Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho inhlanzi yezangoma, isilwane sasolwandle ukubukeka kuyinqaba kakhulu futhi okuthakazelisayo ezingxenyeni ezilinganayo. Bayantula okuphathekayo futhi umzimba wabo omude ufana nowezimbongolo. Baziwa nangokuthi i-hagfish. Igama layo lesayensi ngu UMyini futhi ungowomndeni I-Myxinidae, ngaphakathi kweqembu le khulisa noma izinhlanzi ezingenamhlathi.
Uma ufuna ukufunda yonke into nge-hagfish, qhubeka ufunda futhi uthole izimfihlo zayo: i-anatomy, i-drool yokuzivikela, imikhuba yokudla, indawo yokuhlala, it iphepha lemvelo kanye nemiphumela yakamuva kuyo ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezakhi zofuzo.
Izici zezinhlanzi eziyisangoma
Le nhlanzi enelukuluku isikhumba esingenalutho futhi esixege kakhulu, engenasikali, futhi ineziningi izindlala zamafinyila kusatshalaliswa emzimbeni wonke. Uhlaka lwamathambo ayo i-cartilaginous, ukuze isakhiwo sangaphakathi singabi namathambo eqiniso. Ahlukaniswa phakathi kwe khulisa futhi zibhekwa njengeminye yemigqa emidala yezilwane ezinomgogodla ezisaphila.
Njengoba kushiwo, baswele umhlathi futhi banayo kuphela ikhala elilodwa ngaphandle. Yakho amehlo Ziyiziwula futhi zimbozwe isikhumba, ngakho ukubona kwazo kulinganiselwe kakhulu; bancike ikakhulu ku ukuhogela futhi i thinta ukuze baziqondise futhi bathole ukudla. Ngakho-ke, impilo yabo isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini phansi olwandle, lapho begebha futhi bacashe khona.
Sekuyisikhathi eside kucatshangwa ukuthi i-hagfish iyisilwane somgogodla "esingaphelele", ngoba nakuba ugebhezi (uqwanga), ayinawo umgogodla kuchazwe esiqwini. Lokhu kuhluka kuyenza ibe yindaba eyingqayizivele phakathi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla eziphilayo futhi kusiza ukuchaza yayo ukuguquguquka okukhulu ukuhamba phakathi kwemifantu nezinsalela ezithambile.
Ngokuqondene nobukhulu bawo, kunomehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane: isilinganiso esiningi phakathi 30 futhi 60cm, nakuba zikhona izinhlobo ezeqa i-metro. Isikhumba sabo ngokuvamile siba shades grey noma pinkish futhi igcinwa ihlukaniswe nemisipha ngesikhala esibanzi esingaphansi kwesikhumba esigcwele uketshezi kanye negazi, okubanikeza ukunwebeka nekhono lokukwazi ukumelana nokulunywa ngaphandle kokulimaza izitho ezibalulekile.
- Umzimba side, ngaphandle kwamaphiko abhanqiwe futhi anephiko eliqhubekayo endaweni ye-caudal.
- Amatende izindawo ezithintekayo ezizungeze umlomo, okwandisa ukuzwela ukuthintana.
- Isikhumba esixegayo enamathiselwe emzimbeni "umthungo" omncane we-longitudinal.
- Ukushaya kwegazi iphansi kakhulu futhi umthamo omkhulu wegazi maqondana nesisindo.
Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwathiwa ama-hagfish amaningi aphelile ngenxa "yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okubi", kulungile ukusho lokho. imigqa eminingi yasendulo yama-agnate Yebo, zanyamalala, kodwa inhlanzi babekezele sibonga ngempumelelo ukujwayela okungavamile okufana ne-slime yabo, i-metabolism ehamba kancane, kanye nemodi yokudla. Ezinhlelweni zasolwandle, indima yabo ibalulekile: "recycle" izinto eziphilayo ukudla ingcuba nokuhlanza phansi.
Ukudla
Izinga eliphezulu, banjalo ama-detritivores angosomathuba lokho kudla ingcuba zasolwandle kanye ne izinhlanzi ezifayo. Izinhlanzi zilahla, lapho zifika phansi, zingaxhashazwa yilezi zilwane. Nokho, ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene kokuqukethwe kwesisu kubonise ukuthi ukudla kwabo kuhlanganisa ama-invertebrates we-benthic njengoba izimfanzi y izibungu ze-polychaete, eqinisekisa ukuthi azincikile ekufaneni okufile kuphela.
Indlela yabo yokudla iyingqayizivele njengoba isebenza kahle. Bazihlanganisa nenhlanzi efile noma efayo futhi, kanye nezabo ulimi lwe-keratinized kanye nemishini yayo yokukhuhla, can ukungena ngokusebenzisa ukuvuleka kwemvelo noma wenze isikwele ku udle ngaphakathiLapho isisulu sazo siphila kodwa singakwazi ukuzivikela, basebenzisa ithuba lokudla ngokushesha i-viscera. Bangawudla ngesikhathi esifushane. izikhathi eziningana isisindo sayo ekudleni.
Elinye ikhono eligqamayo ngelokuthi isikhumba singamunca izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe, into evamile yezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle kanye engavamile phakathi kwezinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yayo ukunambitheka efihlekile Abagxili emlonyeni kuphela: Zikhona nasesikhunjeni, okuzivumela ukuba “zinambithe” indawo ezizungezile futhi zithole imithombo yezakhi emanzini azungezile.
I-hagfish ine- i-metabolism ephansi kakhulu, kanjalo kungenzeka ukuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokudla, inzuzo eguquguqukayo lapho ukudla kuyindlala. Ukudabula izingcezu zenyama ezidunjini ezinzima, baphendukela ekunyakazeni okuvamile: bakha ifindo ngomzimba wabo futhi badonse amakhanda abo ku-loop ukuze bathole amandla futhi badabule izicubu.
Nakuba okuningi kwalokhu kuziphatha kunzima ukukubona ngokuqondile ebumnyameni obuphelele bolwandle, inhlanganisela ye ukubhekwa kokudoba, ukuhlaziya isisu kanye namarekhodi aselabhorethri akhe isithombe esiqinile kakhulu sokuziphatha kwawo okune-trophic.
Habitat
I-hagfish ihlala kuyo cishe zonke izilwandle ezipholile yeplanethi, nokungabikho okuphawulekayo ezifundeni ezifana I-Arctic, I-Antarctica y ULwandle Olubomvu, lapho izimo zemvelo zingabavuni. Bahlala ngokukhethayo ekujuleni okukhulu, lapho ukucindezela kuphezulu, ukukhanya kuncane, futhi phansi kumbozwe ama-sediments athambile. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwabo, vakashela amaqembu amakhulu de peces.
Amandla akho woku bamba nokuzingcwaba kuyabavumela gwema izilwane ezidla ezinye y ukulinda ukudlula kokudla okungenzeka. Emanzini angashoni zingase zibonise okukhulu umsebenzi wasebusukuIzinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu ze-hagfish e-Atlantic zivame ukufika ingxenye yemitha, nakuba kunezinhlobo ezinkulu kwezinye izindawo.
Ukuphakela de peces ezifayo noma izidumbu, i babhoboze ngolimi lwabo kanye nemishini yayo "amazinyo ezimpondo", eshwabadela inyama namathumbu ngendlela esebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukuhlelwa okuhlukile kwe- ama-gill slits phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane (ngezinye izikhathi zihlangana endaweni eyodwa kanti ezinye zivuleka ngazinye) kukhombisa ukuhlukahluka kwazo kokwakheka komzimba.
Olwandle, i-hagfish isiza ukubola amaconsi okudla amakhulunjengezinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, ngaleyo ndlela zibambe iqhaza ekugayweni kabusha kwezakhamzimba ezivela i-ecosystems ejulile.
I-Witch fish slime
Esinye sezici ezimangalisa kakhulu zalezi zilwane yizo i-drool yokuzivikela. Kuyinto gelatinous okumboza izinhlanzi nalokho ikhishwe ngobuningi lapho becindezelwe noma besongelwa. Nakuba kungase kubonakale "kunengeka," kunenjongo ecacile: bavikele ezidleni zaboUkuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bona lokhu ividiyo ku-YouTube.
Lapho amafinyila ehlangana namanzi olwandle, ayanda adale a i-fibrous mesh elibamba amanzi futhi ivala amathumbu kwabangase bahlasele, okwenza kube nzima ngabo ukuphefumula. Akuyona into enobuthi; ukusebenza kwayo ngomshiniI-hagfish yosayizi omaphakathi ingadedela phakathi okweshumi kwesekhondi amanani e-slime akwazi ukukhiqiza amashumi amalitha wejeli enamanzi, okwenza ifu elibonakalayo elinikeza isikhathi sokuphunyuka.
Imfihlo iku-microstructure yayo: i-slime iqukethe amaprotheni fibers Izacile kakhulu, izacile kakhulu kunezinwele zomuntu, futhi ngokumangalisayo ukumelana, kanye nama-mucins. Uma ixubene namanzi, le micu yenza a inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu okwazi bamba ivolumu wamanzi angavamile, aphindaphindeka isisindo sokuphuma okuqinile kokuqala izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane. Ngokwemvelo yayo, iwumkhiqizo -ngazinzi elincibilika kalula uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhamba kwamanzi, lifeza injongo yalo ngaphandle kokuphikelela.
Ukuze ugweme ukuminyanisa ngodaka lwayo, i-hagfish yenza indlela ephumelelayo: kwenziwa ifindo futhi islayidisele ngasekhanda, "izihlanze" ngokwayo ngemizuzwana. Leli khono elifanayo lokuhlanganisa lisiza futhi ukuthi likwazi ukudonsa lapho lidla izicubu eziqinile.
Isikhumba nokwakheka
Ngaphansi kwesikhumba kukhona ububanzi i-subcutaneous cavity egcwele uketshezi negazi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi, ngenxa yalesi sikhala, i-hagfish ingaba ukwanda ngokushesha umthamo we-slime ngaphambi kokuba isikhumba "sishaye ophahleni". Ekuhlolweni okulingisa ukulunywa koshaka, isikhumba ikhubaza futhi iyagoba azungeze amazinyo, okuvumela izitho zangaphakathi hambisa ngaphandle kwengozi. Lapho isikhumba singanyakazi phezu kwemisipha, amazinyo abhoboza kalula, okubonisa ukubaluleka kwalokho. imvume yokuvikela.
Ifomu le-Hagfish amafindo ngomzimba wabo ngenxa yesikhumba sabo esiguquguqukayo, esingenasici. Lokhu kufipha kunxephezela ukuntuleka kwemihlathi yangempela: iluphu iyawavumela khipha inyama yezidumbu ezinzima futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza kube lula kubo khipha amafinyila akho ngemva kwesiqephu sokuzivikela.
Ekhanda layo kugqame izakhiwo ze-cartilaginous ezifana ne i-lingual cartilage, nge amazinyo ezimpondo, akha i-rasping, kanye ne-subnasal ne-tentacular element ezisekela futhi zilolonge isifunda somlomo. Amaphakethe ama-gill amaningana alawula ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphefumula, okungaqhutshwa kusukela ekuvulekeni kwamakhala ngaphakathi ngokusebenza kwemisipha. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka.
Ingozi ene-hagfish
Icala elakhunjulwa kahle kwaba yileso sika-a ingozi emgwaqeni omkhulu wase-Oregon lapho kugingqike iloli nethangi eligcwele amathani amaningana e-hagfishLapho okuphakathi kuchitheka phezu kwetiyela, izinhlanzi ezicindezelekile zazikhulula i-slime enamathelayo yonke indawo. Lapho ihlanganiswa namanzi, umgwaqo wawumbozwa ungqimba olushelelayo okwakunzima kakhulu ukuluphatha.
I-slime injalo minyene futhi iyanamathela ukuthi ukuyikhipha ezingutsheni kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukubuyisela umgwaqo esimweni esijwayelekile, kwakudingeka imishini esindayo ekwazi ukususa leyo nqwaba ye-gelatinous. Isiqephu sandisa isithunzi se-hagfish "njengesilwane esincanyana", sigcizelela amandla okuzivikela kwawo.
I-Taxonomy, i-evolution kanye ne-genetics
I-hagfish yakha ikilasi UMyini, ngaphakathi kwe-oda I-Myxinformes kanye nomndeni I-Myxinidae, nge nxazonke Izinhlobo ezingama-60 kuchaziwe. Kanye nezibani, benza i-clade I-Cyclostomi (u-agnatha ophilayo). Ubufakazi besimanje bofuzo busekela ukuthi ama-hagfish okunomgogodla mdala kakhulu okabani izingxenye ze-vertebral zancishiswa noma ilahleke okwesibili, naphezu kokugcina a ugebheziUkuze uthole izihloko ezengeziwe ezihlobene, vakashela zingaki izinhlobo ezikhona.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-genomic luye lwalandelana okokuqala ngqa i-hagfish genome, enikeza imikhondo mayelana ukuphindaphinda kwe-genomic ezandulela ukuhlukahluka kwezilwane ezinomgogodla. I-DNA yabo ihlelwe yaba eziningi ama-microchromosomes ngokulandelana okuningi okuphindaphindwayo, okwenza ukuhlaziya kwabo kube nzima. Isici esimangalisayo sozalo ukuthi ingxenye yalawa ma-microchromosome angaba ilahleke ezicutshini ze-somatic ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa, ukugcina i-genome ephelele ku- ama-gonads, iqiniso elenza kube nzima ukwenza amasampula.
Ngokwemigomo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-hagfish igcine u-a i-morphology ezinzile isikhathi eside kakhulu, isibonakaliso sokuthi amasu abo e-anatomical kanye ne-physiological basebenza kahle kakhulu ezimeni ezijulileyo.
Izinzwa kanye nesimiso sezinzwa
Isistimu yayo yezinzwa isekelwe ngokuyinhloko ku- ukuhogela (banesibani sokuhogela esithuthuke kakhulu) kanye ne thinta (sibonga amathente kanye nama-cutaneous receptors). Bantula isitho umugqa oseceleni ezivamile, nakuba zinezakhiwo ekhanda ezingenza imisebenzi efana nayo.
I-Los amehlo Amehlo e-hagfish mancane futhi anebala elibi, kodwa ahlanganyela izici nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla: ama-neurons axhuma ama-photoreceptors ngamaseli e-ganglion, bonisa ukuqhubeka nokukhula kwamehlo kukho konke ukuphila futhi ube ukusekela izendlalelo amaseli abalulekile omsebenzi wama-photoreceptors. Nokho, umbono wabo wakha izithombe ezimbi kakhulu; ukutholwa kwe izinguquko ekukhanyeni kubonakala kuyikhono lakhe eliyinhloko lokubona.
Ezingeni le-neural, yabo ama-axon awanayo i-myelinated njengasezilwaneni eziningi ezinomgogodla. Kunezinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuba khona noma ukuncishiswa ngokweqile kwezakhiwo ezifana ne i-cerebellum, futhi umgogodla wayo ubonisa inhlangano elula. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, bheka isigaba kokuthi.
Ukukhiqiza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
Ukukhiqiza kuyinto i-oviparous ngokuvundiswa kwangaphandleUkubeka ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa amaqanda ambalwa, kukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, okusaqanda futhi ihlinzekwe ama-adhesive filaments ezihlanganisa zibe yizinqwaba ezincane. Kulokhu, izingane ziyavela ukuthi sezifana nabantu abadala; asikho isibungu ehlukene kakhulu.
Ezinye izinhlobo zinenye i-gonad ngezicubu zamasende kanye ne-ovarian, futhi ingavuthwa gametes ngezikhathi ezahlukene ukugwema ukuzivundisa. Kwabanye, isilinganiso sobulili sikhulu kakhulu engalingani, enabantu besifazane abagcwele futhi abesilisa abambalwa kakhulu. I-Hagfish injalo benqena ukukhula futhi kuze kube manje abazalani ngokuthembekile ekuthunjweni, ngakho okuningi kwalokho esikwaziyo kuvela kukho ukubhekwa kwenkundla kanye nocwaningo lwezibonelo ezithathiwe.
Indima yemvelo nobudlelwano nabantu
I-Hagfish idlala indima ebalulekile njenge ama-scavenger kusukela olwandle. Emicimbini efana ne umkhomo uyawa, kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, zifaka isandla ekuhlakazeni izicubu kakade sebenzisa kabusha izakhi, ukusheshisa ukuvuselelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ku-ecosystem. Lo msebenzi "weqembu lokuhlanza" uyawenza izixhumanisi zemvelo okuyisisekelo.
Ekusebenzelaneni kwabo nezindawo zokudoba, bangakwazi ukusizakala izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe emanethini aphansi, ukudla abantu abalimele noma abafayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ukulahleka kwezomnotho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia inyama yayo ingadli futhi isikhumba sayo sisetshenziswa ubucwebe kanye nezimpahla zesikhumba. I baba iye yavusa isithakazelo esikhulu ocwaningweni izinto eziphilayo ngenxa yezintambo zayo ze-ultra-fine protein, i-textile engase ibe khona kanye nezicelo zezokwelapha ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwayo ukukhanya y ukumelana.
Ezingavamile, ezikwazi ukuqina, futhi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu endaweni yazo, i-hagfish iwubufakazi obuphilayo bokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuthola izixazululo ezihlakaniphile ezinkingeni ezimbi kakhulu: a umlomo ongenamhlathi lokho kuklwebha, okukodwa baba encisha izilwane ezidla ezinye ngaphandle kokuba nobuthi, isikhumba okuxekethile okuvikela izitho kanye a ukuhogela ekwazi ukubaqondisa ebumnyameni bakwalasha. Ukuziqonda kangcono akugcini nje ngokudalula izimfihlakalo umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo izilwane ezinomgogodla; futhi inikeza imibono ubuchwepheshe obuphefumulelwe nge-bio futhi ukhumbule ukubaluleka kokunakekela izinqubo ezithule ezisekela ukuphila ekujuleni kolwandle.
