Inhlanzi yesawudo iphila ngokuvumelana negama layo. Umzimba wayo omude nomlomo omise okwesaha kwenza le nhlanzi yesatshwe kakhulu. Igama lesayensi ngu I-Pristis pristis futhi, ekuhlukaniseni kwesimanje, ihlanganiswe ku umndeni wakwaPristidae ngaphakathi kwe-oda I-Rhinopritiformes (ama-batoids). Kulesi sihloko, sizobhekisisa le nhlanzi enhle kakhulu ukuze sifunde kabanzi ngayo.
Ngabe ufuna ukufunda zonke izici nendlela yokuphila we-sawfish?
Izici eziyinhloko
Umndeni we-sawfish uhlanganisa ubulili obubili (U-Anoxypris noPristis). Ngokwesiko kwakukhona izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa, kodwa Ukubuyekezwa kwamanje kwe-taxonomic kubona izinhlobo ezinhlanu eziphilayo. Zihlobene kakhulu ne imivimbo kunoshaka futhi babe nohlaka lwamathambo e-cartilaginous. Isici esikhulu kunazo zonke ezaziwa ngaso yi- isicaba, ikhala elinjengesaha (i-rostrum), ezungezwe “amazinyo” e-rostral.
Ikhala limbozwe ngu Izimbobo zezinzwa kanye ne-electroreceptor (i-ampullae ye-Lorenzini) eyivumela ukuthi ibone ukunyakaza kanye namasignali kagesi ezilwaneni ezingcwatshiwe. Amandla ayo ezinzwa makhulu kangangokuthi uyakwazi ukubona ukushaya kwenhliziyo inyamazane efihlwe ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, okuyinikeza inzuzo enkulu ekuzingeleni i-benthic.
Iningi lemisebenzi lenziwa ngenxa yobuso ku wabona imodi, ayisebenzisela kokubili ukuhlasela nokuzivikela. Kuyithuluzi elinokulinganisela angalisebenzisa bamba, limaza, futhi uthuse inyamazane ukuzishwabadela masinyane, futhi futhi zivikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye njengoshaka namahlengethwa. Izakhi eziphumayo zekhala akuzona amazinyo eqiniso, kodwa izilinganiso zamazinyo eziguquliwe (amazinyo). Emlonyeni, njengamanye ama-batoid, banayo amazinyo amancane futhi amaningi ilungele ukudla kwakho.
Isifonyo sakhiwa ngamazinyo angama-23 kwabanye abantu, futhi inani labo liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo nobukhulu, ngokuvamile phakathi 14 kanye ne-25 amapheyaKukhulu kangangokuthi imele ngaphezu kwekota yomzimba ophelele futhi ihamba ngokunemba ukuqondisa amagalelo asemaceleni ashesha kakhulu.
I-Sawfish ingazingela ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala ukusebenzisa ikhala labo njengebhulashi noma iraki, ukususa isihlabathi lapho becashe khona. ama-crustaceans, izinkalankala kanye nezimfanziOwesibili uqukethe ukushaya eceleni emabhange de peces (njenge-lacerating noma i-mullet), okubangela izilonda ezenza kube lula ukubamba. Nokho, bayizisulu ezilula zoshaka lapho besebasha; njengoba bekhula, bayakwazi bazivikele ngempumelelo.
Njengamanye ama-elasmobranchs, ayinayo isinye sokubhukuda futhi ilawula ukuvuthwa ngesibindi esikhulu, esinothe ngowoyela. Isikhumba sabo simbozwe ama-dermal denticles okuyinikeza ukuthungwa okumaholo. Iphefumula ama-spiracles etholakala ngemuva kwamehlo aqondisa amanzi kuma-gill, ukujwayela okuwusizo lapho uphumule ngaphansi kwesihlabathi.
Ukuziphatha
I-sawfish isilwane sasebusuku, engenzi lutho, echitha usuku ephumule ngokuthula futhi ematasa ebusuku nokuzingela. Naphezu kokubukeka kwayo okumangalisayo, ayihlaseli abantu ngaphandle uma ezizwa esongelwa noma ebanjwa futhi elwa nesaha lakhe.
Kuyisilwane ehlala phansi kanye ne-demersal echitha isikhathi esiningi ezinqeni eziyisihlabathi noma ezinodaka. Ivamise ukulala eduze ne-substrate, lapho ibona khona bese igebha inyamazane. Njengamanye ama-batoid, angakwazi phefumula usebenzisa ama-spiracles amakhulu ibekwe ngemuva kwamehlo ngenkathi inganyakazi ngemuva.
Unyakaza ngomoya ophansi, eshintshanisa ukunyakaza okufushane nezikhathi zokuphumula, futhi abonise a umsebenzi ophawulwa amagagasi emachwebeni namachweba, ukusizakala ngokugeleza kwawo ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokudla.
Ezinganeni, i-degree ethile ukwethembeka ezindaweni ezithile ukuzalanisa (izizinda zemvelo ezindaweni ezisogwini noma emifula), okunomthelela ukongiwa kwazo kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Singathola i-sawfish ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ziyatholakala e-Australia, e-Afrika, e-Ecuador, ePortugal nasezindaweni zaseCaribbeanIzivakashi zingazibona emanzini angashoni nakwamanye izivumelwano zombukiso we-aquarium, lapho zivela khona ngezikhathi ezithile emiseleni yasolwandle.
Iyakwazi ukuhlala kokubili ngaphakathi amanzi amasha nosawoti. Zivame ukuba phakathi imilomo yemifula, amachweba namachweba, lapho i-saline gradient ingabangeli ukucindezeleka. Ngenxa yesimo sabo sengqondo kanye nesayensi yemvelo, bayachuma ezindaweni ezihlukene zasemanzini, bekhetha izindawo ezine ukudla okuchichimayo nokuthula ukuphumula emini.
Kutholakale ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziyahamba amabanga amade ukuya phezulu futhi abantu abathile bangahlala emifuleni nasemachibini isikhathi eside. Ikakhulukazi, intsha ye-lawtooth sawfish (I-Pristis pristis) bangakwazi uhlale emanzini ahlanzekile iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuthuthela echwebeni nasezindaweni ezisogwini.
Ngenxa yokuthi bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi ezindaweni ezinodaka nezinesihlabathi, basebenzisa leli thuba ukuze vubukula futhi ususe intlenga ngesaha, ukuthola isisulu sokudla. Inyamazane elula kunazo zonke izinhlanzi ezincane neziphakathi nendawo, izilwane ezingenamgogodla nama-mollusc, ezingenazo izindlela zokuzivikela eziphumelelayo ngokumelene namagalelo asheshayo e-rostrum.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ngokomlando kwakuhlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu zasentshonalanga ye-Atlantic (kusuka ezindaweni eziseduze United States, njengeFlorida neTexas, ukuya eCaribbean nasenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika) nezinye izifunda ze I-Indo-Pacific. Njengamanje, inani labantu likhona ihlukaniswe ngokuphawulekayo futhi uphile ezindaweni lapho izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele kanye nengcindezi yokudoba iqhubeka khona.
Ukudla kwe-Sawfish
Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinkulu, ama-crustaceans nama-molluscs, kanye nezinhlanzi ze-benthic kanye ne-demersal. Ukubamba ukudla, kuhlanganisa ukutholwa kwe-electrosensory yempango engcwatshwe ngokusetshenziswa kwe-rostrum njengehhadla nesikhali sokusika.
Nakuba behlala endaweni ethile, akuvamile ukubabona bedla izinhlobo ezinobuthi noma ezinobuthi obukhulu; isibonelo, azizange zibhalwe phansi zidla a inhlanzi zamatshe. Ngokuvamile, khetha inyamazane okulula ukuyiphatha futhi nayo ingozi ephansi.
Uma i-sawfish ibanjwa ezindaweni zokudoba, ngokuvamile ayivezi izinkinga, nakuba Ayisetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinye izinhlanzi. Inyama yayo ingafakwa usawoti futhi idliwe kwezinye izifunda, nakuba iqukethe amazinga ancomekayo e-mercury, ngakho-ke ukudla kwayo njalo akukhuthazwa. Ivame ukubonakala njenge bycatch ekudobeni izimfanzi nezinye izindlela zokudonsa ngamanethi noma nge-gillnetting.
Ukuzala
Akuyona yonke into eyaziwayo mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwe-sawfish, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi kunjalo umabhebhana: Imibungu ikhula ngaphakathi kukamama kanye naye ubelethe uphile usemusha. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa basebenzisa ama-claspers (izitho zokuxhuma ezitholakala emaphikweni e-pelvic) ukuze zivundise ngaphakathi owesifazane. Le nqubo ingaba namandla futhi ibangele imivimbo phakathi kwezintaba phakathi kwabantu ngabanye.
Abesifazane bayazalana kanye ngonyaka noma njalo eminyakeni emibili, enama-litter okuthi, kuye ngohlobo nobukhulu bukamama, angahluka phakathi 1 no-23 imidlwane (nobuningi obubhaliwe kulolo bubanzi). Lapho izalwa, intsha ikala kusuka 60 kuya ku-90 cm. Ngesikhathi lisesesiswini, isaha lisala ithambile noma ngesembozo serabha ukuze angalimazi umama; lesi simbozo siyalahleka ngemva nje kokuzalwa.
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kufinyelelwa ku-a sekwephuzile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zohlobo Pristis (nxazonke Iminyaka engu-7-12, kuye ngezinhlobo), ngenkathi ungaphakathi I-Anoxypris kungaba ngaphambili. Ukuze bafinyelele ukuvuthwa kwezocansi kumele basondele amamitha amaningana ubude. the izinga lokuzala eliphansi kanye nokuthuthuka kancane kancane kubenza babe sengcupheni yokudoba ngokweqile.
Kuye kwaphawulwa i-parthenogenesis (ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual) ku-sawfish encane (I-Pristis pectinata), lapho ezinye izingane zingama-clone kanina lapho abesilisa bengatholakali. Lesi simo asivamile, kodwa singamela a isu lokugcina kubantu abanciphe kakhulu.
I-Taxonomy, izinhlobo kanye nomehluko nge-saw shark
I-Sawfish iyingxenye ye i-class Chondrichthyes, njenge- ushaka whale, isigaba esincane elasmobranchii (oshaka, imisebe kanye nemisebe ye-manta), i-superorder I-Batoidea nokuhleleka I-Rhinopritiformes. Umndeni unjalo Pristidae futhi ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili: Pristis y I-AnoxyprisIzinhlobo eziphilayo ezaziwayo zihlanganisa I-Pristis pristis, I-Pristis pectinata, Pristis zijsron, Pristis clavata y Anoxypris cuspidata. Baye bachazwa izinhlobo zezinsalela isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, okukhombisa umlando omude wokuziphendukela kwemvelo weqembu.
Akufanele kudidaniswe isawudo (Pristidae) kanye ne wabona ushaka (oda i-Pristiophoriformes). Nakuba bobabili “banesaha,” kunomehluko oyinhloko: i-sawfish ine ama-gill slits ohlangothini lwe-ventral (njengemigqa), baswele ama-barbel ezintabeni futhi umzimba wakhe i-dorsoventrally isicaba; bona oshaka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, babe ama-lateral gills futhi ezimbalwa izinzwa ku-rostrum, ene-silhouette efana kakhulu nekashaka wakudala.
Ku-sawfish, umlomo usendaweni i-ventral futhi inamazinyo amaningi amancane okubamba inyamazane. Inani lamazinyo e-rostral liyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo nobukhulu, futhi umbala ngokuvamile usukela kokumpunga kuye kokunsundu noma okuluhlaza okotshani komnqumo ngemuva, nesisu esimhlophe.
Ukongiwa kwemvelo, izinsongo nokuvikelwa
Izibalo zabantu de peces izintaba ziye zahlupheka yehla ngaphezu kuka-90% ezindaweni ezinkulu zokusabalalisa kwazo, futhi ziyisibonelo phakathi kwe izinhlanzi ezisengozini. Zonke izinhlobo ze-Pristidae zifakwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List njenge Isengozini EbucayiPhakathi kwezinsongo zayo ezinkulu yilezi:
- I-Bycatch kuma-gillnets kanye ne-trawls: i-sawfish yayo ihlangana kalula futhi yenza ukukhulula kube nzima.
- Ukudoba ngokweqile okuhlosiwe esikhathini esedlule ngenxa yesidingo sesaha layo njengendebe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ku umuthi wendabuko.
- Ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala kanye nokucekelwa phansi, ikakhulukazi kusuka ku- umhlume namachweba asebenza njengezindawo zokuzalela.
Kunezinyathelo zokuvikela umhlaba wonke: umndeni wakwaPristidae ufakiwe CITES Isithasiselo I, okuvimbela noma okuvimbela kanzima ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe ahlukene aseqalile ukusebenza izinkathi ezivaliwe, ukubamba ukuvinjelwa kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zikazwelonke. Kwezinye izifunda, a usuku olunikezelwe ku-sawfish ukuqwashisa ngokongiwa kwayo.
Empeleni, ukonga kuhlanganisa ukubhekwa kwezokudoba, ukuvikelwa kwe izindawo ezibucayi (izizinda zemifula nemihlume), sebenzisana nemiphakathi edobayo ukuthuthukisa ukukhululwa okuphephile kwezibonelo eziboshwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi esayensi afana ne I-Environmental DNA (eDNA) ukubona ukuba khona kwezibalo zabantu. Ezindaweni zasemanzini zomphakathi, ezinye izinhlelo zokuzalanisa nokunakekela ngaphansi kokunakekelwa kwabantu zifaka isandla ekubambisaneni imfundo kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi.
Uma uhlangabezana nalolu hlobo, isincomo esijwayelekile siwukuthi gwema ukuthintana, ungazami ukusisebenzisa futhi, uma sonakaliswa ezigibeni zokudoba, sebenzisa izivumelwano zokukhishwa ezinciphisa ukulimala esilwaneni nakubantu.
Ubudlelwano nabantu: ukuphepha, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokubona
Ngenxa ye-morphology yayo, i-sawfish ingabonakala ezisongelayo, kodwa yisilwane thobekile okuyinto engavamile ukubeka ingozi eqondile. Izingozi zihlotshaniswa ne ukusebenzisana okungafunwa, isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokubanjwa ngephutha. Ukugcina ibanga lakho nokugwema ukucindezela isilwane kuyisinyathelo esingcono kakhulu sokuphepha.
Mayelana nokudliwa, inyama yayo ayaziswa kakhulu futhi i-sawfish ayiyona into ebaluleke kakhulu ekudobeni. Kwesinye isikhathi ziyacutshungulwa okunosawoti, kodwa ukuthathwa kwayo njalo akunconywa ngenxa ye okuqukethwe kwensimbi okungenzeka njenge-mercury futhi ngenxa yesimo sayo esibucayi sokulondoloza. Okuhamba phambili yilokhu khulula izibonelo ezithathwe ngephutha.
Ngomphakathi jikelele, zibheke ku izindawo zasemanzini zomphakathi noma endaweni yayo enabasebenzisi abanomthwalo wemfanelo kungaba indlela yokuzijabulisa kanye nemfundo yemvelo, njalo ngaphansi imikhuba enenhlonipho nezilwane kanye nemithetho yamanje.
Amaqiniso asheshayo kanye neCuriosities
- Tamaño: kusuka ku-1,5 m kuya ku-6 m (izinhlobo ezinkulu zifinyelela ubukhulu obungavamile).
- I-Rostrum: made futhi asicaba, anamapheya "amazinyo" (ama-denticles) ahluka phakathi kuka-14 no-25 ohlangothini ngalunye kuye ngezinhlobo nosayizi.
- Izinzwa: i-electroreception ethuthuke kakhulu yokuthola inyamazane engcwatshiwe.
- Ukuphefumula: ngokusebenzisa ama-spiracles aqondisa amanzi kuma-gill ngenkathi ehlezi phansi.
- Umbala: grey, brown noma umnqumo ngemuva; isisu esimhlophe.
- Ukuziphatha: ebusuku kanye ne-demersal; angabi nolaka kubantu ngaphandle kokuba ecasukile.
- Ukuzala: i-ovoviviparous; abasha abazalwa benama-ridge athambile; ukuvundiswa kwangaphakathi; amacala e-parthenogenesis abhalwe ku P. pectinata.
Ngalolu lwazi uzokwazi ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-sawfish. Uyithandile? Sazise kumazwana :). Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwayo okuyingqayizivele, ukuqonda kwayo biology, indawo kanye nezinsongo Kuwukhiye ekuqinisekiseni ikusasa layo: ukuvikela amachweba nemihlume, ukunciphisa ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ezingabanjwanga, kanye nokweseka imizamo yesayensi nezemfundo kuyizinyathelo eziwujuqu zokuqinisekisa ukuthi "isaha" liyaqhubeka nokulima buthule ogwini lolwandle lweplanethi.
