Ama-octopus ayizilwane ezingavamile ngempela ezimangaza abaningi. Abaningi abathanda ukutshuza bayawuthanda lo mdlalo futhi bacabangela ama-octopus phakathi kwezinhlobo abazithandayo, njengoba kuchaziwe. I-Octopus: uhambo ngokusebenzisa amasikoKulokhu, sizokhuluma nge-octopus usayizi wayo ofinyelela emazingeni okurekhoda. Yilokhu ingwane enkuluLesi silwane sikhethekile kakhulu, futhi nakuba ezinye izinhlobo zengwane zifinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha ambalwa, le octopus ingakhula ibe ngamamitha angu-15 ubude. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obumangalisayo, iyaphawuleka... ubuhlakani obuveleleIsikhumba sayo, esikwazi ukushintsha umbala nokuthungwa, kanye nochungechunge lwezici ezihlukile ze-anatomical kusibeka phakathi kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezimangalisayo ezikhona.
Kulesi sihloko sizodalula izimfihlo ezijulile Funda kabanzi mayelana nengwane enkulu kanye nezimfihlakalo zolwandle, futhi uthole imizamo efana ne-octopus. Usuku Lomhlaba Lwe-Octopus.
Izici eziyinhloko
Umehluko ngosayizi phakathi kwalesi silwane nezinye zohlobo lwaso kuyinto engakholeki ngempela. Abanye ososayensi bathi ingalinganisa ngisho nangaphezu kwalokho okurekhodiwe. Okusho ukuthi, kunezinhlobo ezithile ezinkulu. Futhi ukuthi isilwane esinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-150 futhi sinobude obungamamitha ayi-15 ubude asinakuba sejwayelekile. Nakuba irekhodi elibhaliwe likhuluma ngabantu abedlula kude lezi zibalo, isisindo esivamile kubantu abadala sisondele kumakhilogremu angu-50 futhi izingalo engafinyelela kumamitha angu-4 ubude. Kuye kwachazwa izibonelo ezingavamile ezinobukhulu obukhulu, ezifinyelela ubude bamamitha ambalwa nezisindo eziphakeme kakhulu, okuqinisa isithunzi sazo njengesidlakela phakathi kwamangwane, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ezinjenge i-dumbo octopus.
Inekhono elimangalisayo lokuhlangana endaweni eyizungezile kalula naphezu kobukhulu bayo. Kungaba lula ukuphuthelwa ubukhona bayo, ngisho noma iphambi kwakho. Leli khono lithuthukiswa ukushintsha kombala wayo womzimba. Kuyamangaza ngempela. Lokhu kufihla kuye kwadingeka ukuba kuthuthukiswe ngoba, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nesisindo, ayikwazi ukunyakaza kalula noma icashe emifantwini yamadwala njengoba ezinye izingwane zijwayele. Isikhumba sayo sinezici... ama-chromatophores ezinwebeka noma zifinyeze ama-pigments kanye nezakhiwo ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-dermal papillae, okushintsha ukuthungwa kusuka ebushelelezi kuya kumaholoholo. Ngale ndlela, ilingisa amadwala, ulwelwe, noma isihlabathi ngokunemba okuphawulekayo, njengoba kwenza ezinye izinhlobo ezinjenge ghost octopus.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze bazivikele ezilwaneni eziyingozi, Banalokhu kufihlakala okuyingqayiziveleImibala yayo eyinhloko ivame ukubabomvu futhi ibe nsundu. Ingavela emithunzini ekhanyayo nemnyama. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezihlukahlukene, iyakwazi ukushintsha ibe cishe noma yimuphi umbala. Leli khono alisebenzi nje kuphela njengesivikelo; futhi a ulimi olubonakalayo lapho ezwakalisa ukwethuka, ukuzola noma ulaka, futhi kuhambisana nokuma kanye nokufinyela kwesikhumba.
Ukwakheka kwayo kuyathakazelisa impela. Ngokuvamile zilala phansi olwandle njengenkanyezi. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zigweme ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ngokuzihlanganisa nengemuva. Izingalo zabo zinde kakhulu futhi ziwugqinsi, futhi zinenani elikhulu lama-suckers. Kubantu abakhulu, ingalo ngayinye ingathwala... izinkomishi zokumunca ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ngamandla amakhulu okumunca; ngabo abagcini nje ngokunamathisela endaweni kanye nenyamazane, kodwa futhi Bathanda futhi bayanuka imvelo sibonga ama-chemoreceptors akhethekile.
Inenhloko enkulu ngokwanele uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ze-octopus. Enye yezingxenye enayo engutsheni inesimo esiyindilinga. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi ihambe ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu. Ngaphakathi kwengubo, igcina izitho ezibalulekile kanye nesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi esiyingqayizivele izinhliziyo ezintathuAmabili ampompa igazi emathunjini bese elesithathu liye kuwo wonke umzimba. Igazi labo liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa i-hemocyanin, iphrotheni egcwele ithusi ehambisa umoya-mpilo ngokuphumelelayo emanzini abandayo.
I-Taxonomy, amagama kanye nesimo sokulondoloza
Ingwane enkulu, eyaziwa nangokuthi giant Pacific octopus noma ingwane enkulu yaseCalifornia, ihambisana nohlobo I-Enteteroctopus dofleiniIngowombuso othi Animalia, phylum Mollusca, class Cephalopoda, order Octopoda, and Octopodidae family. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo we-taxonomic, amagama ahlukahlukene kanye nezinhlanganisela ziye zahlongozwa ezincwadini zesayensi, okubangelwa ukusatshalaliswa kwayo okubanzi nokuhlaziywa kwezibonelo ezihlukene, nakuba namuhla igama elamukelwayo liyi- I-Enteteroctopus dofleiniIsimo sayo sokongiwa sisonke sibhalwe njenge akuhloliwe ohlwini lwereferensi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi izilinganiso zabantu eziphelele azitholakali kulo lonke uhla lokusabalalisa. Noma kunjalo, izici ezinjengokungcola Futhi ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle kungase kuthinte izakhamuzi zendawo, ngakho ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengohlobo oludinga ukugadwa.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuziphatha
Akekho owazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kwenzekeni kuyo yonke imvelo ukuvumela ingwane enkulu ukuba ibe nalezi zici. Kukhona ukuqagela mayelana nendlela izici zayo ezishintshe ngayo phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka kuze kube namuhla. Ngokuvumelana nezimo, ubukhulu bayo obukhulu, isikhumba esiguquguqukayo, kanye nokukhula okuphawulekayo kwesimiso sezinzwa kubonakala kube yinzuzo kulo. ebhekene namanzi abandayo, enempango okunzima ukuyibamba kanye nenqwaba yezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi bakwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze baphile ezimeni ezahlukahlukene. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezingalo eziningi kungahle kuhlobene nenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yabo. Futhi khuluma ngokufihla okusiza ukuthi ungabonakali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banobuchopho obuphakathi obuthuthuke kakhulu kanye ne-ganglia enkulu engalweni ngayinye. Kuthiwa banengqondo eyisishiyagalolunye; empeleni, banayo eyodwa. ubuchopho obuphakathi kanye nezikhungo ze-neural ezinamandla engalweni ngayinye ezinikeza ukuzimela kokuhlola, ukuzwa nokunquma ama-micromovements ngaphandle kokulinda ama-oda asuka maphakathi.
Mayelana nokuziphatha kwayo, alukho ulwazi oluningi olutholakalayo. Nokho, kuyaziwa ukuthi inamandla okufunda izinto eziningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuyivumela ukuthi ivumelane nezimo ezintsha futhi iphile kalula. Ezinye zezihlobo zayo ziye zabonakala zinezinkumbulo ezinhle, ezisiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile. Ezivivinyweni ngaphansi kokunakekelwa komuntu, kuye kwaphawulwa lokho Babona abantuBasebenzisa ukuvalwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, amabhodlela avulekile, futhi bakhumbule izixazululo isikhathi eside. Baphinde babonise isimo sengqondo esihlukile phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, kusukela emahloni kuya kokuthanda ukwazi nokudlala.
Lawa ma-octopus angakwethusa kalula ngenkathi utshuza ngoba awanyakazi ngokushesha njengamanye. Ukuze zibaleke, zikhipha uyinki owengeziwe, kaningi futhi ngomthamo omkhulu, ngenxa yezindlala zazo ezinkulu. Uyinki, ocebile nge-melanin, uyakha amafu aminyene okuyinto ephazamisayo futhi engacasula ngisho nezibilini zezinye izilwane ezizidlayo, kuyilapho isilwane siziqhuba i-jet propulsion usebenzisa i-siphon. Ezindaweni eziphakathi kwamagagasi, baziwa ngokuthi bayakwazi aphume emanzini izikhathi ezimfushane uma zigcina izimbotshana zazo zimanzi, zisuka kwelinye ichibi ziye kwelinye ukuze zihlole noma zizingele.
Indawo yokuhlala nokondliwa kwe-octopus enkulu
I-octopus enkulu ihlala eNyakatho Pacific Ocean. Yikhaya lalesi silwane futhi lingaphila cishe amamitha angama-200 ngaphansi kolwandleIbonakale emanzini ajulile ifuna ukudla okwengeziwe. Lokhu ikwenza lapho ingakwazi ukuthola ukudla oyifunayo noma indawo ephephile yokucasha. Ububanzi bayo budlulela amanzi afudumele nabandayoItholakala kusukela ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-United States naseCanada, ukunqamula e-Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands, kuya eJapane nasezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific. Incamela izixhobo zamatshe, amatshe emithambeka, imigede, nemifantu, nakuba ibonakala nasezindaweni ezingaphansi ezinesihlabathi nezinodaka uma kunezindawo zokukhosela eziseduze.
Ngokuqondene nokudla kwazo, zichitha ubusuku bonke zifuna ukudla. I-drawback yokuba uhlobo olukhudlwana ukuthi kufanele badle kakhulu ukuze bakhulise amandla abo futhi bahlale bephilile. Ziyizilwane ezihlukahlukene ezizingela ngokuqamekela, zisebenzisa indlela yazo yokucasha ukuze zisondele futhi zihlasele inyamazane yazo. Ngama-suckers abo, bavimbela inyamazane yabo, kanye ne uqhwaku olunezimpondo futhi i-radula ibhoboza amagobolondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathe ayo aqukethe ubuthi obungaba khona khubaza idamu nama-enzyme asiza ukuthambisa izicubu.
Imvamisa abanankinga yokuthola ukudla endaweni yayo yemvelo. Okunye kokudla abakudla kakhulu izinhlanzi, izimbaza, izinkalankala nezinye izimfanzi. Nakuba kunzima kakhulu ukukucabanga, abanye oshaka bayizisulu zale octopus enkulu. Lapho la ma-octopus eshwabadela ushaka, ngokuvamile asuthi isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba angakufuni ukudla izinsuku ezimbalwa. Zivame ukuba uhlobo olusebenzisa ithuba olusebenzisa noma yiliphi ithuba endaweni ukuze zithole ukudla. Kuke kwaba nezimo zokudliwa kwezinyoni zasolwandle noma ezinye izingwane ngezikhathi ezithile. Njengamanye ama-cephalopod, ikhombisa a izinga eliphezulu le-metabolicNgakho-ke, ukubamba okukhulu kungahumushela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuphumula endaweni yayo.
Iqiniso lokuthi iyakwazi ukudla oshaka kuqinisekiswe ngocwaningo lokuqukethwe kwesisu kwezinye izibonelo. Ukuze ithole izinsiza, ingwane enkulu ihlola indawo eyivikela kakhulu, bese ifinyelela kuyo. gudluza amatshe ukuqinisa umnyango womgodi wabo. Ngezinye izikhathi, abantu abadala abavuthiwe bangase bafune ukujula okukhulu ukukhwelana, kamuva abuyele ezindaweni ezingashoni ezilungele ukuzalanisa.
Ukuzala
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, iduna nensikazi ziyahlangana. Yisikhathi kuphela lapho bobabili abesilisa bendawonye. Imvamisa, zihlukanisiwe ukuze zibe uhlobo olulodwa. Owesilisa uthatha isikhwama sesidoda asibeke engubeni yowesifazane. Lesi sikhwama sinengqimba esivikela ukuthi singaphuli uma kwenzeka kukhona okubi. Kumele ivikelwe kahle ngoba insikazi kufanele iwuthwale izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba amaqanda aselungele ukubekelwa nokuchanyuselwa. Ingalo yokuzala yeduna, ebizwa i-hectocotylus, idlulisa ama-spermatophore amakhulu ngokunemba nokunakekela ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlukumezana.
Isikhwama sowesilisa esigcwele isidoda sivumela ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda angaba ngu-100.000. Ngokusobala, akuwona wonke la maqanda azokhula abe abantu abadala. Ukukhula kweqanda kungathatha amasonto ambalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, okubalulekile kwensikazi iwukunakekela amaqanda, ibeke inzalo ngaphambi kwezidingo zayo. Kulolu hlobo lwezilwane, lesi sikhathi sokugcina singandiswa. izinyanga eziningiPhakathi nalesi sikhathi, uhlala efaka umoya esidlekeni ukuze afake umoya-mpilo kuso futhi ahlanze amaqanda ukuze avimbele ukukhunta noma ukunqwabelana kwenhlabathi. Insikazi ngokuvamile izalela amaqanda ngemigqa ngaphansi kophahla lwemigede noma emifantwini evikelekile.
Izokwenza konke okusemandleni ayo ukuvikela amaphuphu ayo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye futhi igcine amaqanda ehlanzekile ukuze kungabi nazinkinga. Lapho amaqanda achanyuselwa, insikazi ngokuvamile iyafa ekupheleni kwesikhathi sayo sokuphila. Eyeduna ivame ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngemva kokuhlangana. Lo mjikelezo waziwa ngokuthi ubudodaZizala kanye kuphela, emva kwalokho kuvela i-senescence, ngokulahlekelwa isifiso sokudla kanye nokuba buthakathaka okuqhubekayo. Intsha idlula esigabeni se-planktonic, intanta ekholamu yamanzi ize ihlale phansi, lapho iqala ukukhula khona ngokushesha.
Isikhathi sokuphila sale nhlobo cishe seminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemihlanu. Yinsikazi eqinisekisa ukuphila kohlobo. Emaqandani angu-100 000 azalelwe ekuqaleni, angaba ngu-1 000 kuphela ngokuvamile asindayo. Imiphakathi etshuzayo ezifundeni ezehlukene ibhale izidleke ezigadwayo ngokuningiliziwe, futhi ize ibambisane ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ukukhuthaza ukungena komoya amaqanda ezintandane lapho umama engekho, okubonisa ukuzwela kohlobo lweziphazamiso kanye nenani elikhulu lemvelo nemfundo.
Ukusebenzelana nabantu, ukuphepha nokongiwa
I-octopus enkulu yasePacific ayivamisile ukuba nolaka futhi gwema ukuthintana nabantu. Njengawo wonke ama-octopus, inobuthi ematheni ayo, kodwa kulolu hlobo aluvamile ukubeka ingozi enkulu kubantu abanempilo; noma kunjalo, kungcono ungaziphazamisi noma uzame ukuzibamba. Lapho utshuza, umkhuba ongcono kakhulu ukubukela ukude, ugweme ukusebenzisa amalambu akhanyayo, aqondile, futhi ungangenisi izinto emgodini wawo.
Uhlobo luyisihloko sa abadobi bendawo emazweni ahlukahlukene aseNyakatho Pacific, futhi ubuhlakani bayo buyenza imodeli ebalulekile yokufunda nge-neurobiology nokuziphatha kwezilwane. Phakathi kwezinsongo ezingase zibe khona kubalwa... ukungcola ngenxa yezinsimbi eziphikelelayo kanye nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo, ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala, kanye noshintsho ekushiseni kolwandle, okungaba nomthelela kumetabolism nokusabalalisa kwawo. Ukuntuleka kokuhlola okuqinile komhlaba wonke kwenza olunye ucwaningo lube lusizo. ukuqapha kwesifunda kanye nezinyathelo zokuphatha eziguquguqukayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomfutho ophakeme womuntu.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nezincazelo eziwusizo
Izinhliziyo ezintathu negazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhakaAmaphampu amabili aya emathunjini kanye nelilodwa liye kuwo wonke umzimba. I-Hemocyanin, enethusi, inikeza umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi isebenza kahle emanzini abandayo.
Izingalo, hhayi amatendeKuma-octopus, ama-suckers asakazwa ngengalo; amatende ngokwawo, anama-suckers agxile esihlokweni, anezici eziningi ze-squid ne-cuttlefish.
Ubuchopho obusabalalisiweBanobuchopho obumaphakathi kanye ne-ganglia enkulu ezingalweni zabo. Lesi sakhiwo sichaza yabo ukusebenzisana okumangalisayo ukuphatha izinto nokuxazulula izinkinga.
Ukulungiswa kwezicubuUma ulahlekelwa ingxenye yengalo, ungakwazi yenze kabusha Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuba yinsiza ebalulekile lapho kubhekwa izilwane ezidla ezinye noma izingozi.
Ingwane enkulukazi yasePacific ihlanganisa usayizi omkhulu, isimiso sezinzwa esingavamile, nesikhumba esikwazi ukuzifihla njengezinye ezimbalwa. Ihlala emanzini abandayo eNyakatho yePacific, izingela ebusuku ngamasuckers nayo ewanambithayo, futhi izalana kanye kuphela, ishiya inqwaba yezintambo eziyigada ngokuzinikela okukhulu. Indima yayo yemvelo njenge isilwane esikhulu se-benthicInani layo lesayensi namandla kazibuthe kwabatshuzi nabaxhumani besayensi kuyenza ibe isithonjana sangempela sasolwandle ukugcinwa kwayo nokufunda okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokwembula izimfihlo zayo eziningi.
