Kusukela imvelaphi yokuphila eMhlabeni, izidalwa eziphilayo eziningi ziye zavela ukuze zivumelane nezimo ezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni wethu. Phakathi kwezidalwa ezimangalisayo neziyimpicabadala ezikhona kukhona izinhlanzi zasolwandle., ochwepheshe beqiniso bokujwayela abenze ulwandle lwaba ikhaya labo, basinda ezimweni ezinobutha ezibekela inselele imingcele yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
El izinhlanzi kwalasha Ingenye yezibonelo ezimele kakhulu zezilwane zakwalasha, okungukuthi, zezilwane ezihlala kule indawo ye-abyssopelagic kwezilwandle. Sizothola konke okwakho izici, izindawo zokuhlala, ukuziphatha kanye nelukuluku, kanye nezinhlobo ezivelele zaleli qembu de pecesUkuhlola umhlaba wezinhlanzi ezijulile zolwandle kusho ukungena endaweni ethakazelisayo, egcwele izimfihlo ezisazotholwa.
Zihlala kuphi izinhlanzi zasolwandle? Indawo yokuhlala eyingozi kakhulu
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezijulile zihlala kwezinye zezifunda ezinobutha, ezijulile nezingaziwa emhlabeni.. Ucingo indawo ye-abyssopelagic Itholakala ekujuleni ngokuvamile phakathi 4.000 no 6.000 amamitha ngaphansi komhlaba, nakuba kunezinhlobo ezingafinyelela indawo ye-hadal, ngisho nangaphezu kwamamitha ayi-8.000 noma 9.000, njenge I-Eurypharynx pelecanoides noma i-hadal slug (I-Careproctus longifilis).
Kule ndawo ukukhanya kwelanga akufinyeleli, evimbela i-photosynthesis futhi inciphise ukuba khona kwezimila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic iphezulu kakhuluAmazinga okushisa azungeza noma ehle ngaphansi kuka-2°C, futhi imisoco ayitholakali kakhulu. Lezi zimo azifani nanoma iyiphi enye i-ecosystem yasolwandle, futhi yizinhlobo ezizijwayela kangcono kuphela ezingaphila lapha.
Izinhlanzi eziningi ezisogwini lolwandle zithanda izindawo ezifudumele zolwandle lwasePacific, Indian kanye ne-Atlantic., kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kungase kube umhlaba wonke, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Ubunzima bokuhlola lokhu kujula kusho ukuthi okwamanje sazi ingxenye encane yezidalwa empeleni ezihlala kulawa kwalasha olwandle, akha cishe u-75% womthamo wolwandle lomhlaba.
Ukuze ziphile ezindaweni ezijulile, lapho ukucindezela kungafinyelela izikhathi ezingamakhulukhulu kunaleyo engaphezulu, kuye kwasungulwa izinhlanzi zasolwandle. ukujwayela okuyingqayizivele komzimba, njengengxenye yamanzi ezicutshini ezilingana nokucindezela kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukuchotshozwa kwesisindo samanzi azungezile.
Izici ze-anatomical nezokuphila zezinhlanzi ezijulile zolwandle
Ukujwayela izinhlanzi ezijulile zolwandle ebumnyameni kanye nokucindezela okukhulu kuye kwaholela ubujamo bomzimba namakhono ayingqayizivele ngempela okubenza babukeke "njengezilo zasolwandle" zangempela emehlweni abantu. Phakathi kwe izici ezihluke kakhulu Kulezi zinhlanzi, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
- Umlomo omkhulu nomhlathi onwebekayo: Zivamise ukuba namakhanda amakhulu ngokulinganayo ngokuphathelene nemizimba yazo, imilomo ebanzi kakhulu namazinyo amade, abukhali, azivumela ukuba zibambe futhi zigwinye inyamazane emikhulu kunayo.
- Isisu nesikhumba esinwebekayo: Lesi sici senza kube lula ukudla ukudla okuningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, okubalulekile endaweni lapho ukudla kuyindlala khona.
- Amehlo amancane noma angaboni: Izinhlobo eziningi zinamehlo amancane kakhulu noma ziyizimpumputhe, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile njenge I-Macropinna microstoma (inhlanzi enekhanda elikhanyayo) enokubona okuzungezile namehlo ahambayo ukuze ithwebule ukukhanya okuncane okutholakalayo.
- Isikhumba esine-pigmentation ephansiImibala yazo ngokuvamile imnyama, i-opaque, noma iyakwazi ukucwebezela, izisiza ukuthi zizifihle ethunzini. Ezinye izinhlobo zingabonisa ukukhanya noma zicishe zibe sobala.
- I-BioluminescenceIzinhlanzi eziningi ezijulile zolwandle zinezitho, njenge-photophore noma i-illicium, ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali noma i-symbiosis nebhaktheriya ekhanyayo. Lesi simo sibalulekile ekukhulumisaneni, ekuheheni inyamazane, nokuvikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
- Inzwa yokuhogela ethuthukisiwe kanye nokudlidliza: Ukubona okulinganiselwe kunxeshezelwa isistimu yezinzwa ebucayi kakhulu yokuhogela nokudlidliza kwamanzi, okubavumela ukuthi bathole ukudla, abalingane futhi bagweme izinsongo.
- kancane umzimba: Izinga labo lokugaya liphansi, okubavumela ukuthi baphile isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokudla.
- Imizimba ethambile futhi enemisipha emincane, ijwayelane nokuphila ekujuleni okwedlulele lapho ukuvuza kubalulekile.
Mayelana nosayizi, Iningi lazo izinhlanzi ezincane: Abesifazane bangakala phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-15 no-20, kuyilapho abesilisa bengafinyeleli kumasentimitha angu-3 noma 4. Nokho, kukhona nezinhlobo ezinkulu ezifana ne-colossal squid noma i-whipfish. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nalezi zifanekiso, ungabheka isigaba esithi izinhlanzi nazo ezifuna ukwazi.
Ukudla: amasu emhlabeni ongenakukhanya
Ukushoda kokudla ekujuleni kuphoqa izinhlanzi ezijulile zolwandle ukuba thuthukisa amasu okudla ahlukile. Ukuba ngu- i-ecosystem ngaphandle kwezimila noma i-photosynthesis, umthombo oyinhloko wokudla uvela ezinsalela zemvelo eziwela phezulu (ezaziwa ngokuthi "iqhwa lasolwandle") kanye nokudliwa okuqondile.
Ukudla kwezinhlanzi ezijulile zolwandle kuhlanganisa I-Zooplankton, izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-molluscs, ama-crustaceans, ama-krill nezidumbu zezilwane ezehla emanzini angaphezuluZingahlukaniswa njengezilwane ezidla intuba, ezikwazi ukudla noma iyiphi inyamazane etholakalayo, ngakho-ke i-morphology yazo ilungiselelwe ukubamba ngokushesha futhi igwinye noma yisiphi isilwane esiseduze. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nalezi zimo, bheka i-Deep-sea marine organisms.
Phakathi kwezindlela zokuzingela ezimangalisa kakhulu i bioluminescence. Isibonelo, i I-Melanocetus johnsonii (udeveli omnyama noma i-abyssal anglerfish) ine-protuberance ekhanyayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-illicium, egcwele amagciwane e-symbiotic akhiqiza ukukhanya. Lesi sicupho sisebenza njengogibe lokuheha inyamazane emlonyeni wayo omkhulu. Ezinye izinhlanzi, njenge-hatchetfish enkulu noma i-pelican fish, nazo zisebenzisa izitho ezikhanyayo ukuze zidideke noma zihehe inyamazane.
Ukuhamba kancane kwe-metabolism yalezi zilwane kuzivumela ukuthi ziphile isikhathi eside sokuzila ukudla, okuyisidingo esiyisisekelo uma kucatshangelwa ukutholakala okuphansi kwezakhi.
Ukujwayela kwezinzwa okunelukuluku: iphunga njengozakwethu
Ngaphambi kwe cishe ukungabi bikho kokukhanya endaweni ekulasha, izinhlanzi zasolwandle ziye zaba nomuzwa umuzwa wokuhogela obukhali ngokungajwayelekile, okubavumela ukuba babone amangqamuzana namakhemikhali ebangeni elimangalisayo. Ukuvuleka kwamakhala (amakhala) kanye ne-epithelium ephunga kuxhunywe ohlelweni lwezinzwa nobuchopho, okubavumela ukuthi ngisho nemikhondo emincane yokudla noma ama-pheromone enzalo kutholwe ngempumelelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi eziningi ze-deep-sea zinesimiso sezinzwa esiseceleni esizwela kakhulu ukundindizela noshintsho kumfutho wamanzi, ezisiza ukuba zibone ukusondela kwezilwane ezizingelayo, izilwane ezizingelayo, noma ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinhlanzi zakwa-abyssal: amasu amangalisayo
Enye ye izici eziphawuleka kakhulu zezinhlanzi ezijulile zolwandle ukumaka i-dimorphism yezocansiEzinhlotsheni eziningi, njenge-abyssal anglerfish (I-Melanocetus johnsonii), ezinsikazi zingakhula zibe zinkulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kunezabesilisa. Lesi sigameko esidlulele sidale ukuthi amasu okuzala ayingqayizivele.
Amaduna amancane, angakathuthuki kahle anenjongo eyodwa: ukucinga (ngokuvamile ngokuhogela) insikazi, njengoba ukuyithola kunzima kakhulu kulokhu kujula. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, eyeduna inamathela ngokoqobo emzimbeni wensikazi, iyilume isisu futhi ibe isandiso somzimba wayo. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka idimoni lasolwandle.
Kwezinye izinhlobo, njengodeveli omnyama, iduna alihlangani ngokugcwele, kodwa lihlala linamathele kowesifazane ngesikhathi sokuvundiswa. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-abysal kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile, okunomthelela ekuphileni isikhathi eside kwalezi zilwane namazinga aphansi azo abantu.
Izinhlobo zezinhlobo de peces izibonelo kwalasha nezimangalisayo
Ngaphansi kwethemu "fish abyssal" izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zihlanganiswe ndawonye, ngayinye ine-morphology ehlukile, imikhuba namasu. Ezinye ze izibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu Ngaphakathi kweqembu de peces kwalasha kuhlanganisa:
- I-Pelican Fish (I-Eurypharynx pelecanoides): Ihlala ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha ayizi-8.000. Iphawuleka ngomlomo wayo omkhulu nomphimbo onwebekayo, oyivumela ukuthi igwinye inyamazane emikhulu kakhulu kunayo. Ingatholakala ezindaweni ezingenalutho kanye ne-hadal. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, vakashela i-anglerfish.
- I-Dragon Fish (Stomias boya)Ivamile ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-4.500, inamazinyo anamandla nezitho ezikhanyayo. Kungesinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zesilwane esizingela ekujuleni kolwandle futhi simelela izilwane "ezinyantisayo" zasolwandle.
- I-Spiny Fish (I-Himantolophus appelii): Ifinyelela kuphela amasentimitha angu-4 ubude, ubufakazi bokuhlukahluka okukhulu kosayizi ngaphakathi komhlaba kwalasha.
- Izinhlanzi ezinekhanda elisobala (I-Macropinna microstoma)Lolu hlobo lunekhanda elishintshashintshayo ngokuphelele, lapho kubonakala khona amehlo nezitho zangaphakathi. Amehlo ayo azwela kakhulu futhi ayinikeza ukubona okuyingqayizivele okuseceleni, okuyivumela ukuba ibone inyamazane nezilwane ezingase zizidle ebumnyameni.
- Whipfish (I-Saccopharynx ampullaceus)Ibonakala ngomzimba wayo omude, ozacile, omnyama, ingakhula ibe ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-1.5 ubude. Inomuzwa wokuhogela othuthuke kakhulu futhi uhlala ikakhulukazi empumalanga ye-Atlantic.
- I-hatchetfish enkulu: Isebenzisa i-bioluminescence ukuze idide izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi ihehe inyamazane. Ukwakheka komzimba wayo kufana nembazo, futhi idume ngezitho zayo ezikhanyayo ezisemaceleni.
- Izinhlanzi ezimnyama ezimnyama noma i-abyssal anglerfish (I-Melanocetus johnsonii)Iyaziwa nge-bioluminescence yayo ehlaba umxhwele, umlomo wayo omkhulu, namazinyo abukhali, ingenye yezinhlanzi ezidume kakhulu futhi ezifundwayo zasolwandle. Ihlala phakathi kwamamitha angu-500 no-4.000 ukushona.
Abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi sazi kuphela iphesenti elincane lezinhlobo ezikhona ezijulile zolwandle. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi Kungase kube nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-17.000 kulawa ma-ecosystem, nakuba kuyingxenyana kuphela eye yachazwa ngokwesayensi.
Ucwaningo lwezinhlanzi ezijulile zolwandle lwembula amandla amangalisayo okuphila. Kusukela ekukwazini ukuya veza okwakhe ukukhanya Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwesimiso sezinzwa esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, lezi zilwane ziyaqhubeka zimangaza isayensi futhi zibonisa ukuthi kusekuningi esisazokuthola mayelana nokujula kolwandle. Noma ngubani onethuba lokubuka inhlanzi yolwandle mathupha uzofakaza ngesinye sezidalwa eziyimpicabadala, eziguquguquke kakhulu, futhi eziyingqayizivele emhlabeni wethu.
