Ama-crustaceans ayizilwane ezimibalabala, ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Izinhlobo eziningi zidla ngokuyinhloko crustaceans ekudleni kwabo. Enye yama-crustaceans edonsa amehlo kakhulu yi- inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhakaNgokungafani nezinye izinkalankala, umbala wayo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka awujwayelekile futhi uyamangalisa, okwenza ihluke kwezinye. Nakuba ingekho ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini emhlabeni wonke, izinkalankala eziningi ziyafa nsuku zonke ngenxa [yembangela engashiwongo]. ukungcoliswa kwezilwandle nemifula kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ezenziwa abantu.
Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ifayela le- Secretos yenkalankala eluhlaza kanye nayo izinto ezingavamileKulesi sihloko sichaza yonke into ngolwazi olwandisiwe nolusebenzayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lolu hlobo lunobuhle obungenakulinganiswa obunikezwe... umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka exotic i-exoskeleton yayo. Kukhona futhi ezinye izinhlobo ezingaba umbala umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhakaithambo, i-orange noma imbala ebomvana. Le mibala egqamile yenza inkalankala eluhlaza ibonakale kalula. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
Omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwale nkalankala nayo yonke enye i-keel yangaphandleLe nkomba iqukethe amanye ama-keel amane angacaciswanga kahle ebusweni be-carapace. Ama-chelae ambozwe izinwele ezincanyana ohlangothini lwangaphakathi. Inkalankala yoMfula Ivamise ukuba nekhanda nezitho zangaphakathi ezimbozwe igobolondo layo. Lokhu kusebenza njengesivikelo. ukuvikelwa uma kwenzeka kuba nesigameko noma ingozi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivela ku-ecosystem lapho behlala khona noma ekuhlaselweni kwezilwane ezizingelayo. Izingxenye zesisu ngempela zimbozwe ulwelwesi oluguquguqukayo oluzisiza ukuba ukunyakaza kalula ngenkathi usalokhu uvikelekile.
Le nkalankala inepheya ama-tweezers amakhulu ngaphambili. Adingeka kakhulu kuwo njengoba ewasebenzisa ekudleni. ukumba kuze kufike kumamitha amabili ukujula futhi bazivikele kubahlaseli abangase babe. Ipheya ngalinye lezikhonkwane landulela amapheya amane emilenze esetshenziselwa ukunyakaza kanye namanye amapheya amane asetshenziselwa ukubhukuda. Le milenze ibizwa ama-pleopodsZivame ukumbozwa ngezinwele ezinhle ezikhonza ukunamathisela amaqanda.
Ngaphandle komthelela obonakalayo, umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akuwona "udayi wokwenziwa": kungenxa yokuxhumana phakathi astaxanthin (ibala elibomvu) kanye namaprotheni afana i-crustacyanineokuthi, ngokushintsha indlela ukukhanya okubonakala ngayo, kunikeze umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-oluhlaza. Uma kuphekwe, amaprotheni ashintshashintsha, ashiye i-astaxanthin kuphela, okuholela ekutheni umbala obomvu-wolintshi isici.
Descripción
Inezimbangi zazo amehlo ahlanganisiwe ekupheleni kwama-appendages. Kokubili ukunambitheka nokuthinta kubonakala ngenxa yepheya izimpondo ezinkulu kanye nezimpondo. Uma benempilo enhle futhi bondlekile, bangakala phakathi 25 futhi 30cm yinde futhi inesisindo esingafika kungxenye yesine yekhilo. Amaphesenti angu-20 kuphela esisindo sawo esiphelele angumsila.
Kunomehluko ocacile phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Eyokuqala indawo yezimbotshana zangasese. Kwabesifazane, atholakala ikakhulukazi phansi kwe ... imilenze yesithathuUkwakheka kwayo ku-ovoid futhi kusobala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kowesilisa, sithola isitho esingezansi kwe imilenze yesihlanu.
Kukhona okunye, umehluko ocacile futhi okulula ukukuqonda. Ngokwesibonelo, owesilisa une usayizi omkhulu kunama-tweezers abesifazane futhi aqine kakhulu. Insikazi inama-pleopod amade kunowesilisa.
Lezi zilwane, njengoba zikhula, zenza a ukususwa kwe-exoskeletonLokhu kuvame ukwenzeka kanye noma kabili ngonyaka ezibonelweni zabantu abadala. Lapho inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ishiya igobolondo layo elidala, idla inani elithile lamanzi ukuze igcwalise ingaphakathi layo futhi ikwazi ukwanda ngosayiziYile ndlela evumela ngayo umthamo womzimba owanele ukuthuthukisa kangcono imisipha kanye nezinye izitho zangaphakathi.
Lapho nje sebeqedile ukuchitha i-exoskeleton, Kuzofanele baqinise amagobolondo abo Kancane kancane basebenzisa i-calcium abayigwinye ngokudla kwabo. Phakathi nalawo mahora noma lezo zinsuku, basengozini enkulu yokudlelwa kanye nesidingo zokukhosela nezimila ezicwilisiwe noma phansi ezithambile.
Ukuze uthole ukuhlonza okuthuthukile, kuyatuseka ukuthi uhlole igobolondo: inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (I-Callinectes sapidus) "ngaphambili" legobolondo liyabonisa amazinyo amane kuyilapho izinhlobo ezihlobene eduze, njenge-C. ornatus, zineziyisithupha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa bavame ukuba namathiphu ezipho eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi abesifazane abadala bayabonisa ukukhanya okubomvu kumathiphu.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ivamise ukuzwela ngandlela thize ezinguqukweni zemvelo yendawo ehlala kuyo. Naphezu kwalokhu, yayo ukuzivumelanisa nezimo Lokhu kuyenze yakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezehlukene. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ezindaweni eziphansi lapho kunamanzi amaningi khona, njengamadamu, imifudlana, amaxhaphozi, imithombo kanye namadamu. Bakhetha amanzi ahlanzekile namazinga okushisa ahlukene njengoba anekhwalithi ephezulu futhi kunokudla okwengeziwe.
Ngenxa yekhono layo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, singayithola kukho kokubili iziphethu ezishisayo njengasemachibini anamanzi abandayo kakhulu. Izici zayo ziyinikeza inzuzo yokukwazi ukusinda isomiso. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ikwazi ukuzimbela odakeni futhi ijabulele umswakama. Uma selingcwatshiwe, liyakwazi ukuhlala ku-a isimo sokukhathala engahlala unyaka ongu-1 uma kunesidingo.
Ngokwemvelo ithatha izizalo zemifula namagu e I-Western AtlanticUkusuka ezindaweni ezipholile ukuya kwezishisayo, okuhlanganisa neGulf of Mexico. Ngenxa yepulasitiki yayo yemvelo, kubikwe ngokuthi izinhlobo ezihlaselayo emifuleni eminingi yaseYurophu nase-Asialapho idla khona amatheku, amachweba asogwini, izizalo zemifula kanye nemilomo yemifula enodaka noma enodaka olungaphansi.
Ibekezelela ububanzi bemvelo: usawoti kusuka emanzini ahlanzekile kuya ku-hypersaline; amazinga okushisa amanzi asuka emazingeni aphansi kakhulu kuye kwafudumele; nokujula okungadlula amashumi amamitha, nakuba ithanda amanzi angajulile ngaphansi kwe-10 m. Intsha iyazuza ezindaweni zokuhlala nge uhlaza lwasemanzini olucwile emanziniamaxhaphozi kanye nemibhede yotshani basolwandle, nakuba zisebenzisa i-surface detritus kanye nezindawo ezinodaka ezinothe ngokudla.
Ukondla nokukhiqiza kabusha inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Njengoba itholakala ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlala, idla izinhlobonhlobo ze imfucuza kanye nezinsalela Badla noma yini etholakalayo. Zingadla ulwelwe, ezinye izilwane zasemanzini ezingenamgogodla, njll. Ziyi-omnivorous, ngakho azinazo izinkinga eziningi zokuthola ukudla. Zijwayele ukuba ngosomathuba futhi zisebenzise ithuba lokunganakwa noma izinguquko ezindaweni ezizodla kuzo. Ukudla kwabo okuhlukahlukene Iqukethe izimbaza, iminenke, izinhlanzi, amaxoxo, izitshalo, inyama efile, ezinye izinkalankala, nezinkalankala ezincane eziluhlaza.
Iqiniso lokuthi lesi silwane singaba amazimuzimu Akuyona into evamile. Kwenzeka kuphela lapho ukudla kuyindlala kakhulu. Kuyenzeka futhi lapho bezizwa becindezelwa amanye amalungu ezinhlobo zabo futhi "bevaleleke" endaweni yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho osekukhulunyiwe, bangadla ezinye izinambuzane ngokusebenzisa i-zooplankton futhi badle... izisuEmadolobheni amaningi asogwini, i- bivalve (izimbaza, ukhwathu) ziwumthombo obalulekile onquma ukusatshalaliswa kwenkalankala.
Mayelana nokuzala kwayo, imvamisa inomjikelezo wokuphila omfushane futhi a ukuzala okuphezuluBanezizukulwane eziningana phakathi nokuphila kwabo. Ukuvuthwa kwezocansi kungafinyelelwa kusenesikhathi, ngosayizi abazungezile 7-8 cmnakuba ezindaweni ezingezinhle kangako ingase ibambezeleke ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kunemibandela ngenxa yobude bosuku kanye nezinga lokushisa lamanzi. Ezinsikazi zikhwelana uma sezizoncibilika zibe izinsikazi ezivuthiwe: ziyadedela pheromones Eyeduna iwabamba ngemilenze, ayivikele aze achithe amagobolondo awo. Ngaphambi kokuba igobolondo elisha libe lukhuni, i-molting iyenzeka. ukukopishanaokungahlala amahora ama-5 kuye kwayi-12. Isidoda sigcinwa ku isitsha seminal eyesifazane futhi ihlala iphila isikhathi eside.
Ngemva kokukhulelwa, insikazi ithuthela ezindaweni usawoti ophakeme futhi ozinzile ukubeka amaqanda. Igcina amaqanda ngaphansi kwesisu sayo amasonto, ishintsha umbala. okusawolintshi kuya kunsundu njengoba kusondela ukuchanyuselwa. Owesifazane angakhiqiza kusuka amakhulu ezinkulungwane amaqanda angafika ezigidini ezimbalwa, kodwa izinga lokuphumelela liphansi, uma kubhekwa ukuqashwa kwemvelo okushubile.
Izidalwa zemvelo
Izilwane ezizingelayo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa izingwane, oshaka abahlala phansi nezinhlobo zezilwane de peces njengoba imisebe ye-troutkanye nezinyoni zasolwandle nezilwane ezincelisayo zasogwini. Isilwane esiyingozi kunazo zonke, ngenxa yethonya laso labantu, yi ukuba ngumuntueyithwebula ukuze isetshenziswe futhi kwesinye isikhathi iyisebenzise njenge udobo kwezinye izindawo zokudoba.
Umjikelezo wempilo nentuthuko
Umjikelezo wempilo unezigaba ezinhlanu: iqandaisibungu zoeaisibungu i-megalopa, intsha y umuntu omdalaI-zoeae ihlakazeka olwandle oluvulekile futhi, ngemva kwama-molts amaningana, ifinyelela ku-megalopa; bese bebuyela emachwebeni lapho behlala khona futhi bakhule. Lelisu libavumela ukuthi basebenzise ithuba izinsiza ze-trophic ezahlukene esigabeni ngasinye futhi unciphise ukuncintisana kwe-intraspecific.
Ezimweni ezivumayo, ukukhula kuyashesha. I-molting ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokutholakala kwe zokukhosela Ukutholakala kokudla kanye nezinsiza kunquma impumelelo yokuqashwa kwendawo. Izindawo ezinohlaza olucwile emanzini kanye nemibhede ye-bivalve zithandeka kakhulu. okukhiqizayo eyentsha.
I-Taxonomy, ukuhlonza, namagama
UMbuso: Animalia; IzindizaI-Arthropoda; I-Subedge: I-crustacea; Isigaba: Malacostraca; I-oda: Decapoda; Umndeni: Portunidae; Ubulili: Ama-Callinectes; Izinhlobo zezinhlobo: I-Callinectes sapidusYaziwa nangokuthi inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezifundeni ezahlukene.
Ukuze wenze ucansi olusheshayo: isisu sowesilisa (“i-apron”) sincane futhi side, simise njenge ehlanekezelwe u-T; kwabesifazane abangavuthiwe kuba okungunxantathu futhi kwabesifazane abavuthiwe kuba oyindilingaLesi sici, kanye nombala obomvu we- amathiphu ama-tweezers Kwabesifazane abadala, kusiza ukuhlonza kwabo emkhakheni.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nezomnotho
Inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka a isixhumanisi esiyinhloko wewebhu ye-estuarine food: i-predator engosomathuba kanye nezisulu eziyinhloko zezinhlanzi nezinyoni. Ngokusebenzisa i-detritus, i-algae, kanye nezidalwa ezihlala phansi, kunomthelela ekwenzeni ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nomjikelezo wezakhi. Ngokomnotho, isekela izindawo zokudoba ezibalulekile ezindaweni eziningi ezisogwini, okudala amathuba emisebenzi ekuthwebuleni, ekucubunguleni nasekukhangiseni.
Kwezinye izinhlelo, abantu bazo bayasiza lawula izinkalankala ezihlaselayo kuncane ngosayizi, ukulungisa ukusebenzisana kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile, ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokungcola kunganciphisa ukuchichima kwazo ukuqina ye-ecosystem.
Izifo, izimuncagazi kanye nempilo
Njengamanye ama-crustaceans, ingathinteka i-microsporidiaAmagciwane, amagciwane kanye ne-protozoa. Phakathi kwama-parasites achazwe anomthelela kukhona: I-Hematodinium spp. (okuhlobene “nezifo ezibabayo zezinkalankala”), Ameson Michaelis y I-Paramoeba perniciosaAma-Ciliates nama-nemerteans nawo alotshwa njenge Ama-Carcinonemersokuyinto ngokuyinhloko i-parasitize abesifazane kanye nezibonelo ezindala. Ukubhekwa kwezempilo kanye nemikhuba emihle yokuphatha ngemva kokuthumba kunciphisa izehlakalo zalezi zinambuzane. ukufa kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho.
Izinsongo nokulondolozwa
Izinsongo eziyinhloko zivela ukudoba ngokweqileukucekelwa phansi kwe indawo yokuhlala (ukulahlwa komhlaba, ukugwetshwa, ukulahleka kwezimfunda zasolwandle namaxhaphozi anosawoti). ukungcola kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu (ukuphazamiseka kokushisa kanye ne-acidification). Kwamanye amaxhaphozi asogwini, ukufuduka kokuzala kungase kuthinteke traffic yezimoto, lo ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kanye nokuhlukana kwezwe, okwandisa ukufa.
Ukuphatha okuzinzile kuhlanganisa sibonileUbuncane bosayizi, imikhawulo yokubamba, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinsikazi ezizala amaqanda kubalulekile. Ukubuyiselwa kwamachweba, amaxhaphozi, nezimfunda zasolwandle, kanye nokulawulwa kokuphuma kwamanzi kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle okuthuthukisiwe, kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe lezi zindawo zemvelo. ukuqashwa qina. Ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi, imfundo yezemvelo, kanye nokulandelelwa kwe-supply chain kuqinisa ukongiwa.
Izinhlobo zomdabu nezihlaselayo: ukusatshalaliswa okunwetshiwe
Inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka idabuka ogwini lwase-American Atlantic kanye neGulf of Mexico, futhi yethulwe, ngamabomu noma ngephutha, ezindaweni eziningi. Amachweba aseYurophu nase-AsiaEzifundeni eziningana lapho isisungulwe khona, isiphenduke inkomba yokudoba; kwezinye, ukuthuthuka kwayo kuye kwashukumisa izinyathelo zokulawula ngenxa yomthelela wayo ongaba khona kuma-bivalves omdabu kanye nezimpahla zokudoba.
Kubaphathi, okubalulekile wukuhlukanisa izindawo lapho ukuxhashazwa kwabo kukhona yigugu ngokwezomnotho futhi iyahambisana ne-ecosystem, kulezo zindawo lapho idinga khona okuqukethe ukuvikela izilwane zendawo kanye nezindawo ezibucayi.
Imikhuba emihle yokuhlonza nokuphatha
– Ukhomba ubulili ngobujamo be isisu futhi ihlonipha ukukhululwa kwabesifazane ama-ovigers.
- Nciphisa isikhathi sokuchayeka emoyeni futhi ugcine amasampula esesimweni esihle kusha futhi kunomswakama ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka.
- Gwema ukuthwebula ezindaweni ze izimila ezingaphansi kwamanzi izindawo ezibucayi kanye namaxhaphozi ngesikhathi seziqongo zokuqasha.
- Isebenzisana nezinhlelo ze ukuqapha ukubika okubonwe ngaphandle kwebanga labo lendabuko.
Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nenkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezici zayo. Ngokuqonda ibhayoloji yayo, imvelo, nokuphatha, uzoqonda ukuthi kungani kuwuhlobo olubaluleke kangaka. izifanekiselo zamachweba: umbhukudi omkhulu, ongosomathuba futhi oqinile, okugcinwa kwakhe kuncike ekunakekeleni izindawo zokuhlala ezinempiloabadobi abanomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nemiphakathi yasogwini ezinikele.
