Njengoba nje kukhona ama-crayfish, kukhona ne- izinkalankala zolwandleLezi zinkalankala ziyizinkanyezi zalesi sihloko. Kukhona mayelana Izinhlobo ezingama-4.000 esingakubiza ngokuthi izinkalankala, futhi eziningi zazo zihlala olwandle. Lezi zinkalankala zinezimpawu ezihlukile kulezo ezihlala emfuleni ngoba kufanele zijwayelane nemvelo ehlukile. nxazonke.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nezinkalankala zasolwandle.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukuthi basukaphi um noma of UmfulaIzinkalankala ziyingxenye ye ama-decapodsLokhu kusho ukuthi banamapheya amahlanu emilenze. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banepheya yokuqala eguqulwe yaba ama-tweezers noma ama-pincer (chelae) ezivele zavela ukuze zibambe, ziqobe futhi zilawule ukudla, zizivikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye futhi zenze imikhuba yokuqomisanaNgakolunye uhlangothi, banemilenze ehambayo yokuhamba phansi.
Njengawo wonke ama-crustaceans, ane- i-chitin exoskeleton elisebenza njengegobolondo elivikelayo. Leligobolondo alikhuli ngokuqhubekayo, ngakho inkalankala kufanele hambisa (ecdysis) ngezikhathi ezithile: igobolondo elidala liyathamba futhi lihlukanise, futhi elisha selivele kwakheka ngaphansi. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, i-exoskeleton entsha ithatha isikhathi ukuqina, isikhathi esibucayi kakhulu lapho isengozini kakhulu.
I-sea crab ibonisa okuphawulekayo ukushintshashintsha kosayizi nokuma kwezikhonkwane zazo Ngokuya ngezinhlobo nobulili, lokhu kuhlobene nokudla kwazo kanye nohlobo lwezilwane ezizibambayo. Ezimweni eziningi, uzipho olulodwa lungase lube namandla kakhulu kunolunye, futhi ezizukulwaneni ezifana namafidla, uzipho olulodwa lukhulu ngokungenakulinganiswa futhi lusebenza umsebenzi othile. ukuxhumana ngesikhathi sokuqomisana.
Ekuziphatheni, Ngokuvamile banemikhuba ye-benthicOkusho ukuthi, zizulazula olwandle lapho zidla khona, ziphumule futhi zizalane. Nokho, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziye zasebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokuphila zasemanzini. i-demersal (eduze naphansi kodwa kunezikhathi zokubhukuda) noma bahlala ezindaweni eziphakathi kwamagagasi. Kunemindeni enekhono elikhulu lokubhukuda, njengama-portunids, anemilenze yokugcina eyisicaba ukuze iziqhubele emanzini, nakuba iningi lihamba ngokuhamba.
Esinye sezithombe eziphawuleka kakhulu yiwo shift uhlangothiUkuma okungavamile komzimba (igobolondo elibanzi elinesisu esincishisiwe) kanye nokuhlelwa kwamalungu omlenze kwenza ukuhamba kwezinhlangothi kube lula. esebenza kahle futhi ezinzile kunokuba bahambe ngendlela eqondile, ikakhulukazi lapho bedinga ukusabela ngokushesha ukuze baphephele. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zingahamba ziye phambili noma zihlehle lapho isimo sikudinga.
Esinye isici esigqamayo yisona amandla okuvuselelaUma belahlekelwa umlenze noma uzipho, bangakwazi ukuwenza kancane kancane ngokusebenzisa ama-molts alandelanayo, okwandisa amathuba abo okusinda.
Imizimba yezinkalankala zasolwandle ijwayela kalula ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu. Isibonelo sakudala yi- inkalankala, okungafani nezinye izinkalankala Ayinalo igobolondo lomhlane eliqinile eliphelele Futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ithatha amagobolondo angenalutho, ewashintshayo njengoba ikhula. Elinye icala eliyingqayizivele yi- inkalankala kakhukhunathi, ekwazi ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni zesundu ukuze ithole ukudla kwayo, isibonelo esidlulele sayo ukuzivumelanisa nempilo yasemhlabeni inqobo nje uma zingakwazi ukugcina umswakama womzimba, nezinye izinhlobo eziphawulekayo ezifana inkalankala yesicabucabu yaseJapan.
Ukudla kwenkalankala yasolwandle
Zonke izinhlobo zenkalankala zinazo ngokwemvelo ukudla omnivorousBayakwazi ukudla izinto eziphilayo zemvelaphi yezilwane nezitshalo: izinhlanzi ezincane, amanye ama-crustaceansZidla ama-bivalves, ama-marine gastropods, izikelemu, ama-algae, nezinsalela eziphilayo. izidladla ezinamandla okwenza kube lula ukubanjwa kanye nokuphatha inyamazane. Uma inkalankala inkulu, izinzipho zayo zingaba namandla kakhulu futhi inamandla amakhulu eziwabambayo, okuzivumela ukuba zivuleke. amagobolondo e-mollusk ngokukhululeka okulinganiselwe.
Basebenzisa izikhonkwane zabo ukuchoboza ukudla kube yizingcezu ezilawulekayo ukuletha emlonyeni wabo. Izinhlobo eziningi zibonisa okuthandwayo ama-mollusk ama-bivalve (izimbaza, ama-oyster, izimbaza) kanye iminenke emincaneEzindaweni eziseduze namachweba noma izindawo zokudoba, ngokuvamile zithatha imikhuba yokulahla, ukusizakala ngokulahlwa kanye nezinsalela zezinhlanzi.
Iningi likhona osomathubaNakuba zikwazi ukuzingela, ngokuvamile zithuthukisa imizamo yazo futhi zinciphise izingozi ngokudla lokho ulwandle olukukhukhulelayo ogwini noma izilwane ezizibamba kalula ezitholakala emifantwini nasemibhedeni yotshani basolwandle. Emabhishi nasezindaweni eziphakathi kwamagagasi, akuvamile ukubabona bemba futhi befuna ukudla, futhi besizakala imfucuza yomuntu uma ikhona.
Ezinye izinhlobo zengeza ekudleni kwazo ukuhlungaBadla umsoco kanye nenhlabathi namanzi, futhi baqede lokho abangakudingi. Ububanzi bokudla kwabo buchaza kakhulu impumelelo yabo kwezemvelo ezindaweni eziningi zasolwandle nasogwini.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Lezi zinkalankala ziyatholakala isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonkeCishe alukho ulwandle olungenazo izinkalankala. Nakuba ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zifuduka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka noma ezihlobene. ukuzalaUbukhona bayo buhlala njalo ezindaweni eziningi ezisogwini lweplanethi.
Bayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala inqobo nje uma izidingo zabo ezincane zendawo yokuhlala nokudla ziyahlangatshezwa. Ukuguquguquka kokudla kwabo kunciphisa ukuncika kwabo ezimweni eziqondile, ngakho-ke uma indawo ezungezile ivuma ngokusesilinganisweni, cishe bayochuma. sungula kalulaAngatholakala kusukela ogwini, ezindaweni ezihlangana namagagasi namagagasi, kuze kufike imikhakha ye-infralittoral lapho zicasha khona phakathi kwamadwala, izimfunda zasolwandle noma ngaphansi kwesihlabathi.
Indawo yabo evamile ihlanganisa imifantu enamatsheImigede, imibhede yokhula lwasolwandle, nemigodi emincane ibanikeza indawo yokukhosela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye nokudla okunjengezimpethu, ama-crustaceans amancane nemfucumfucu yezimila zasolwandle. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyabekezelela ukwehluka okubanzi kosawoti kanye nezinga lokushisaLokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zihlale ezindaweni eziphuma emanzini nasemaxhaphozini (amanzi anosawoti), kanye nasezindaweni ezinomoya ophansi wesikhashana.
Nakuba bekhona cishe emhlabeni wonke, abantu abaningi bagcwele kule ndawo ulwandle olwandle nasezifundeni ezipholile, nezinye bazinqoba ngempumelelo izindawo ezishisayo lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lithanda ukwanda kwezakhi. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane nazo ziya kude olwandle ziye ekujuleni okukhulu, kuyilapho ezinye zisaxhumene eduze nogu.
Ukukhiqiza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
Ukukhiqizwa kwezinkalankala eziningi zasolwandle kuxhumene kakhulu ne ukucwiliswa kwabesifazaneEzinhlotsheni eziningana, i ukukhwelana Lokhu kuhambisana nesikhathi lapho insikazi incibilikile futhi igobolondo layo lisathambile. Ngaphambili, owesilisa angase vikela owesifazane bazibeke phezu kwakhe futhi bezulazula ndawonye izinsuku kuze kufike isikhathi sokuhlangana.
Ukuvundisa ngokuvamile ngaphakathiKhona-ke, insikazi ibeka izinkulungwane amaqanda futhi yakhe “isaka” elihlala linamathele ngaphansi kwesisu, eduze nemilenze yalo yokubhukuda, ukuze zifake umoya-mpilo futhi uzivikele amasonto noma izinyanga, kuye ngohlobo nezimo zemvelo.
Uma zichanyuselwa, amazinyane adlula endaweni eyisi-a ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu ze-planktonic ngezigaba eziningana (zoeae) kanye nesiteji esibizwa i-megalopaPhakathi nalezi zigaba, izibungu zintanta futhi zidla kukholomu yamanzi kuze kube yilapho, ngemva kokushintshashintsha, zehlela phansi, zamukele isimo esincane somuntu omdala. lokushisa futhi i usawoti Banethonya elinamandla ekusindeni nasekuqhubekeni isivinini sentuthukoNgokuvamile, amazinga okushisa aphakeme kancane asheshisa inqubo phakathi kwezigaba ezibekezeleleka, futhi usawoti ophansi kakhulu ungakhinyabeza noma uvimbele ukukhula okuvamile.
Lapho sezikhulile, izinkalankala eziningi zasolwandle zingahlala izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphandle kwamanzi Ziyachuma ezindaweni ezinomswakama namazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo, nakuba ngokuvamile zibuyela olwandle ukuze ziyondle, zinisele amanzi, futhi zizalane.
Isikhathi sokuphila siyahlukahluka ngoba kunezinhlobo eziningi, kodwa Ngokuvamile isukela eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kweyi-15Lesi sikhathi sinqunywa ukutholakala kokudla, ukucindezela kwezilwane ezizingelayo, nokuzinza kwendawo ezungezile.
Isibonelo esihle: inkalankala eluhlaza yaseYurophu (Carcinus maenas)
Phakathi kwezinkalankala zasolwandle, UCarcinus maenas (Inkalankala eluhlaza yaseYurophu noma inkalankala yasogwini) ingenye efundwe kakhulu ngenxa yobukhulu bayo ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nomthelela wayo kwezemvelo nomaphi lapho izisungula khona. Inkalankala ye usayizi omaphakathienegobolondo elibanzi kunelide futhi elikhulu, izikhonkwane ezisebenzayo. Umbala wayo muhle kakhulu okuguquguqukayo (okuluhlaza, okunsundu, okubomvu) kuye ngokuthi isigaba somjikelezo we-molting kanye ne-substrate.
Iyaphila zonke izinhlobo zogu kanye nezindawo ezinamaza olwandle, kusukela ezizalweni zemifula ukuya ezindaweni ezinamatshe, eziyisihlabathi, noma ezimbozwe ulwelwe. Ibonisa ukubekezelelana izinguquko kusawoti kanye nezinga lokushisafuthi imelana nezikhathi ze umoya-mpilo omncane kangcono kunamanye ama-crustaceans. I-omnivorous kanye ne-generalist, enekhono elikhulu loku amagobolondo avulekile ye-bivalves futhi ixhaphaze inhlobonhlobo yezinsiza.
Njengenhlobo yezilwane, ibikwe ngale kwebanga layo lokuqala futhi ibhekwa njengeyiyo amandla aphezulu okuhlasela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, lapho iqhudelana khona nezinkalankala zomdabu futhi iqeda izinsiza zokudoba, okuthinta umnotho wendawo kanye ukuzinza kwamaketanga okudla izindawo eziphakathi kwamagagasi. Ibuye isetshenziswe njenge i-bioindicator ukuqapha izinsimbi ezisindayo nokunye ukungcola, njengoba iqoqa iminonjana ezicutshini zayo.
Izinsongo ze-crab yolwandle
Isikhathi sokuphila salezi zilwane kunzima ukusinquma ngoba sinezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-4000. Kodwa-ke, Isilinganiso sokuphila siphakathi kweminyaka emi-3 neyi-15.Le nkathi yokuphila ingaphansi kwezinguquko ezingaba khona enanini lezilwane ezidla ezinye noma izinguquko zemvelo. Zivame ukuzingelwa futhi zidliwe izilwane zasolwandle ezifana octopus, izimfudu zasolwandle, oshaka, ama-sea otters futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, nezinye izinkalankala ezinkulu. izinyoni zasolwandle nenqwaba yezinhlanzi zasogwini nazo ziyazidla, ikakhulukazi izingane.
Lapho kuntuleka ukudla, bayakwazi nidlane (ukudla abantu). Lokhu kuthambekela kuvame kakhulu ku ukuminyana okuphezulu ngokwezibalo zabantu, futhi kuvamile ukuthi abantu abasha babe sengozini enkulu.
Lapho befika ogwini lolwandle, bangahlangabezana nezinsongo ezithile. amaqanda noma izibungu Ziphinde zibe sengozini: olwandle zingadliwa ezinye izinhlobo ze-planktivorous futhi, uma zisezindaweni zolwandle, izilwane ezincelisayo ezifuywayo njengoba izinja namakati angabazingela ngephutha.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo, kunezingcindezi zemvelaphi yomuntu: i ukungcola (izinsimbi ezinzima, i-microplastics, i-hydrocarbons), i- ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala ngenxa yemisebenzi yasogwini, i ukushisa kwamanzi futhi i i-acidification olwandle. Ukubanjwa ngengozi kwezinto zokudoba, ukuhamba kwemikhumbi, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezimfunda zasolwandle nakho kuthinta isibalo sabantu bendawo.
Isici esisodwa esiyingqayizivele ukuphatha izinhlobo ezihlaselayoEminye imikhankaso yokulawula izinkalankala okungezona ezomdabu, uma ingaklanyelwe kahle, ingaphazamisa imiphakathi yendawo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela ze ukudoba okukhethekile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe izicupho noma izingwegwe zezinhlanzi ezinciphisa umonakalo wendawo futhi zivumele ukukhululwa ama-specimens amancane noma abesifazane abazala amaqanda.
Ubudlelwano nabantu kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo
Ziningi izinkalankala zasolwandle intshisekelo ye-gastronomic kanye nokudoba. Ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kwayo, ukuthwebula nge izicupho ezithile Kuyancomeka ngoba kunciphisa umthelela esikhwameni futhi kuvumele khetha osayiziKubalulekile ukuhlonipha sibonileubuncane bosayizi nokukhulula abesifazane abanamaqanda ezinhlobo ezivikelwe noma ezilawulwayo.
Ngokwendlela eyakhiwe ngayo, inyama yenkalankala igqama ngayo okuqukethwe amaprotheni aphezulu enenani eliphezulu lebhayoloji, amafutha enempilo (ngokuba khona kwe-omega-3), namaminerali afana i-iodine, i-zinc, i-phosphorus ne-magnesium, ngaphezu kwamavithamini B kanye i-vitamin EUmnikelo wayo wamandla uvame ngokulinganiselangokuqukethwe kwamafutha aphansi, okwenza kube a ukudla okuthakazelisayo ngaphakathi kokudla okulinganiselayo, ngaphandle kwe-contraindication ngayinye.
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi izinkalankala zidlani nokuthi ziphila kanjani, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ziyizinhlobo zezilwane ukhiye ezinhlelweni zemvelo zasogwiniBasebenzisa kabusha izakhi, balawula izilwane ezingenamgogodla, futhi basebenze njengokudla kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Ukukhuthaza izindlela zokudoba ezinomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nokongiwa kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala kunomthelela ekugcineni impilo yasogwini.
Ngethemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nenkalankala yasolwandle. izici ze-morphological iyingqayizivele, ukuguquguquka kwayo kwemvelo, kuyathakazelisa umjikelezo wokuphila Futhi uma kubhekwa indima yazo ezinhlelweni zemvelo nasekhishini, izinkalankala zasolwandle ziyiqembu elithakazelisayo elifanele ukuqondwa futhi livikelwe.
