I-Los izinhlanzi ze-tetra, ezaziwa ngemibala yazo egqamile nokuziphatha kwesikole, zingenye yezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu phakathi kwama-hobbyists e-aquarium. Nokho, ubuhle babo namandla dynamism njalo besongelwa ezihlukahlukene anhlobonhlobo izimuncagazi kanye nezifo ezingathinta kakhulu impilo yabo kanye nokuzinza kwe-ecosystem yasemanzini.
Kungani ama-parasite ewusongo olukhulu ezinhlanzini ze-tetra?
I-Las i-pathologies ye-parasite kugqame njengeqembu elivamile neliyingozi lezifo zezinhlanzi ze-tetra. Nakuba kukhona amagciwane namagciwane angadala umonakalo, izimuncagazi zangaphakathi nangaphandle kuthinte laba babhukudi abancane kakhulu futhi ngokuqondile. Phakathi kwawo wonke amagciwane, I-Pleistophora hyphessobryconis Kuqashelwa ukucupha okusatshwayo isifo se-neon tetra, isifo okunzima ukuselapha ngokuvamile esibulalayo.
El I-Pleistophora hyphessobryconis Ihlasela kakhulu uhlelo lokugaya ukudla futhi i izicubu zemisiphaNakuba ihlotshaniswa kakhulu nama-tetras, ezinye izinhlobo ze-characins nama-cyprinids zingaphathwa izifo ezifanayo ezibangelwa ama-parasites ahlukene.
Kodwa-ke, ama-parasites athinta i-tetras ngokuvamile ethize kakhulu, ngakho-ke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala emanzini ngokuvamile zihlala zingavikelekile. Naphezu kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukugcina imikhuba emihle yenhlanzeko. ukuvimbela kanye nokuvalelwa yedwa ukuvimbela ukusabalala kulo lonke ithangi.
I-Typology yama-parasites ku-tetras: yangaphakathi nangaphandle
Ama-parasites ku-tetras angahlukaniswa abe amaqembu amabili amakhulu:
- Izimuncagazi zangaphakathi: Bahlanganisa protozoa ezifana I-Pleistophoraama-nematodes (izikelemu eziyindilinga), ama-cestodes (tapeworms), nama-flagellates afana I-Hexamita y I-SpironucleusBahlasela kakhulu uhlelo lokugaya ukudla, izicubu nezitho zangaphakathi.
- Izimuncagazi zangaphandle: Phakathi kwazo kukhona: izintwala ze-carp (Argulus), i-anchor worms (Lernea) kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene i-monogenic trematodes (I-Gyrodactylus, i-Dactylogyrus), elimaza isikhumba, amaphiko kanye nama-gill.
Ukwanda kwalezi zinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile kuhlobene izimo zokuphila ezimbi, isingeniso se izinhlanzi noma izitshalo ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa, ukucindezeleka ngenxa yemingcele yamanzi enganele kanye nokukhubazeka komzimba.
Ukutheleleka kungenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene:
- Ngu ukwethulwa kwezinhlanzi ezintsha hhayi ngaphansi kwe-quarantine
- Ukudla okuphilayo noma okuqandisiwe engumsuka ongathembekile
- Izitshalo nama-substrates ongcolile
- Ukwabelana nge izitsha namathuluzi i-aquariophilia ngaphandle kokubulala amagciwane
Isifo se-Neon tetra: izici eziyinhloko
La isifo se-neon tetra Kuyinto emele kakhulu futhi ebhubhisayo phakathi kwezinkinga ze-tetras ze-parasitic. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuthinta i i-neon tetras, ezinye izinhlobo ezifana ne ukhadinali tetra noma i i-black tetra kungaba futhi izisulu zalesi sifo.
I-ejenti ye-causative, I-Pleistophora hyphessobryconis, iyi-microsporidian ehlasela kokubili isimiso sokugaya ukudla nemisipha. Ezigabeni zokuqala, izimpawu zingase zingabonakali, kodwa njengoba ukutheleleka kuqhubeka, kuba sobala.
Phakathi kwe izimpawu zokuqala ezibonakalayo phuma:
- Ubukhona be amabala amhlophe agqamile ekhanda nasemzimbeni, ngezinye izikhathi kube imithende ephambanayo
- Ukushintsha umbala okuqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi emigqeni ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
- ukugoba komgogodla
- Ukubhukuda okungenangqondo kanye nokuziphatha okungajwayelekile (ukubhukuda okudayagonal, ukuphumula ngokweqile, noma ukunyakaza kwezinzwa)
- Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla kanye nobuncane
- Ukubola kwe-bacterial fin yesibili
Kwesinye isikhathi, izinhlanzi ezincane zingase zizalwe sezivele zinegciwane ngenxa yokudluliselwa okuqondile amaqanda anegciwane avela kwabesifazane abathwalayoUkuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezifo ezithile, ungathintana izifo ezivamile ezinhlanzini.
Ukuqhubeka kwalesi sifo kubangela a ukwehla okubanzi kwezivikelo futhi yenza izinhlanzi zibe buthaka, zizenze zibe sengozini yokuthola izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nesikhunta.
Izimuncagazi ezivamile nezinye izifo ezifanayo
- I-Pleistophora hyphessobryconis: Ibhekene ngqo nesifo se-neon tetra, ibhubhisa imicu yemisipha nezitho zangaphakathi. Ayizweli ekwelashweni.
- I-Hexamita ne-SpironucleusAma-Flagellate ahlotshaniswa nesifo se-hole-in-the-head abangela izilonda zekhanda nokulahlekelwa kwezicubu.
- I-Gyrodactylus ne-Dactylogyrus: Ama-monogenic trematodes athinta isikhumba namagill, abangela ukucasuka, amafinyila amaningi kanye nezinkinga zokuphefumula.
- Cestodes kanye nematodes emathunjini: Angabangela ukuncipha okukhulu kwesisindo kanye nokuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla.
- Isifo se-neon tetra samanga: Ibangelwa amagciwane I-Flavobacterium columnare, ikhiqiza izimpawu ezifanayo kodwa isabela kahle ekwelashweni kwe-antibacterial.
- I-Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (i-Ich noma indawo emhlophe): Ikhiqiza amabala amhlophe angadidaniswa nesifo se-neon tetra, kodwa ayizimuncagazi zangaphandle ezi-ciliated futhi anokwelashwa okuhlukile.
- Izintwala zeCarp (Argulus) nezikelemu (Lernea): Izimuncagazi zangaphandle ezibonakalayo ezingabonakala esikhumbeni senhlanzi.
La umehluko wokuxilonga Kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba eziningi zalezi pathologies zinezimpawu ezifanayo futhi zidinga amasu ahlukene okwelapha.
Izinhlobo zokutheleleka kanye nezici zengozi
El ukutheleleka kwama-parasites Ku-tetras, ngokuvamile kuhlobene nokwethulwa kwezinto ezingcolile noma izinhlanzi ezithelelekile ku-aquarium. Okuyinhloko i-vector faka:
- Izinhlanzi ezintsha ngaphandle kokuvalelwa
- Izitshalo zasemanzini (ikakhulukazi uma zingakhuliswanga ku-vitro)
- Ukudla okuphilayo noma okufriziwe okungcolile
- Ukuhlobisa kanye ne-substrate kuphinde kwasetshenziswa phakathi kwezindawo zasemanzini
- Amanzi noma izinsimbi ezingenalo amagciwane
I-Los izici ezivumela ukuqubuka kwama-parasites ku-aquarium kukhona:
- Imingcele yamanzi enganele: amazinga aphezulu e-nitrites, ama-nitrate, noma i-ammonia; i-pH engazinzile; izinga lokushisa elingaphandle kobubanzi obufanele
- Ukucindezeleka okungapheli ngenxa yokugcwala ngokweqile, ukuxutshwa kwezinhlobo ezingahambelani noma izinguquko ezingazelelwe zendawo
- Ukudla okunomsoco noma ukudla okungenakulinganisela
- Ukuntuleka kwenhlanzeko kanye nokugcinwa okwanele kwe-aquarium
Ezinye izifo zingaba ifa uma abesifazane bebekela amaqanda anegciwane, okungabangela ukuqubuka kwezinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zama-parasite ezinhlanzini ze-tetra
Uma ubheka i-tetras yakho nganoma iyiphi yalezi izimpawu, kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha:
- Amabala amhlophe noma izigaxa esikhumbeni nasemisipheni
- Ukufiphala noma ukulahlekelwa umbala, ikakhulukazi emigqeni ekhanyayo
- Ukuziphatha okungalungile, ukubhukuda nge-engeli, ukunyakaza kwezinzwa
- Ukuba ndikindiki, ukukhathala, noma ukungasebenzi
- ukugoba komgogodla
- Ukulahlekelwa ukudla nokuncipha kwesisindo
- Ukubola noma ukubola
- Ukuphefumula okusheshayo noma okunzima
- I-Frotamiento njalo ngokumelene nezinto noma imihlobiso
Lezi zimpawu zingenzeka zodwa noma zihlangene. Kubalulekile ukuwahlukanisa kwezinye izifo ezifana ne-ichthyosis noma isifo se-velvet, esidala amachashaza amhlophe kodwa abe nenkambo nokwelashwa okuhlukile.
Ukuxilongwa: Ungawabona kanjani ama-parasites ku-tetras
El ukuxilongwa ezifanele kusekelwe kokubili ukubhekwa kwezimpawu njengase- ukuhlolwa kwe-microscopic (uma kungenzeka). Uma unokungabaza, ukubonana nodokotela wezilwane onguchwepheshe bezinhlanzi kulungele ukuqinisekisa uhlobo lwe-parasite nokuthola ukwelashwa okufanele.
Ukuxilongwa okuhlukile kubalulekile ngoba:
- Abanye izimpawu zingadideka ngezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, isikhunta noma izinkinga zokudla okunomsoco.
- Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-parasite ludinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile kanye nesu elihlukile lokuzihlukanisa.
Uma inkinga isihlonziwe, iba seqhulwini hlukanisa izinhlanzi ezithintekile ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwe-pathogen.
Ukwelashwa kwama-parasite ezinhlanzi ze-tetra
El ukwelashwa Izigameko zokutheleleka nge-parasitic ku-tetras zincike ohlotsheni lwe-parasite kanye nesimo esijwayelekile sezinhlanzi:
- Isifo se-Neon tetra (Pleistophora hyphessobryconis)Ngeshwa, kuze kube manje, alikho ikhambi elisebenza ngokuphelele. Izinketho zifaka:
- Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha noma i-euthanasia yezinhlanzi ezithelelekile, ikakhulukazi uma zikhombisa izimpawu ezinzima noma ukuqubuka sekuqhubekele phambili.
- Ukusetshenziswa i-furazolidoneNakuba kungekho bufakazi obuphelele bokusebenza kwayo okuqondile kwalesi silwane, ngezinye izikhathi sisetshenziselwa ukukhulula izifo zesibili.
- Ukuqashwa kwe Izibani ze-UV ezibulala amagciwane ngezigaba zamahhala ze-parasite, nakuba zingasebenzi ezifweni zangaphakathi.
- Ukuhoxiswa ngokushesha de peces ushonile ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwezinhlamvu ku-aquarium.
- Nematodes, tapeworms kanye nezinye izikelemu zamathumbu: Ukubulala izikelemu kufanele kwenziwe ngemikhiqizo ethile futhi njalo kulandele imiyalelo yomkhiqizi.
- Ama-Flagellate (i-Hexamita, i-Spironucleus): Imithi efana I-Metronidazole ngaphansi kwencwadi kadokotela wezilwane.
- Izimuncagazi zangaphandle (izintwala, ama-anchor worms, trematodes): Amakhambi ezentengiselwano njenge I-Parasite Guard, enamaphilisi ephunga asebenziseka kalula.
Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha kanye nokwesekwa kokwelashwa
- ukwandisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi (afinyelela ku-30°C) ukuze kusheshiswe umjikelezo wokuphila kwezinye izimuncagazi, kuphela uma uhlobo lubekezelela.
- Ukwengeza usawoti we-aquarium ngamanani alawulwayo ezifweni ezithile zangaphandle (azisebenzi ezinhlanzini ezingenasikali noma izitshalo ezizwelayo).
- Gcina eyodwa i-oxygenation elungile kukho konke ukwelashwa.
- Susa amalahle acushiwe futhi ucime izibani ze-UV ngesikhathi somuthi ukuvimbela ukungasebenzi kwezidakamizwa.
- Yenza izinguquko zamanzi njalo futhi uhlanze ngokuphelele i-aquarium nazo zonke izakhi zayo.
Khumbula ukuthi izindlela zemvelo azisebenzi kahle emagciwaneni ayingozi noma izinhlobo ezimelana nawo, ngakho kufanele zihlanganiswe nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali okufanele uma kunesidingo.
Ukuvimbela nokulawula ukuqubuka kwe-parasitic ku-tetras
La ukuvimbela Kuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuvikela izimuncagazi ekubhubhiseni i-aquarium yakho. Ezinye izincomo ezibalulekile zifaka:
- Thenga njalo izinhlanzi nezitshalo ezitolo ezithembekile futhi ibuza ukuthi ingabe izitshalo zitshalwa ku-vitro ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi.
- Yenza ifayili le- ukuvalelwa yedwa yezinhlanzi ezintsha (ubuncane benyanga engu-1) nazo zonke izitshalo (okungenani amasonto ama-2 ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi).
- Ungangenisi izilwane ezingenamgogodla, amatshe, i-substrate noma imihlobiso evela kwamanye ama-aquariums. ngaphandle kokuwabulala amagciwane ngendlela efanele.
- Gwema ukwabelana ngamathuluzi noma amanethiwekhi ama-aquariums ahlukene. futhi uwabulale amagciwane ngendlela efanele uma kunesidingo.
- Gcina ikhwalithi yamanzi enhle kakhulu: Gada njalo amapharamitha, wenze izinguquko zamanzi ingxenye, futhi uhlanze isihlungi ne-substrate.
- Yondla izinhlanzi zakho ngokudla okunomsoco, okuseqophelweni eliphezulu ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba.
- Bheka izinhlanzi zakho nsuku zonke futhi uthathe isinyathelo. ekutholeni uphawu oluncane yokugula noma ukuziphatha okungavamile.
- Hlanza kahle i-aquarium bese ufaka esikhundleni se-substrate nezitshalo uma ukuqubuka kwe-parasite kuthinte inani labantu bamathangi.
Okufanele ukwenze ngemuva kokuqubuka kwe-parasite?
Uma i-aquarium yakho ihlaselwe kakhulu yi-parasite:
- Hlanza amagciwane ngokuphelele zonke izinto (amanetha, izihlungi, imihlobiso, njll.).
- Lahla i-substrate nezitshalo lokho akukwazi ukubulawa amagciwane ngempumelelo.
- Ukuthobela ukuvalelwa ezakhamuzini ezintsha ngaphambi kokuzethula kabusha.
- Gwema ukubuyisela izinhlanzi ezindala ezingaba ngabathwali, ngaphandle uma bengenazo izimpawu ngokuphelele ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa okubuka.
Lezi zinyathelo zizovimbela ukuphindeka futhi zivikele izakhamuzi ezintsha ze-aquarium.
Izinganekwane kanye nemibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nezimuncagazi ku-tetras
- Ingabe ama-tetra parasite angabathinta abantu? Cha, ama-parasites ajwayelekile de peces Izifo zasezindaweni ezishisayo azibathinti abantu, kodwa kuhle ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugeza izandla zakho kahle ngemva kokuphatha izindawo ezihlala emanzini ukuze ugweme izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
- Ingabe zonke izinhlanzi kufanele zelashwe uma umuntu egula? Uma ukuxilongwa kuqinisekile, phatha kuphela labo abathintekile futhi uqinise izinyathelo zokubheka nenhlanzeko kubo bonke abanye abahlala ethangini.
- Ingabe ama-parasite angalwa ngemikhiqizo yemvelo kuphela? Izindlela zemvelo ziyasiza, kodwa azivamile ukusebenza ngokwazo ngokumelene nezifo ezimbi kakhulu noma ezithuthukile.
Impilo yezinhlanzi ze-tetra incike kakhulu olwazini nasekuvimbeleni okwenzayo. Ukugcina imikhuba ecophelelayo yenhlanzeko, ukuvalelwa yedwa kanye nokulawula ipharamithaAma-tetra akho azokwazi ukukhombisa bonke ubukhazikhazi nobungqabavu bawo iminyaka, anciphise ubungozi bezifo ezingase zithinte ibhalansi ye-aquarium. Uma kuvela noma yiziphi izimpawu zesifo esiwumqedazwe, ukubhekwa ngokushesha nokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha kwenza umehluko ekusindeni kwezinhlanzi zakho kanye nokuzinza kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
