Imvelo iyikhaya elikhulu eziphilayo, futhi embusweni wezilwane, izinhlanzi zakha iqembu elidala nelithakazelisa kakhulu lezilwane ezinomgogodla zasemanzini. Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo ezikhona, kuneqembu elilodwa eliyinqaba eligqamayo: the inhlanzi enesigaxa, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi mxolisinhle (Skhokho). Lo mbhalo uhlola ngokujulile zonke izici zazo, kusukela ku-anatomy yazo kanye ne-physiology kuya ekuhlukanisweni kwazo, ukuziphatha, izindawo zokuhlala, ukudla, ukukhiqiza, i-ecology, kanye nokufaneleka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukuhlanganisa nokuchaza ngokuningiliziwe yonke imininingwane etholakalayo efanele.
Ziyini izinhlanzi ezinesigaxa?
I-Los inhlanzi enesigaxa o mxolisinhle Ziyiqembu lezilwane ezinomgogodla zasemanzini izici zazo eziyinhloko yilezo Uhlaka lwamathambo alo lwakhiwe ngokuphelele uqwanga, isicubu esilula futhi esivumelana nezimo kunethambo, esinikeza izinzuzo zokubhukuda nokuhamba emanzini. Leli qembu lithathwa njengelinye lamaningi endala kanye nama-Conservatives ezilwane ezinomgogodla, futhi nakuba ukuhlukahluka kwazo kuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanzi ezinamathambo (Osteictians), gcina ubukhona obuvelele ezindaweni eziningi eziphilayo zasolwandle ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo kokuma kwazo, izinzwa nokuzala.
Igama elithi 'cartilaginous fish' lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu zezilwane:
- Oshaka (Selachimorphs)
- Imisebe kanye nemisebe ye-manta (Batoids)
- I-Chimeras (Holocephali)
Lezi zinhlanzi zine- ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kwemvelo futhi idlale indima ebalulekile njengezilwane ezidla ezinye, ukulawula inani lezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kanye nokugcina ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Umsuka kanye nokuvela kwezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous
Iqembu le-chondrichthyan okokuqala kwavela ngesikhathi se-Upper Devonian, ngesikhathi lapho izilwandle nezilwandle kunezinguquko eziphawulekayo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Izinsalela ezindala kakhulu ezaziwayo zingezohlobo CladoselacheLeli qembu selidlule ezinkathini ezimbili ezinkulu zokukhula kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwabavumela ukuba bahluke kakhulu ngobumo, ubukhulu, nezindlela zokuphila.
Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous zashintsha uhlaka lwazo lwamathambo e-cartilaginous, zikhipha ithambo elibaliwe elikhona kumadlozi azo ama-agnathan (angenamhlathi) ukuze avumelane nokuguquguquka okukhulu nokuguquguquka. Ukuthuthuka kwabo kwezinzwa kanye nokusebenza komzimba kuye kwaholela ekubeni babe izilwane ezidla ezinye ezivelele ezindaweni eziningi zasolwandle, futhi nakuba bengebaningi njengezinhlanzi ezinamathambo, baye baphumelela ezinhlelweni zemvelo kusukela emanzini asogwini kuya ekujuleni kwalasha.
Isakhiwo se-cartilaginous akufanele sibonakale njengesici sakudala, kodwa njenge- ukuguqulwa kwesibili okubanikeze izinzuzo zokuphila nokuba yisipesheli.
Izici ze-anatomical kanye ne-morphological yezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous
Izinhlanzi ezine-cartilaginous zine-anatomy ethakazelisayo futhi eziningana Izici ezihlukile ezibahlukanisa kwamanye amaqembu de peces:
- I-cartilaginous skeletonIhlanganiswe ngokuphelele ne-cartilage, enciphisa isisindo somzimba, ikhulise ukuguquguquka, futhi ithuthukise ukubhukuda nokuhamba. Uqwanga lukashaka, isibonelo, luqine ngokukhethekile futhi luhlukile ekubunjweni kwalo kunezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla.
- Ukuma komzimbaKoshaka abaningi, iyi-fusiform (ebude futhi iyisilinda), kuyilapho isemisebeni nasemisebeni ye-manta, i-dorsoventrally isicaba (kusuka phezulu kuya phansi). Lokhu kusiza izindlela zokuphila ezahlukene: izilwane ezidla ezinye ezisebenzayo noma izakhamuzi ezihlala phansi.
- Amaphiko: Ngokuvamile banama-fin amakhulu, aqinile, ama-laminar asekelwa uqwanga, asakazwa ngamabili (i-pectoral kanye ne-pelvic) kanye nama-fins angabhanqiwe (i-dorsal, caudal, ne-anal), nakuba i-anal fin ingase ingekho kwezinye izinhlobo. Koshaka, i-caudal fin i-asymmetrical (i-heterocercal), ene-lobe enkulu engaphezulu, ethanda ama-impulses esheshayo kanye ne-buoyancy.
- Izikali ze-Placoid noma amazinyo esikhumba: Isikhumba saso simbozwe amazenga afana nezinyo (dermal denticles), okuyi okufana namazinyo futhi akhiwe ngoqweqwe lwawo, i-dentin, ne-pulp. Lokhu kuzinikeza indawo emangelengele kodwa ene-hydrodynamic, enciphisa ukungqubuzana kwamanzi futhi ithuthukise ukumelana kwazo nokuzivikela ezilwaneni ezizingelayo kanye nezimuncagazi.
- I-Notochord: Lapho zisencane, zine-notochord (isakhiwo sombungu esiguquguqukayo), kamuva esishintsha sibe yikholomu ye-cartilaginous eqondile.
- Izitho zezinzwa ezithuthukile: Zinomugqa ongemuva ogijima emaceleni, obamba ukudlidliza nomfutho wamanzi, futhi, koshaka nemisebe, Ampullae of Lorenzini, okukhethekile ekutholeni amasimu kagesi kanye nokunyakaza kwemisipha ezilwaneni ezizingelayo nezinye izilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuzwa wabo wokuhogela uthuthuke kahle kakhulu; bayakwazi ukubona ukugxila kwemizuzu emincane yegazi futhi balandele inyamazane kude kakhulu. Umbono wabo, nokho, uvame ukuba mnyama kakhulu kunezinye izinhlanzi, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokukhanya okuphansi.
- Ukuphefumula kukaGill: Ziphefumula ngamagill, amapheya angu-5 kuya kwayi-7 ngenani, avulekele ngaphandle (ngaphandle kwe-operculum efana nezinhlanzi ezinamathambo), ngaphandle kwama-chimera, anomsinja owodwa omboziwe.
- Ukungabi khona kwesinye sokubhukudaAzinawo amandla ezinhlanzi ezinamathambo, okuziphoqa ukuthi ziqhubeke zinyakaza ukuze zigweme ukucwila. Banxephezela lokhu kuntuleka ngesibindi esikhulu kakhulu esinothe ngamafutha (squalene), esiza ukunyakaza, ikakhulukazi kuma-pelagic shark.
- Izitho zokuzala: Abesilisa bane ama-claspers noma i-pterygopodia, izakhiwo zokuhlanganisa ezitholakala phakathi kwamaphiko e-pelvic ukuze kuhlanganiswe kwangaphakathi.
- Amazinyo avuselelekayoKokubili oshaka nemisebe kuhlala kungena esikhundleni samazinyo; azigxili emhlathini, kodwa zifakwe ezinsinini, futhi zishintshwa phakathi nokuphila kwazo konke.
- Usayizi nesisindoNgokuvamile, bathambekele ku-gigantism uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-vertebrates asemanzini. Ezinye izinhlobo zoshaka nemisebe ye-manta zingafinyelela kumamitha amaningana ubude.
Lezi zici zibe yisisekelo empumelelweni yazo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezigidini zeminyaka futhi zenze lula ukuzijwayeza kwazo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zasemanzini emhlabeni wonke.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous nezinhlanzi ezinamathambo
- IsikhumbaIzinhlanzi ezinoqweqwe lwamathambo zinohlaka lwamathambo enziwe ngoqwanga; izinhlanzi ezinamathambo anohlaka lwamathambo enziwe ngezicubu zamathambo ezibaliwe.
- AmaphikoEzinhlanzini ezinama-cartilaginous, amaphiko aqinile futhi aqinile; ezinhlanzini ezinamathambo, ngokuvamile zithambile futhi ziyavumelana nezimo.
- Ama-GillIzilwane ezine-cartilaginous zinemifantu evulekile yegill, kanti ezilwaneni ezinamathambo zivikelwe yi-operculum.
- izikaliAmangqamuzana e-cartilaginous anamazinyo e-dermal; amaseli amathambo anezikali zangempela (cycloid, ctenoid, noma ganoid).
- ukubhukuda esinyeni: Angikho kumachondrichthyans; ekhona kwabaningi de peces ithambo.
- UkuzalaIzilwane ezincelisayo ezinama-cartilaginous zivame ukuba nokuvundiswa kwangaphakathi nokuzala okuncane; izilwane ezincelisayo ezinamathambo zivundiswa ngaphandle kanye nenani eliphezulu lenzalo.
- Ampullae of Lorenzini: Ikhethekile ezilwaneni ezinamathambo, ukuze kutholwe inzwa ye-electro-sensory.
- AmazinyoEmathanjeni e-cartilaginous, ashintshwa njalo; emathanjeni amathambo, aqinile emhlathini.
Ukuzijwayeza ngokomzimba kanye nezinzwa zezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous
UChondrichthyans ungumbungazi ovelele ukutholwa komfutho futhi ibonise iqoqo lokuzijwayeza okuthuthukisiwe okuye kwawavumela ukuba ahlangane ukusuka emanzini angaphezulu kuye ekujuleni okukhulu:
- Umugqa oseceleni: Isistimu yezinzwa egijima nhlangothi zombili zomzimba, evumela ukutholwa kokunyakaza nokudlidliza emanzini, okubalulekile ekutholeni inyamazane nokugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye.
- Ampullae of Lorenzini: Ikhethekile ekuthumbeni amasimu kagesi akhiqizwa ezinye izinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo endaweni ezungezile, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuzingeleni, ngisho nasemanzini amnyama noma amnyama.
- I-Chemoreception kanye ne-olfaction: Amakhala azwela kakhulu (ukuvuleka kwamakhala), akwazi ukubona amanani amancane ezinto zamakhemikhali, njengegazi, kude kakhulu.
- Ukubuka okushintshiweNakuba ngokuvamile kungabi bukhali kakhulu kunezinye izinhlanzi, amanye ama-chondrichthyans angakwazi ukubona umehluko nokunyakaza ezimeni eziphansi kakhulu zokukhanya, njengasemanzini ajulile.
- Ukwelashwa komzimbaEzinye izinhlobo zezilwane zinezinqubo zokwakheka komzimba ezizivumela ukuba zilondoloze izingxenye zomzimba wazo, njengobuchopho nemisipha yokubhukuda, emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kancane kunalawo amanzi azungezile (ushaka omhlophe, ushaka we-mako), okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo kokuzingela.
Indawo yokuhlala kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous
Izinhlanzi ezine-cartilaginous zine- ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi futhi athathe anhlobonhlobo ezindaweni zasemanzini, kusukela izindawo ezishisayo ukuya ezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi kusukela emanzini angashoni angasogwini, imifula, amachweba, izixhobo zamachweba namatheku kuye ekujuleni kolwandle.
Ezinye izinhlobo, njengoshaka, zingahamba amabanga amade futhi zifuduke ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka ziyofuna ukudla noma izindawo zokuzalela. Imisebe nemisebe ye-manta ngokuvamile ihlala olwandle olunesihlabathi nodaka, lapho ithola khona indawo yokuhlala nokudla. Ama-Chimaera ancamela izindawo ezijulile kanye nolwandle, lapho athuthukisa khona umjikelezo wokuphila kwawo ngobuhlakani.
Mayelana nokujwayela indawo yokuhlala:
- Iningi lasolwandle, kodwa kunezinhlobo ezikwazi ukubekezelela amanzi anosawoti ngisho namanzi ahlanzekile.
- Ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa izindawo ezithile zokuhlala ukuze zikhulise amaphuphu azo, okuhlanganisa izindawo zemifula, imihlume nezindawo ezivikelekile.
- Ama-chimera ngokuvamile atholakala ekujuleni kolwandle, kude nelanga eliqondile.
Ukondla izinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous
Izinhlanzi ezine-cartilaginous sezithuthukile amasu okuphakelayo ahlukahlukene eziye zabavumela ukuthi bathathe izindawo ezihlukene phakathi kochungechunge lokudla kwasemanzini:
- Izilwane ezidla ezinye eziphezulu: Oshaka abaningi nemisebe eminingi bayizilwane ezidla ezinye ezikhule ngokugcwele. Bayadla de peces, ama-mollusk, ama-crustaceans, ama-cephalopod, ngisho nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Amazinyo azo azivumelanisa nohlobo lwesilwane esizingelayo nokudla ezikudlayo, okunamazinyo abukhali, azingelengele, noma ayisicaba okusika, ukudwengula noma ukuchotshozwa.
- IzihlungiOshaka abanjengoshaka womkhomo nemisebe ye-manta bangabaphakeli bokuhlunga. plankton, izinhlanzi ezincane nama-crustaceans ngokusebenzisa izinyosi zazo.
- ama-omnivoresEzinye izinhlobo zingafaka izinto zezitshalo, ulwelwe kanye ne-organic detritus ekudleni kwazo.
- Ubungcweti esikhwameni: Imisebe kanye nama-chimaera amaningi adla izilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla, ama-crustaceans nama-mollusk azithola egqitshwe olwandle.
- Amasistimu wezinzwa: Izinzwa zayo ezithuthukisiwe (iphunga, i-electroreception kanye nomugqa ongemuva) zibalulekile ekutholeni ukudla nasekuzingeleni ebusuku noma ezimeni eziphansi ezingabonakali.
Ezinye izinhlobo, ikakhulukazi oshaka, ziyabonisa i-intrauterine cannibalism (i-oophagy) ngesikhathi sokukhula kombungu, lapho imibungu ethuthuke kakhudlwana idla amaqanda noma imibungu engakhulanga kahle esibelethweni sikamama.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous
La ukuzala izinhlanzi uqwanga esinye isici esihlukile futhi imibukiso a ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwamasu:
- ukuvundiswa kwangaphakathiAbesilisa bafaka enye ye-spermatozoa yabo yakudala ku-cloaca yowesifazane, okuqinisekisa ukuthi isidoda siyangena. Le nqubo ivumela ukuthi inzalo iphile ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi zemvelo.
- I-DioeciousKukhona abantu besilisa nabesifazane abahlukene kahle.
- Izinhlobo zokukhula kwe-embryonic:
- I-Oviparous: Idiphozithi yabesifazane amaqanda amakhulu, evikelwe ngamaphilisi aqinile. Izibonelo: i-dogfish, oshaka abathile, nemisebe.
- i-ovoviviparousAmaqanda ayakhula futhi achanyuselwe phakathi kukamama, abelethe amaphuphu aphelele. Isibonelo: ushaka wezinkunzi.
- i-viviparous: Inzalo ikhula esibelethweni sikamama futhi yondliwa yi-placenta noma ngokushintshisana noketshezi nomama.
- Ukuzala okuphansi kanye nesu lika-K: Bavame ukukhiqiza izingane ezimbalwa ngomjikelezo wokuzala, kodwa ngokusebenza okuphezulu kanye nentuthuko yangaphambi kwesikhathi. Inzalo izalwa izimele.
- Ukungabikho kokunakekelwa kwabazali: Ngokuvamile, ngemva kokuzalwa noma ukuchanyuselwa, amaphuphu ashiywa ezenzela umathanda, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile lapho izinga elithile lokuvikelwa kwesikhashana liqashelwa.
- I-intrauterine cannibalism: Ikakhulukazi kwabanye oshaka, i-oophagy iyenzeka, lapho umbungu othuthuke kakhulu udla izingane zakubo noma amaqanda angavundisiwe.
Lezi zimo zenza abantu de peces i-cartilaginous ikakhulukazi sengozini yokuxhashazwa ngokweqile, njengoba izinga labo eliphansi lokuzala lenza kube nzima ngenani labantu ukuba balulame lapho bebhekene nokudoba ngokungakhethi noma ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezibalulekile.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic yezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous
I-Los mxolisinhle zihlukaniswe izigatshana ezimbili eziyinhloko, enama-oda nemindeni ehlukahlukene:
- I-Elasmobranchs (Elasmobranchii)
- i-selachimorpha (Oshaka):
- I-Carcharhiniformes (i-dogfish, i-hammerhead sharks)
- Ama-Lamniforms (ushaka omhlophe, mako, basking shark)
- I-Orectolobiformes (i-carpet shark, i-whale shark)
- I-Heterodontiformes (ushaka wezimpondo)
- Ama-squaliformes (oshaka be-cigar, oshaka abayi-spiny)
- I-Squatiniformes (ingelosi ushaka)
- I-Pristiophoriformes (amasaha)
- I-Hexanchiformes (ushaka wamagill ayisithupha)
- I-Batoidea (Imisebe nezingubo zokulala):
- I-Rajiformes (imivimbo yeqiniso)
- I-Myliobatiformes (izingubo zokulala kanye nemisebe yeziswebhu)
- I-Pristiformes (isaha)
- I-Torpediniformes (imisebe ye-torpedo kagesi)
- i-selachimorpha (Oshaka):
- I-Holocephali: Ama-Chimera
- I-Chimaeriformes
- I-Callorhynchidae
- I-Rhinochimaeridae
- I-Chimaeridae (ama-chimera)
- I-Chimaeriformes
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-chimera Ziyizinhlanzi ezihlala zodwa ezibukeka ngendlela engavamile, ezinamakhanda amakhulu, amehlo amakhulu kakhulu, futhi, kwezinye izimo, umgogodla onobuthi emsilani wazo, eziwusebenzisa njengesivikelo. Azinawo ama-dermal denticles, anesikhumba esisodwa esimbozwe i-operculum ethambile yegill, futhi anomhlathi ongaphezulu ohlanganiswe nogebhezi. Zihlala emanzini ajulile futhi ukudla kwazo kusekelwe ikakhulukazi kuma-mollusk nama-invertebrates angama-benthic.
Izibonelo zezinhlobo de peces i-cartilaginous
- Ushaka omhlophe (I-Carcharodon carcharias)
- Whale shark (I-Rhincodon typus)
- Ushaka we-Hammerhead (I-Sphyrna spp.)
- I-Dogfish (I-Scyliorhinus canicula)
- Umsebe ovamile (I-Raja clavata)
- ingubo enkulu (Manta ray)
- Sawfish (I-Pristis pristis)
- Izinhlanzi ze-Torpedo (I-Marmorata torpedo)
- I-Chimera (I-Chimaera monstrosa)
Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-morphology, imikhuba kanye nokuvumelana nezimo zama-chondrichthyans.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nezinsongo
Izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous izihluthulelo zokulinganisela kwemvelo zolwandle nezilwandle. Njengezilwane ezidla ezinye eziphakeme, zilawula inala nempilo yabantu de peces, ama-mollusk nezinye izilwane zasolwandle, ukugwema ukuqhuma kwenani labantu nokukhuthaza imvelo enempilo nehlukahlukene.
Nokho, imisebenzi yabantu ibeke izinhlobo eziningi engozini enkulu ngenxa ukudoba ngokweqile, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukungcoliswa kanye nokubanjwa kwezinhlanziOkungezwe kulokhu izinga labo lokuzala eliphansi nokukhula kancane, izici ezenza ukubuyiswa kwenani labantu abaxhashazwe kakhulu kuphuze kakhulu noma kungenzeki kwezinye izimo.
Ukongiwa kanye nocwaningo lwalezi zilwane kubalulekile ukuze ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusimama kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasemanzini kanye nezokudoba emhlabeni jikelele.
Izinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous ziyiqembu elithakazelisayo nelibalulekile lezilwane, ezinokuzivumelanisa okuyingqayizivele kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ocebile yimpumelelo nezinselele. Ukuqonda ibhayoloji kanye nemvelo yazo kubalulekile ekwaziseni nasekuvikeleni ukunotha kolwandle kanye nokulingana kweplanethi.