo yokuhlala. - Isikhumba nombala
I-epidermis iqukethe izindlala zamafinyila kanye nama-chromatophore, akhiqiza imibala yesici, ukulingisa namasignali ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha.
Phakathi kokunye ukujwayela, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zibonisa i-morphologies eyingqayizivele, kusukela emizimbeni ye-hydrodynamic kubabhukudi abanamandla kuya kumafomu okulingisa ezinhlanzini ezihlala emanzini ajulile noma ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukondla izinhlanzi ezinamathambo
Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze- imikhuba yokudla:
- Izidliwayo: Ikakhulukazi yilabo abanezisu ezinkulu, i-pyloric caeca, namathumbu amafushane. Izibonelo zifaka i-salmon, i-trout, ne-hake.
- Izidliwayo: Isisu esilula namathumbu amade. Isibonelo: i-parrotfish, enye i-carp.
- Izihlungi: Bathatha i-plankton, besebenzisa ama-gill arches ashintshiwe.
- Ama-Omnivores: Bahlanganisa ukudla kwezilwane nemifino.
Uhlobo i-teething futhi isimiso sokugaya ukudla sincike ekudleni. Ezinye izinhlanzi ziye zalahlekelwa noma zashintsha amazinyo azo kuye ngokudla kwazo (njengoba kwenzeka kuma-filter feeders), kuyilapho izilwane ezidla ezinye zinamazinyo aqinile noma izimo ezikhethekile zokusika, ukuchoboza, noma ukumunca inyamazane.
Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlanzi ezinamathambo
Izinhlanzi ezinobhontshisi ziye zagcwala yonke indawo izindawo zasemanzini eyaziwayo:
- Amanzi amasha: Amachibi, imifula, amachibi nemifudlana. Izibonelo: i-carp, i-pike, i-tench.
- Amanzi anosawoti: Izilwandle, izilwandle namachweba. Izibonelo: sardines, tuna, grouper.
- Amanzi ane-Brackish: Izindawo zoshintsho phakathi kwamanzi ahlanzekile nanosawoti, njengezindawo zemifula nemihlume.
- Izindawo eziyingozi kakhulu: Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emanzini ajulile, ezindaweni ezipholile, emanzini ashisayo ashisayo noma ezimeni ezinosawoti omningi nokucindezela.
Ikhono labo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo liye lavumela ukuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinezici eziyingqayizivele, njengokukwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphansi, ukubekezelela izingcindezi ezinkulu ekujuleni kolwandle, nokuhlala ezindaweni ezinokukhanya okuphansi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi ezinamathambo
- Ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi okuvelele: Abesilisa nabesifazane bahlukaniswa, nakuba i-dimorphism ivame ukuba nzima ukuhlukanisa ezinhlotsheni eziningi.
- Ukuvundisa kwangaphandle njalo: Amaqanda nesidoda kukhishwa emanzini, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile ekuvundiseni kwangaphakathi (abesilisa abanamaphiko ashintshiwe).
- Amasu okuzala ahlukahlukene: Ikakhulukazi i-oviparous (ibeka amaqanda), kodwa kukhona nezinhlobo ze-ovoviviparous kanye ne-viviparous.
- I-Hermaphroditism elandelanayo: Kunezinhlobo ezishintsha ubulili ngesikhathi sokuphila kwazo, zivuna ukusinda kweqembu.
- Ukunakekelwa kwabazali: Okungavamile, kodwa kukhona kwezinye izinhlobo eziqapha amaqanda noma amancane aze azalwe.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezingamathambo kanye nenhlanzi enesigaxa
- Uhlaka lwamathambo: I-Bony kuma-osteichthyans; i-cartilaginous futhi iguquguqukayo kuma-chondrichthyans.
- Izikali: Izikali ze-Cycloid, i-ctenoid, noma i-ganoid ezinhlanzi zamathambo; i-placoid noma i-dermal denticles ezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous.
- Ukuphefumula: Izinhlanzi ezingamathambo zinezimbotshana ezivikelwe i-operculum; izinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous zinemifantu yegill engavikelekile kanye nama-spiracles engeziwe okuphuza amanzi.
- Ukubhukuda esinyeni: Yethula kakhulu de peces amathambo, awekho ku-cartilaginous (lezi zilawula ukuvuthwa zisebenzisa isibindi sazo esinamafutha amaningi noma ngokubhukuda njalo).
- I-Caudal fin: I-Homocercal (ama-lobe alinganayo) ethanjeni, i-heterocercal (ama-lobe angalingani) ku-cartilaginous.
- Amasu okuzala: I-Oviparous, i-ovoviviparous, noma i-viviparous, ngokuvundiswa kwangaphandle ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezinamathambo; ukuvundiswa kwangaphakathi kanye nenani elincane lenzalo ethuthuke kakhulu ezilwaneni ezine-cartilaginous.
- Izitho zezinzwa: Ulayini ongemuva kuzo zombili, kodwa ezilwaneni ezinamathambo i-Ampullae yase-Lorenzini igqama ngokuthola amasimu kagesi.
Izibonelo de peces ithambo
Izinhlobonhlobo ze izinhlanzi zamathambo Yinkulu, ehlanganisa izinhlanzi ezaziwayo nezidliwe, kanye nezinhlobo zokuhlobisa nezingavamile. Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo yilezi:
- Uhlobo lwenhlanzi: Idume ngenani layo lokudla okunomsoco kanye nokufuduka okumangalisayo.
- Ithrawuthi: Ihlala emanzini abandayo, amasha nanosawoti.
- Itende: Okujwayelekile emanzini nasezindaweni zokudla.
- I-tuna: Umgijimi wasolwandle, ukhiye wokudla komuntu.
- Okusagolide: Yaziswa kakhulu ku-cuisine yaseMedithera.
- I-sea bass, i-sardine, i-mackerel, i-horse mackerel, i-bonito, i-hake, i-clownfish: Izibonelo ezengeziwe zokubaluleka okukhulu kwemvelo, ezomnotho kanye nezokuhlobisa.
Ilukuluku, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlanzi ezinamathambo
- Ukulingisa nombala: Izinhlobo eziningi zine ama-chromatophores ezicupha izinguquko zombala zokufihla noma izimpawu zokuzala. Isibonelo: inhlanzi yodwa kanye ne-reef.
- Izimo zomzimba ezihlukile: Ezinye zibonisa ukujwayela ngokwedlulele, njengenhlanzi eyizingungumbane, ezikhukhumala ukuze zizivikele, noma izinhlanzi endizayo, ezibalekela izilwane ezidla ezinye ngokuntweza phezu kwamanzi.
- Izitho zikagesi: Emindenini efana ne-Gymnotidae (eel kagesi) kukhona izitho zomzimba ekwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi ukuze abone inyamazane noma ukuxhumana.
- Isinye sokubhukuda esisebenza ngezindlela eziningi: Ngaphezu kokulawula ukuvuza, kwezinye izinhlobo kusebenza njengesitho somsindo esikhipha noma sokuzwa imisindo.
- Ukuhlukahluka kokukhiqiza: Amasu afana nokwakha isidleke, ukukhwelana nemidanso, ukushintsha ubulili (i-hermaphroditism elandelanayo), nokuthuthukiswa komntwana emlonyeni noma esinyeni somzali.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nezomnotho kwezinhlanzi ezinamathambo
- Ukhiye emaketangeni okudla: Zithatha wonke amazinga okudla okunomsoco, kusukela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye kakhulu kuye ezilwaneni ezidla uhlaza kanye nezihlungi, okunquma ukwakheka nempilo yemvelo yasemanzini.
- Isizinda sokudoba emhlabeni: Bakha iningi lezinhlanzi ezidotshwa ngenjongo yokudayisa kanye nezokuziphilisa, kanye nezinhlobo zokuhlobisa endaweni yokuzilibazisa yase-aquarium.
- Izinkomba zezemvelo: Ubuningi bazo, ukuhlukahluka kanye nempilo yabo kubonisa izimo zendawo yokuhlala kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi.
I-Taxonomy kanye nokuvela kwezinhlanzi zamathambo
- Ukuvela emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo: Izinhlanzi zokuqala ezinamathambo zavela esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini asemhlabeni, zivela kumadlozi aphethwe yi-lobe.
- I-Pelvication: Izinhlanzi eziningi ezingamathambo zingafuduka phakathi kwamanzi ahlanzekile nanosawoti, njenge-salmon, i-eel, ne-sea trout, okubonisa ukuzivumelanisa okuyingqayizivele nezinguquko kusawoti.
I-Bony fish imelela ukubonakaliswa kokugcina kokujwayela nokuhlukahluka emhlabeni wasemanzini. Indima yabo yemvelo, yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezomnotho isalokhu iyisisekelo ebhalansi yemvelo, umsoco womuntu, kanye nokuqonda kwethu ukuziphendukela kwezilwane ezinomgogodla. Ukubuka ukunotha kwazo kwamafomu, imisebenzi, nokuziphatha kufana nokungena kwesinye sezahluko ezithakazelisa kakhulu emlandweni wemvelo.