Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho inkalankala yaseMelika. Yinkalankala ebomvu evela emfuleni futhi edabuka e-United States, yingakho igama layo. Kungabonakala kwamanye amazwekazi lapho kwaziwa khona kakhulu njengohlobo lwe-invasive. Ezweni lethu yaziwa ngokuthi inkalankala yaseMelika futhi sinayo nasezindaweni zethu zokuhlala.
Kulesi sihloko sizokunikeza yonke imininingwane mayelana ne- I-Biology, izici kanye nezindlela zokuphila ze-crab yaseMelika, ukunwetshwa kwayo, imithelela engaba khona, nokucatshangelwa kokuphathwa nokunakekelwa lapho ubunikazi bayo busemthethweni.
Izici eziyinhloko
Iwuhlobo lwenkalankala ehlala kuyo amanzi angabanda kakhuluLokhu kusho ukuthi ihlala emifuleni, kodwa ngokuvamile emanzini azolile. Ibhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo ezinezinkulu kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa nezimo Iyachuma ezindaweni ezahlukene zemvelo. Ikhula ngokushesha emanzini esizini futhi ingamelana nezikhathi ezishisa kakhulu nezomileyo zonyaka kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezi-4. Ngokuphathelene nobukhulu, ilinganisa amasentimitha angu-12 ubude futhi inesisindo esingamagremu angu-50. kuphela
Le nkalankala ayihlali emanzini ahlanzekile kuphela, kodwa futhi singayithola kuwo amanzi anezinga elithile losawotiNgenxa yokuthi awawabekezeleli kahle la manzi, awahlali kuwo isikhathi eside. Ukuphila kwabo kudlulela okungenani iminyaka emi-5 uma izimo zizinhle. Zidla kokubili izitshalo nezinye izilwane.
Esigabeni sayo sobusha yethula a ukukhanya kwe-pigmentation, okumhlophe-phuzi; ngokuvuthwa, igobolondo lizuza a iphimbo elibomvu elishubileUmzimba mude futhi uqinile, une-rostrum encane kanye nezinsimbi ze-tuberculate. Njenge-decapod, inakho Imilenze emi-10ezimbili ezingaphambili zibe yizinsimbi ezinkulu noma ama-cleats. ukuvuthwa ngokocansi Imvamisa ifinyelela kumasayizi aphakathi nendawo, futhi ukukhula kwayo kuncike ebuningini bokuncibilika kwe-exoskeleton.
Ukubekezelela kwayo imvelo kubanzi: izinga lokushisa elamukelekayo lihlanganisa amanzi apholile, ane- umsebenzi olungile phakathi kwamazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawoIyabekezelela futhi umoya-mpilo omncane Ngenxa yomkhuba wayo wokufika phezulu noma enhlabathini emanzi kanye nekhono layo lokumba imigodi, ikwazi ukuhamba endaweni emanzi. indlela ende ukuthola imizimba emisha yamanzi, ethanda ukwanda kwawo.
I-Taxonomy, imvelaphi nokusabalalisa
Inkalankala yaseMelika noma I-Procambarus clarkii ingeyomndeni I-CambaridaeItholakala eningizimu ye-United States nakwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho yeMexico, kodwa yethuliwe EYurophu, e-Afrika nase-Asia. E-Peninsula yase-Iberia uzimise ngempumeleloehlala emifuleni eminingi, amadamu, amaxhaphozi namasimu elayisi. Ubucwebe bayo bemvelo, ukusakazeka kwemvelo phezu komhlaba ngezikhathi ezimanzi, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu (ukuthutha, ukuhwebelana komlando, ukudoba) kwenze kwaba lula ukwanda kwayo.
Emifuleni eminingi yaseYurophu ubukhona bayo buzinzile, kodwa ukuthuthuka kwayo kuye kwabonakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele, lapho isusa izinkalankala zomdabu ayikubekezeleli kancane ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala kanye ne-pathogenic kakade. Ensimini yethu kuyacatshangelwa izinhlobo zangaphandle ezihlaselayo futhi ingaphansi kwezinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula kanye nokuvinjelwa mayelana nokwethulwa kwayo, ezokuthutha kanye nohwebo, ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo yamanje.
Indawo yokuhlala kanye ne-ecology
Indawo yokuhlala: itholakala ku imifula ehamba kancaneamaxhaphozi, amachibi, amachibi, amadamu futhi, ikakhulukazi, amasimu elayisiIkhetha izingezansi ezithambile ezinodaka noma ubumba, lapho umba imipheme ukuthola indawo yokukhosela, ukukhiqiza kabusha, kanye nokumelana nesomiso sonyaka. Ngezikhathi ezomile, ingahlala ingcwatshwe izinyanga ezimbalwa kuze kubuye amanzi.
Imingcele yemvelo: iyabekezelela amazinga okushisa abanzi kanye nosawoti omningi ophansi kuye komaphakathi. Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi elimaphakathi lithanda i-metabolism nokukhiqizwa kabusha, futhi i-oxygen encibilikile I-pH ephansi ayikuvimbeli ukusinda kwayo uma ikwazi ukufinyelela phezulu noma emigodini emanzi. Mayelana ne-pH, kukhombisa ukuthanda emanzini ane-pH ephansi. i-alkaline kancane.
Indima yezemvelo: njenge i-omnivore engosomathuba kanye ne-scavenger, idla ama-macrophyte, ulwelwe, i-detritus, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemazingeni aphansi emazingeni okuqala, amaqanda de peces nezinhlanzi ezincane. Lokhu kudla okubanzi kuyivumela ukuthi iqhubeke lapho ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zihluleka khona. Umsebenzi wayo wokumba uwenza ube a unjiniyela we-ecosystemukuguqula isimo sendawo yokuhlala kanye namandla e-sediment.
Ukunakekelwa kwenkalankala yaseMelika
Lolu hlobo lwenkalankala lungagcinwa njengesilwane esifuywayo. Ukuze ube nayo ekhaya kumele wazi ezinye zeziqondiso ezisemqoka zokunakekelwa kwayo ukuze ibe nempilo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Badla izithelo eziningi, imifino, nezinhlobo ezahlukene zenyama. Ukuze baphuze amanzi, udinga ukubeka isiponji ngamanzi futhi bazomunca amanzi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kulula ukuwafaka emanzini amasha futhi lokho kusezingeni lokushisa ekamelweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimo zawo.
Into enhle nge-crayfish yaseMelika ukuthi iyakwazi ukubekezelela izinga lokushisa lamanzi lamazinga ahlukahlukene, ukusuka kushisa kuya kubanda. Uma uzogcina eyodwa ekhaya, uzodinga a i-terrarium Futhi ungabenzela uhlobo lomhume ngamaqabunga nezinti, ukuze bakwazi ukungena noma nini lapho befuna futhi bazizwe bevikelekile ngokuphelele.
Ukwehlukanisa izinkalankala zesilisa nezinsikazi, kufanele ubheke ubukhulu bezinzipho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi eyeduna, ungabona ukuthi enye yezibopho inkulu kunezinye. Kodwa-ke, abesifazane banezinzipho ezimbili ezilinganayo. Uma ufuna ukwenza indawo yokuhlala enethezekile kubo, uzodinga ithangi lenhlanzi noma i-terrarium. Kufanele kube yinto enkulu ukuze ube nendawo eningi yokuhambahamba.
Ungathenga isitsha sokubeka umgede waso ekhoneni, futhi ube nelinye ikhona elimbozwe ngamanzi lapho lingangena khona. Beka izitshalo lapho njengokungathi inkalankala isendaweni yayo yemvelo. Ungayithenga futhi a isiqu futhi uyibeke eduze nendawo yayo yokuhlala. Ngaleyo ndlela ungenza imbobo phansi ukuze ikwazi ukumba inhlabathi futhi ingene ngaphakathi.
Eduze kwesitsha samanzi ungabeka ikepisi lokudla ukuze izinto zisondelane hhayi ukuthi yonke into ihlakazeke. Nginesihlabathi esiningi, kungcono ukuze inkalankala ikwazi ukuzwa endaweni yayo yemvelo. Uma ungeza izitshalo futhi uhlobisa yonke into eduze kwendawo yokuhlala yemvelo, kungcono. Futhi ukuthi lezi zinkalankala, yize zivumelana kalula nezindawo ezintsha, zihlala zisebenza kangcono uma lezi zindawo zivumelane ngokuphelele nengxenye yemvelo.
Ukucatshangelwa okusemthethweni okubalulekile: Emazweni ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi iSpain, inkalankala yaseMelika injalo ihlukaniswa njengezinhlobo zangaphandle ezihlaselayoIzinto abanazo, ezokuthutha, nezohwebo azivunyelwe ngokomthetho. Uma uhlala endaweni lapho ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwasekhaya kusemthethweni, sebenzisa izincomo zobuchwepheshe ezilandelayo:
- Vikela ukufakwa: i-aquarium enesembozo esiqinile; bangabagibeli abahle kakhulu kanye nabaculi abaphunyukayo.
- Imingcele yamanzi: izinga lokushisa elifudumele nelizinzile; ukungathathi hlangothi ku-pH encane ye-alkaline; ukuhlunga okuhle kanye ne-oxygenation.
- Imihlobiso nezindawo zokukhosela: izingodo, imihume, namashubhu angenalutho fihla ngesikhathi sokuncibilikaGwema izinto ezicijile.
- Ukuhambisana: Gwema izinhlanzi ezihlala phansi noma ezibhukuda kancane; bangase bazidle noma badle amaphiko abo. Zigcine zodwa noma nezinhlobo eziqinile ezindaweni ezihlukene.
- Ukudla: Ama-pellets acwilayo ama-crustaceans, imifino e-blanched (i-zucchini, isipinashi), amaprotheni angenalutho ngezikhathi ezithile. Susa noma yikuphi okusele ukuze ugweme ukungcolisa amanzi.
- Isondlo izinguquko ezijwayelekile ngokwengxenye, ungalokothi usebenzise imikhiqizo nge ithusiKhipha amagciwane imishini uma isetshenziswe ngaphandle ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwamagciwane.
- Izinyathelo zokuqapha: ukusabalalisa kanye ukugadwa kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo ukugwema ukuthuthaukuhlanza kanye ukungabulala magciwane yobuciko nemikhumbi esetshenziswa emanzini ahlukene.
Ukudla kwenkalankala yaseMelika
Lezi zinhlanzi zingondla kuzo zombili izitshalo nezilwane. Ngaphakathi kwezilwane idla zombili izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinye izinhlanzi. Imifino nayo idliwa ngobuningi. Ungabona ukuthambekela kokudla abantu noma ukudonsa ngaphezulu kwesidumbu. Futhi singabona inkalankala yaseMelika idla enye yezinhlobo zayo, inqobo nje uma lesi sibonelo sife noma sifa. Kungabonakala futhi ngokudla ezinye izidumbu zezinye izinhlobo uma kunokudla okuncane okutholakalayo.
Iqiniso lokuthi ingxenye kadoti kwenza kube a ucezu olubalulekile ekuhlanzeni jikelele yawo wonke ama-ecosystem. Ukuze uyihlukanise kwezinye izinkalankala, umuntu udinga kuphela ukubheka ukumila kwayo okude kakhulu. Lesi simo siwenza afane nama-lobster futhi, njengazo zonke ezinye izinkalankala, anamandla okwenza susa i-exoskeleton.
Ezindaweni zemvelo idla ama-macrophyte, i-algae ene-filamentous, imbewu, iminenke, izibungu zezinambuzane zasemanzini, ezikhulayo ezihlala emanzini namaqanda. de peces uma zikhona. Lokhu ukudla okungosomathuba Lokhu kuchaza impumelelo yayo ehlaselayo, kodwa futhi namandla ayo okuphazamisa amaketanga okudla, ukwandisa ukuguguleka kwamanzi ngokusiphula izimila nokunyakazisa inhlabathi njengoba ifuna ukudla.
Ekuthunjweni, lapho kusemthethweni, kuyancomeka ukuthi uhlukanise ukudla izingxenye ezincane Yondla nsuku zonke noma zonke izinsuku, ubeke phambili ukudla okucwilayo okwakhelwe ama-crustaceans nemifino e-blanched. Gwema amaprotheni amaningi ukuze uvimbele ukusheshisa ama-molts ayinkinga, futhi ususe ukudla okungadliwanga ngemva kwamahora ambalwa ukuze ugweme ukungcolisa amanzi.
Ukuzala
Sizokhuluma ngenqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha inkalankala yaseMelika. Lona ngomunye wemibuzo ebuzwa abantu abaningi lapho bebona le morphology yenkalankala. Kunemibuzo eminingi ebuzwayo mayelana nokuthi bobabili owesilisa nowesifazane benza kanjani isenzo socansi. Impendulo iqonde ngqo. Owesilisa, ukuze alingise nowesifazane, kufanele abe mkhulu, ngoba kufanele babambe insikazi futhi babeke isisu sayo phansi.
Ukuze kwenziwe ukukhulelwa, abesilisa bathola isidoda sabesifazane. Ngaphakathi kuso, isidoda siyakwazi ukubambelela izinsuku eziningi kuze kufike isikhathi esifanele sokuthi owesifazane abe sezinsukwini zakhe ezivundile. Insikazi ingabeka amaqanda angama-700, kepha kuya kuphela ngosayizi owesilisa nowesifazane. Uma isizalele amaqanda, zingaba nezinsuku ezingaba ngu-20-30 kuze kufike isikhathi sokuchanyuselwa.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, abesifazane bangazala izikhathi eziningana ngonyakanemijikelezo ehambisana nezikhathi ezipholile. Ngemva kokuchanyuselwa, amaphuphu asala enamathiselwe kuma-pleopods Bahlala nonina baze baqede ama-molts ambalwa, lapho sebekwazi ukuzondla. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kufinyelelwa ngokushesha emanzini anokushisa okuhle nokudla okuchichimayo, okusheshisa ukwenziwa kwawo kwamakoloni.
Kubonwe abantu abanamasu okuzala asebenza kahle kakhulu, okuhlanganisa amazinga aphezulu okusinda kwezingane ezindaweni ezifudumele kanye ukuzala okuxhunywe kusayizi kwabesifazane. Le nhlanganisela yezintambo eziningi, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo, nokubekezelelana okubanzi kwemvelo kuchaza impumelelo yayo emangalisayo njengezinhlobo ezihlaselayo.
Ukuziphatha
Lezi zinkalankala zinhle impela ekukhulumisaneni. Ingenye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlobo. Ukuze bakwazi ukukhuluma bodwa, bahambisa izibopho kakhulu, okwenza kube isenzo esihlekisayo. Uma ubona ukuthi inkalankala yaseMelika ihambisa izinzipho zayo, ixhumana nolunye uhlobo olufanayo.
Esinye isici enaso ekuziphatheni kwayo yileso Basebenza kahle njengeqembu. Bobabili bafuna ukudla futhi basize ukusekela imindeni. Bangababhukudi abanekhono futhi bayabhukuda besuka ngapha nangapha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkalankala yaseMelika ngokuyinhloko crepuscular kanye nocturnalIsebenza kakhulu lapho kuhwalala. Iyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokuziqhubezela ngomsila wayo. ukugeleza kwefeni futhi uhambe ubheke eceleni ngobunono. Imba indawo yokukhosela futhi iqinise i-microhabitat yayo. Ezimweni zokuncintisana, kuyabonisa ukuziphatha kwezindawo ngokusatshalaliswa kwamaphini.
Uma isongelwa, ithatha ukuma kokuzivikela ngezizipho eziphakanyisiwe noma ibaleke kungazelelwe. Inamandla amakhulu okwenza ukuvuselelwa kwezitho ngemuva kwama-molts amaningana, okuvumela ukuthi ilulame ezingxabanweni noma ekuzingeleni ngokwengxenye.
Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwezinhlobo nezilwane ezidla ezinye
Njengemvukuzane ebanzi enezimbangi ezimbalwa ezisebenzayo ezindaweni eziningi eziphilayo, i-American crayfish yabelana ngendawo yokuhlala nezinhlanzi zomdabu kanye nezinhlobo ezethulwe. Phakathi kwayo izilwane ezidla ezinye ezivamile I-carp nezinye izinhlanzi ezinkulu kukhulunywa ngazo, kanye nezinyoni zasemanzini ezifana nezindwandwe. Ezinhlelweni zemifula lapho ikhona, ezinye i-eel-like Izinhlobo zomdabu zingase ziwudle ngezikhathi ezithile. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezingosomathuba (amagundane, izinja) kanye nezinyoni ezihlukahlukene zingabamba abantu emabhange nasezindaweni ezingajulile.
Inhlanganisela ye-fecundity ephezulu, i-plasticity yokudla, kanye nendawo yokukhosela yemigodi Kwenza kube nzima ukuba izilwane ezizingelayo zemvelo zilawule abantu bazoikakhulukazi emanzini ashintshiwe noma kunezimila ezimilayo eziningi.
Imithelela nokuhlasela: imiphumela nemithethonqubo
Inkalankala yaseMelika ingakhiqiza imithelela yemvelo nezomnothoEzindaweni zasemanzini, amagalari awo anyakazisa amathambeka, amadikhi namabhange, athande ukuvuza nokuphukaNgokususa ama-sediments kanye nokudla ama-macrophyte, kwandisa ukuguguleka kwamanzi futhi ishintsha imiphakathi yezitshalo engaphansi kwamanzi, ibe nomthelela kukhwalithi yendawo yokuhlala kanye ne-phytoplankton.
Njengevector enempilo ye amagciwane yezinkalankala zomdabu (ngokwesibonelo, inkalankala), kungabangela ukuwa kwabantu bomdabu. Kuma-agroecosystems, kuyalimaza izinhlelo zokuchelela kanye namasimu elayisi ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo wokumba. Ngenxa yale mithelela, ifakiwe ku- Ikhathalogu YaseSpain Yezinhlobo Ezihlasela Aliennezinqatshelwe ekuphatheni kwayo, ezokuthutha, nokuhweba, kanye nezigunyazo zokulawula izinjongo zayo zokuphatha. Kubalulekile ukubuyekeza imithethonqubo yamanje endaweni yangakini ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukusebenzelana nezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukulawula kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela
Ukuphatha okuphumelelayo kuhlanganisa izindlela ngokomzimba kanye nokuvimbela iguqulelwe kusistimu:
- Ukuthwebula okuhlosiwe: amanethi, izicupho, ukudoba ngezandla noma izindlela zokukhetha lapho kugunyazwe khona.
- Ukulawula ngokomzimba kungqalasizinda: Ukuqiniswa kwe-slope, imigoqo evimbela ukungena emiseleni nasemasangweni.
- Izinyathelo zokuqapha: ukudalula kanye nokugwema ukuthuthaukuhlanza kanye ukungabulala magciwane yobuciko nemikhumbi esetshenziswa emanzini ahlukene.
- Ukuphathwa kwendawo yokuhlala: Ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zokukhosela zokwenziwa kanye nokulawulwa kwezimila eziningi lapho kufanele khona, njalo ngaphansi kwenqubo yemvelo.
Isihluthulelo siwukuthi ukugwema ukuhlakazeka kwayo ngokungenhloso futhi sinciphise izimo ezivumela ukwanda kwenani labantu, kuncike ezinhlelweni zokuthi isayensi yendawo ukumisa ukuqhubeka kwayoNoma yiluphi uhlelo kumele ludidiyelwe neziphathimandla zezemvelo.
Umehluko kuzinkalankala zomdabu kanye nezinhlobo ezifanayo
Ezindaweni lapho behlala khona, kungadideka inkalankala yomdabuInkalankala yaseMelika iphawuleka ngayo umbala obomvu Kubantu abadala, i-chelae eqinile enama-tubercle abonakalayo kanye negobolondo eline amachashazi abomvu-amhlopheIzibonelo zomdabu zivame ukuba namathoni ansundu noma aluhlaza kanye nezakhiwo ezingagqami kangako. Uma ungabaza, kuyanconywa ungakhohlisi izilwane kanye nama-ejenti athinta imvelo ukuze ahlonzwe.
Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-crayfish yaseMelika kanye nezici zayo. Ukuqonda ibhayoloji nokuziphatha kwayo kusiza ukuyikhomba, uqonde ukuthi kungani ijwayelana kahle nemvelo eminingi kangaka, futhi yenze izinqumo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo mayelana nokuphathwa kwayo lapho kusemthethweni nokulawula kwayo endle. Inhlanganisela yokubekezelela imvelo, ukudla okuyi-omnivorous, ukukhiqiza kabusha okuphumelelayo, kanye nekhono lokubhoboza kuchaza impumelelo yakho, kuyilapho futhi kugcizelela isidingo... ukuvimbela nokuphatha ukuvikela izindawo zokuhlala nezinhlobo zezilwane.
