Namuhla sizokhuluma ngomunye wezinhlobo ezigqama kakhulu zezilwane zasolwandle ngenxa yokubukeka nokuziphatha kwazo. Yilokhu ingwane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, odume ngelika ingwane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Le cephalopod, protagonist eminingi ilukuluku mayelana mollusk, uyakwazi shintsha umbala nokuthungwa ukuze ihlangane nendawo eyizungezile, njengonwabu olungaphansi kwamanzi, ukuyivumela ukuba ingabonakali noma, lapho kufaneleka, ibonise ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okunamandla ukuze ixwayise ngengozi. Leli khono lokuzifihla liyi- isu elibalulekile lokusinda phezu kwezixhobo zamatshe kanye namatshe aphansi.
Idume ngobuthi bayo obunamandla ngokwedlulele kanye nokubukeka kwayo ngendlela engaqondakali lapho iveza izindandatho zayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kule migqa elandelayo, sihlanganise izici zayo eziyinhloko, imikhuba, indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, kanye nokuzala, kanye nolwazi olubalulekile lokuyihlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo ezaziwa nangokuthi "i-blue octopus": I-Octopus canea, ingwane enkulu ehlala usuku lonke yase-Indo-Pacific.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lezi octopus zihlala kuyo izixhobo zamakhorali kanye namatshe aphansi, lapho ukufihla kwabo kuphumelela kakhulu. Anemibala eyisisekelo ephuzi noma ekhilimu enamathoni ansundu, futhi lapho ezizwa ephazamisekile noma esongelwa, vula izindandatho zabo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhanya njengesignali yesixwayiso. Ekuphumuleni, lo mbala uyaphela, kodwa bayakwazi ukukhiqiza amaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi esikhumbeni sibonga ama-chromatophore akhethekile kanye nezakhiwo ezikhazimulayo, kanye nokuphakamisa noma ukwenza isicaba ubuso besikhumba ukulingisa i-substrate.
Ingwane enemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i-genus Hapalochlaena) i-pequeño. Umzimba wayo uvame ukukala phakathi kuka-4 no-6 cm, izingalo ezifika ku-10 cm. Ngolimi lwansuku zonke, ubude obuphelele obusondele kuma-intshi angu-8 ngezinye izikhathi kuyashiwo, kodwa okwenza buqine ngempela akuwona usayizi, kodwa i-arsenal yamakhemikhali kanye nekhono layo lokungabonwa. I-anatomy yayo eguquguqukayo, ngaphandle kohlaka lwangaphakathi lwamathambo, ivumela ukuthi ingene ama-slits amancane kakhulu futhi uhambe ngokushelela usebenzisa i-jet propulsion ngesiphon.
Isikhumba sayo simbozwe nge amangqamuzana ombala kulawulwa isimiso sezinzwa, esinwebekayo noma sifinyezeke ukuze sikhiqize ukuhlukahluka kwemibala ngaso leso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingashintsha i- ukuthungwa enemisipha engaphansi kwesikhumba kanye ne-dermal papillae ephakanyisiwe ukuze ifane nedwala, i-coral, noma imfucumfucu. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kombala nokukhululeka kwenza isilwane ngokoqobo ezingabonakali ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye kanye namadamu.
Nakuba umzimba wayo mncane, inganweba izingalo zayo kabanzi ukuze ibambe inyamazane yayo noma ivimbele izinsongo ezingaba khona. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezikhasa kakhulu ezansi, ingabonakala ibhukuda emanzini uma kudingeka; nokho, ikhetha ukunyakaza mfushane futhi ucashile okuthuthukisa ukulingisa kwabo. Uqhwaku lwazo olunezimpondo kanye ne-radula kusebenza njengamathuluzi asebenzayo okubhoboza amagobolondo nokudla inyamazane evikelekile.
Isici esinqumayo yisona veneno: Ama-octopus anama-blue-ringed agcina ubuthi obunamandla ezindlala zamathe. Kuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi leli khono liwumphumela wokujwayela isikhathi eside, nge amagciwane e-symbiotic ebandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni i-tetrodotoxin (TTX), isakhi se-neurotoxic esichaza ubungozi bayo. Ubuthi lobu ivimba iziteshi zesodium emithanjeni, okubangela ukukhubazeka.
I-Taxonomy, amagama ajwayelekile kanye nomehluko oyinhloko
Igama elithi "blue octopus" lidala ukudideka ngoba lijwayele amaqiniso amabili ahlukene:
- Hapalochlaena (ama-octopus ane-blue-ringed): izinhlobo ezine ezaziwayo, ezincane futhi ezinobuthi ngokwedlulele, ezine izindandatho eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuchazwe kahle. Bahlala kusukela oLwandle lwaseJapane kuya eNingizimu ye-Australia, ezindaweni eziphakathi kwamagagasi futhi kuze kufike ku-50 m ukujula. Kunjalo mhlawumbe umsebenzi wasebusuku futhi usebenzise ukukhanya okuluhlaza njengesexwayiso se-aposematic.
- I-Octopus canea (ingwane enkulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma i-octopus yosuku): izinhlobo ze I-Indo-Pacific, kusukela ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika kuya eHawaii. Inkulu kuneHapalochlaena: ingubo ingafinyelela ku-16 cm futhi izingalo ezinwetshiwe zidlule ama-80 cm, ngamaphiko angaba ngu-1,5 m. Ayinazo izindandatho eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; kunalokho, kungase kubonise i-ocelli emnyama ngaphandle kwe-iridescence. Kuyi-a umzingeli wosuku futhi umpetha wokuzifihla.
Ukuze uzibone ngokuqiniseka, bheka okubalulekile: izindandatho eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye namasayizi amancane zihambisana ne-Hapalochlaena; umzimba omkhulu, umsebenzi wasemini kanye nokungabikho kwezindandatho ezikhazimulayo kukhomba ku-Octopus canea. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngoba imithelela yezemvelo nokuphepha ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwalokhu kokubili.
Ukuziphatha
Lezi octopus ziye zabonisa a izinga eliphezulu lobuhlakani; bayakwazi ukuhlola, ukukhumbula imizila, nokuxazulula izinkinga, okubavumela ukuba bazivumelanise nezimo ezishintshayo. E-Hapalochlaena, lokhu kuhlakanipha kuhlanganiswe nesimo sengqondo esingabonakala sinqunywa kakhulu: uma bezizwa beboshwe ekhoneni, abavele basebenzise uyinki, bangakwazi futhi. ukuluma ukujova ubuthi. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kobukhulu bazo, zibhekwa njengezilwane okufanele zibonwe kude.
El isikhwama sikayinki Isebenza njengesikrini somusi ukuze idide umbono nephunga lesilwane esizingelayo. Ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu ezifana ne-Octopus canea, kuye kwaphawulwa nokuthi zichitha ingxenye yosuku ngaphandle komgodi zifuna ukudla kanye nengxenye yobusuku. bavala umnyango ngamatshe ukunciphisa izingozi. Le ngwane i-diurnal octopus inganikela ngengxenye ebalulekile yesikhathi sayo sansuku zonke ekufuneni ukudla futhi isalondoloze ukufihla kwayo kuhlale kushintshwa njengoba ihamba esihlabathini, amakhorali, nemfucumfucu.
Ngenxa yama-chromatophore abo, bayakwazi shintsha amaphethini ombala nokuqhathanisa ngesivinini esikhulu. Ucwaningo lwasensimini lubhale amakhulukhulu ezinguquko zephethini emahoreni ambalwa nje, okuwukubonakaliswa kokulawula kwabo kwemizwa okuyinkimbinkimbi phezu kwesikhumba. Lapho zibukana emehlweni namanye ama-octopus noma izilwane ezingase zidle ezinye, zingabonisa izimpawu ezibonakalayo ezixhumanayo ukuqapha noma ulaka.
Ngokuvamile, ama-octopus anjalo nginesizunguIngwane enemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nayo ingaboniswa indawo, ikakhulukazi lapho uvikela indawo yokukhosela noma umthombo wokudla. Iziqephu ze ukudla abantu kubantu abakhulu kunabancane, ukuziphatha okungenzeka kakhulu uma kunokuncintisana kwendawo noma izinsiza.
Kunemininingwane yokwakheka komzimba eyaziwa kancane: lapho bebhukuda kancane, i inhliziyo yesistimu Umsebenzi we-octopus wehlisa ukusebenza kwayo noma ungama okwesikhashana, ngakho-ke bancamela ukuhamba ngezansi ukuze bonge amandla. Izidla zabo zemvelo zihlanganisa ama-moray eels, izinhlanzi ezinkulu, oshaka futhi, kwezinye izifunda, izimvu zamanzi zezindela namahlengethwa. Kuzo zonke izimo, inhlanganisela yokufihla, uyinki, nesembozo se-crevice ukuzivikela kwabo okungcono kakhulu.
Ukuphepha kwabantu: Ukulunywa kwengwane enemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungaba ezisongela ukuphilaI-Tetrodotoxin idala ukukhubazeka kwemoto okungathinta ukuphefumula. Alikho ikhambi elithile; ukusekelwa kwempilo okusheshayo (ukungenisa umoya kanye nokwelashwa okuphuthumayo) kubalulekile. Lezi zilwane akufanele neze ziphathwe noma zihlukunyezwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zibonakala zizolile kangakanani.
Indawo yokuhlala nokudla
Ngokungafani namanye ama-octopus asabalale olwandle oluningi, ama-octopus anezingibe eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ohlobo lwe-Hapalochlaena agxile olwandle. I-Western Pacific ne-Indian Ocean, kusukela eJapane kuya e-Australia naseziqhingini ezingomakhelwane. Bakhetha izindawo eziphakathi kwamagagasi namaphansi angashoni phansi aze afike ku-50 m. Kunzima ukukhomba indawo yazo eqondile ngoba zihamba ziyofuna izindawo eziphephile nezindawo ezintsha lapho ukucindezela kwezilwane ezizingelayo kanye nabaqhudelana nakho kuphansi.
Ingwane enkulu yosuku olukhulu, I-Octopus canea, isakazeke kakhulu ku I-Indo-Pacific, kusukela ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika kanye noLwandle Olubomvu kuya eHawaii. Kuvame ukudala amadrigueras emifantwini yezixhobo kanye nemfucumfucu yamakhorali. Le migodi ingasetshenziswa izinsuku noma amasonto; ezinye izifundo zirekhode imisebenzi ethatha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambi kokuthuthela kwenye, ngokufuduka okumaphakathi kwamashumi amaningana amamitha phakathi kwemigodi elandelanayo.
Ngokuqondene nokudla, ingwane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (Hapalochlaena) ine- ukudla okuhlukahlukene ngokusekelwe ku izinkalankala, izimfanzi, izinhlanzi ezincane nezinkalankala. Ngokuvamile zizingela lapho kuhwalala noma ebusuku, zisizakala ngokubona kwazo okuhle kanye nesici esimangalisayo sokucasha. Ubuthi bukhubaza inyamazane, kwenze kube lula ukubhoboza ngoqhwaku futhi kudle izicubu ezithambile. Uma inyamazane ivikelwe igobolondo, bayihlanganisa ne amathe anobuthi ukufinyelela ngaphakathi.
Ingwane yosuku (O. cyanea) idla ngokukhuthele ngesikhathi sasemini, okuyivelakancane phakathi kwamangwane. Impango yayo ihlanganisa ama-bivalves, inhlanzi, izinkalankala nezimfanziLapho izingela, ishiya "indawo yamathuna" yegobolondo kanye nezinsalela ze-carapace eduze nomnyango womhume wayo, umzila obonisa ukuba khona kwayo. Iqeda usuku ngokuqinisa indawo yayo yokukhosela ngamatshe ebusuku.
Zombili octopus kukhona izilwane ezingosomathuba Balungisa amasu abo ngokwendawo ezungezile. Bangaqamekela banganyakazi phakathi kwemfucumfucu, noma baqhubeke ngezinyathelo ezimfushane ezansi ukuze bamangale inyamazane. Ijubane eliphezulu aliyona impahla yabo eyinhloko; impumelelo yabo ilele ku ukungabonakali nokunemba.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-octopus eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Lezi zilwane nginesizungu isikhathi esiningi, ukuziphatha okuthambisayo lapho kufika isikhathi sokukhwelana. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane bahlala endaweni eyodwa izinsuku ezimbalwa ngenkathi ukuqomisana nokuzalanisa kwenzeka. Owesilisa usebenzisa a ingalo eshintshiwe (i-hectocotylus) ukudlulisa ama-spermatophores emgodini wesigqoko sowesifazane. Kuma-octopus amancane njenge-Hapalochlaena, ukusebenzisana kungase kube kufushane; ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu ezifana ne-Octopus canea, owesilisa ngezinye izikhathi ugcina okuthile ibanga eliphephile ukugwema ukuhlaselwa owesifazane.
In the octopus blue-ringed, ngemva kokukhwelana insikazi imali mayelana Amaqanda e-50 endaweni yokukhosela evikelekile kanye ifukamela izinyangaNgalesi sikhathi ukubeka akuphakelwa, kungene umoya futhi kuhlanzwe ngaphandle kokuphumula, futhi ekugcineni uyafa ngemva kokuchanyuselwa. Izingane zizalwa zakhiwe ngokugcwele futhi ngokushesha ziqala impilo yazo ezimele. Lo mjikelezo wempilo uyachaza ukuthi kungani isikhathi sokuphila mfishane uma kuqhathaniswa, uhlala unyaka noma isikhashana.
En I-Octopus canea ziye zachazwa udwendwe olunemininingwane: Owesilisa usebenzisa umbala ohlukile onamachashazi akhanyayo kungemuva elimnyama bese ephakamisa ingalo yakhe yesokudla yesithathu (elungisiwe) njengesignali. Uma owesifazane emukela, ukudluliselwa kwe-spermatophore kwenzeka. Ngemva kokukhulelwa, owesifazane inamathisela amaqanda amaningi ku-substrate eqinile emgodini wazo futhi uwaqaphe aze achanyuselwe. Imithombo eyahlukene ibika ukuzala okuchichimayo kulolu hlobo lwezilwane, futhi a Ukukhula okusheshisiwe kwentsha. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane bafinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokocansi cishe phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-10 neziyi-15, kanti ukuphila isikhathi eside akuvamile ukuba kudlule unyaka nengxenye.
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, iphethini evamile iyaphindwa: ukukhwelana, ukubeka, ukunakekelwa okukhulu Ngasohlangothini lwensikazi, ukuchanyuselwa nokufa komzali. Amaduna wona avame ukufa ngemva nje kokukhwelana. Lo mjikelezo "we-semelparous" ujwayelekile kuma-cephalopods amaningi.
Abesilisa bayakujabulela ukukhwelana futhi bangase bazame ukukuphinda ngokuphikelela; abesifazane, ikakhulukazi kuma-octopus ane-blue-ringed, bahambe uma ukuvundiswa sekufinyelelwe. Uma owesilisa ephikelela, kungenzeka ucansi. ukuhlangana okunolakaKu-clutch ye-Hapalochlaena ngayinye, inani lamaqanda lizungeze ama-50; ku-Octopus canea, ama-clutch angaba mkhulu kakhulu, futhi izingane zingase zidlule esigabeni esifushane se-pelagic noma zihlale kusenesikhathi, kuye ngobukhulu beqanda nezimo zendawo.
Inothi lemvelo: Impumelelo yokuzala kanye nosayizi wokugcina kuncike kakhulu ku ukutholakala kokudla kanye nengcindezi ye-predation. Lapho izinsiza ziningi khona, abantu bavame ukukhula ngokushesha futhi bafinyelele ukuvuthwa ngokushesha.
Ingwane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma ngabe i-Hapalochlaena enezindandatho ezikhazimulayo noma i-octopus cyanea enkulu, iyisibonelo esithakazelisayo sokuzijwayeza: ukufihla osheshayo, amasu anembile okuzingela, ukukhiqiza ngokuzinikela, nobuhlakani obuqhubeka bumangalisa isayensi. Ukuqonda ukuhlukana kwabo, ukuhlonipha ibanga labo lapho ubabuka, nokuvikela izindawo zabo zokuhlala zamakhorali kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi bahlala beyingxenye yemvelo yasolwandle e-Indo-Pacific naseNtshonalanga Pacific isikhathi eside.
