Namuhla asizile ukuzokhuluma ngenhlanzi njengoba senza isikhathi esiningi. Namuhla sithola okuthile okwaziwayo, kodwa okungaziwa ngasikhathi sinye. Imayelana ne- ikhukhamba elwandle. Kuyisilwane esinomzimba omiswe njengesibungu futhi uhlala olwandle cishe emhlabeni wonke. Njengamanje, zingu-1400 izinhlobo ezaziwayo, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuzihlaziya ngokujule.
Ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngamakhukhamba olwandle? Funda uqhubeke. uzofunda konke ngaye.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-sea cucumber ingeye-phylum ye- echinoderms kakade ikilasi I-HolothuroideaIgama i-sea cucumber livela ekufaneni kwayo okuqinile nemifino, nakuba kuyisilwane, hhayi isitshalo.
Okugqama kakhulu ngale echinoderm ukuma nokuthungwa kwesikhumba sayo. Iphatha ukwakheka sengathi yisikhumba, kepha ngokubukeka okufana nejeli. Uma uthi nhlá nje isilwane esingase sithathwe njenge-slug.Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, ubude bazo bungahluka. Nokho, isilinganiso singama-20 cm ubude. Kunama-sea cucumber angaphansi kwe-cm ubude noma amakhulu nakakhulu.
Isikhumba esenza i-sea cucumber ikhetheke kakhulu ine brown, olive green noma black futhi inokwakheka kwesikhumba. Lokhu kungahluka kancane kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni. Ukubukeka kwayo okufana nezikelemu kuyivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nolwandle ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi olwandle umfutho wamanzi inkulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zigcina zine-gelatinous texture ezisiza ukuba ziphile kulezi zindawo. Uma kungenjalo, asikhumbule lahla inhlanzi njengenye yezimbi kunazo zonke emhlabeni kuphela ngenxa yokuthungwa kwayo okuyinika umumo ongajwayelekile.
Ikhukhamba yasolwandle inodonga lwangaphandle lomzimba wayo owenziwe nge-collagen oluvumela ukuthi iguqule isimo sayo kuye ngomfutho wamanzi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngenxa yaleli khono, ingakhula noma ifinyeze umzimba wayo ngokuthanda kwayo. Iyakwazi ukungena noma ukuphuma emifantwini yokukhosela lapho icasha khona ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye..
Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwangaphandle, i-anatomy yayo yabelana ngezici namanye ama-echinoderms: ane- i-symmetry ye-pentaradial yangaphakathi (izitho zihlelwe ngokuphindaphinda kahlanu) nakuba ngaphandle zibonakala zihlangene zombili. Uhlaka lwawo lwamathambo lwangaphakathi luncishisiwe lwaba ama-ossicles amancane (ama-sclerites) afakwe ku-dermis, okubanikeza lowo mzimba othambile futhi oguquguqukayo. Ngaphakathi kwepharynx bane- indandatho ye-calcareous lapho kufakwa khona imisipha enyakazisa amathente futhi ifinyeza umzimba.
Umlomo utholakala engxenyeni eyodwa yomzimba futhi uzungezwe amatende angaba elula, ifakiwe, pinnate o isicaba, kuye ngezinhlobo, ukujwayela izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi i-cloaca (i-anus), okuthi ngaphezu kokukhipha, ifake izihlahla zokuphefumula, izakhiwo ezinamagatsha lapho ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka khona: lokhu kubizwa ukuphefumula kwe-cloacal. Isimiso sayo semithambo yamanzi sihlanganisa a i-internal madreporite (ivula ku-coelom ezimweni eziningi) lapho imigudu igijima kuwo wonke umzimba, futhi isimiso sezinzwa sihlelwe sibe yindandatho nezintambo ezinhlanu eziyinhloko.
Ngokuqondene nosayizi, nakuba izinhlobo eziningi zizungeze u-20-25 cm, kukhona amafomu amancane angeqi isentimitha eyodwa futhi amanye angafinyelela. ubude bamamitha amaningana njengoba I-Synapta maculata. Ukuhamba kwayo kusekelwe ku- izinyawo ze-tube (imilenze ye-tubular enezinkomishi zokumunca) ehlelwe ngamabhande e-radial; eziphansi zikhethekile kakhulu ekunyakazeni futhi ezingemuva zenza imisebenzi yezinzwa.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Lezi zilwane zisebenzisa zonke izinyawo zamashubhu okufanele zikwazi ukuhamba. zisakazeke endaweni enkulu kunazo zonke ngangokunokwenzekaLezi zinyawo zinemisebenzi yezinzwa ezisiza ukuthi zibone konke okuzungezile ukuze zibone ukuthi zisengozini noma cha.
Njengoba sesishilo, ingahlala cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yasolwandle, njengoba zisakazeke cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kodwa-ke, zitholakala kaningi emanzini angajulile anosawoti. Ifinyelela inani layo labantu ezindaweni ezisondelene nezixhobo zamakhorali.
Indlu ethathwa njengephephile yilezi zilwane itholakala endaweni i-interstitial medium. Ngakho-ke, kuyingozi kubo lapho igagasi liphuma futhi kufanele bathuthele emanzini ajulile eduze kwemisele yolwandle. Yilapho abaphephe khona kakhulu.
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo esizihlaziyayo, singathola izilwane ze-benthic ezikhona Bazinikele ukumba ukudla ezindaweni ezithambile noma ezinye izinsalela ezikwazi ukubhukuda futhi zingamalungu e-plankton. Lokhu bakwenza ngokusebenzisa amandla emisinga yamanzi.
Ukuzizwa uphephile zibekwa emifantwini noma zingcwatshwe ezindaweni ezingaphansi ezithambile. Ngale ndlela zingacasha ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye futhi zingabonwa ukukhanya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-holothurian abonise ukuziphatha okumangazayo: izinhlobo ezithile ze-deep-sea, njenge I-Enypniastes eximia, bangakwazi ahlukane phansi abhukude ngokugoqa okumise okwephiko. Abanye, njengokuthi I-Cucumaria frondosa, shintsha ukuqina kwabo ukumunca amanzi emilonyeni yazo kanye nasezindunu ukuze zikhukhulwe nemisinga lapho izimo ezingezansi zingezinhle. Lawa maqhinga akhulisa amandla azo okuhlakazeka futhi awasize abaleke emanzini aminyene noma anosawoti omncane.
Ngokuqondene nendawo yokusabalalisa, sithola indawo ebanzi kakhulu. Ingatholakala kuyo yonke ingxenye yase-Asia i-Pacific Ocean ngenani elikhulu labantu. Ikhono layo lokusabalala ezindaweni eziningi eziphilayo ngenxa yekhono layo lokuzivumelanisa nokuphakama namazinga okushisa ahlukene.
Ukudla kwamakhukhamba olwandle
Lolu hlobo lwe-slug ingadla imfucumfucu, ulwelwe noma ingxenye yeplankton nemfucuza itholakale olwandle. Ukondla, baqoqa zonke izidalwa ezingaphezulu eziwela phansi ngenxa yokusebenzisa izintambo zabo ezinwetshiwe ebusweni bolwandle.
Ukuze badle ukudla basebenzisa izinyawo zabo ezimise okweshubhu ukwenza a inqubo yokumba ku-substrate. Amathente emlonyeni ambozwe amafinyila, okuyisiza ukuthi ibambe ukudla okumisiwe ngemva kokumba.
Uma izinsalela sezingenile emlonyeni, zidlulela phakathi lapho ziyiswa khona amathumbu amancane ukuze kugaywe ukudla. Njengoba kulindelekile, uma isikulungisile ukudla futhi yathola imisoco edingekayo, ilahla lokho engasakudingi odakeni nokumosha.
Ngale ndlela yokuphila enelukuluku singasho ukuthi ukusebenza kwayo ezinhlelweni zemvelo yasolwandle okokuhlanza iziqephu ezingaphansi nokunothisa umhlabathi ngokufakwa kwawo. Inani elikhulu lalezi zilwane lidala ukuthi izimo zemvelo ziguqule izici zazo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhlephula ukudla kube amasayizi amancane kangako, ukusiza amagciwane ukuze kube ukudla kwabo.
Indima yakhe njenge ama-scavengers kanye nama-bioturbators Kubalulekile: ngokungenisa inzika ecebile ngama-microalgae, amagciwane kanye ne-organic matter, afaka umoya-mpilo olwandle futhi akhiphe imisoco efana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abaphakathi nendawo (isb., IHolothuria mexicana o Isostichopus badionotus) bangakwazi thatha ngaphezu kwe-100 g ye-sediment ngosuku, okuhunyushwa ngesilinganiso sabantu kube amathani asusiwe kanye nomphumela obalulekile wokuphulukisa izixhobo. Lapho ukhukhamba wasolwandle eyindlala khona, ukwanda kwe-algae engosomathuba kanye namagciwane athile ahlobene nezifo zamakhorali; kunalokho, ubukhona babo buthanda izindawo eziphansi ezizinzile kanye nemiphakathi ehlukahlukene.
Ukuzala
Ukuqeda ngolwazi mayelana nekhukhamba yasolwandle, ake sikhulume ngokukhiqizwa kwayo. inqubo yokuzala kwenziwa ngalezi zilwane ngaphandleOkusho ukuthi, nakuba ezinye izinhlobo ziyi-placental viviparous, ukwakheka komuntu omusha ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngaphandle. Lokhu kukhulelwa kwenzeka ngokuxoshwa kwesidoda neqanda ngowesilisa nowesifazane.
Lapho iqanda selichanyuselwe, izibungu ezifika ekukhanyeni zibhukuda ngokukhululeka. Kusigaba sesithathu sentuthuko yabo lapho kukhula khona amatende. Isikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha ikhukhamba lasolwandle kuba kanye ngonyaka, njalo eminyakeni emibili. Akulindelekile impela uma kukhulunywa ngokuzala kabusha, ngakho-ke akunasiqiniseko sokuthi zizokwenza nini.
Ukunwetshwa ngalolu lwazi: izinhlobo eziningi zi lindokuhle (abesilisa nabesifazane bahlukaniswe) nge-gonad eyodwa enegatsha ephumayo amaqanda nesidoda emanzini, lapho ukuvundiswa kwenzeka khona. Ezinhlotsheni eziningana, abesilisa bayaphuma pheromones lokho kuvumelanisa ukuzala kweqembu ukuze kwandiswe amathuba okuhlangana nama-gamete. Izibungu ze-Planktonic zinikezwa amagama athile: i-auricularia (isigaba sokuqala sokubhukuda), i-doliolaria (isigaba esiphakathi) kanye i-pentacle (isiteji esihlala futhi sithuthukise izinyawo), ngaphambi kokuba izingane ezithobekile. Kwezinye holothurians kukhona ukugcinwa kwamaqanda nokuvikelwa emzimbeni womuntu wesifazane noma ngaphansi kwamathende, kodwa ayikho i-placenta enjalo; kungaba ukunakekelwa kwabazali noma ukufukamela kwangaphandle/kancane kwangaphandle kuye ngohlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo eziningana nazo ziyazala ngocansi nge-fission, ihlukanise ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezikhiqiza kabusha izingxenye ezingekho.
Ukuzivikela, ubuthi kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye
Amakhukhamba olwandle asethuthukile izindlela zokuzivikela ngempumelelo kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyaxosha Amashubhu kaCuvier, imicu enamathelayo eyenza ukuba zinganyakazi noma zicasule izilwane ezingaba izingela. Abanye bakhipha ingxenye yabo i-viscera ngokusebenzisa indle ukuphazamisa umhlaseli, enekhono zikhiqize kabusha ngesikhathi esifushane. Abanye bangase ngisho uzikhethele indawo elimele yomzimba ukuze ubaleke.
Esikhumbeni sabo kanye ne-viscera bangakhiqiza ama-saponins (i-holothurins), inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali evimbela izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi, ekugxilweni okuphezulu, inobuthi ezinhlanzini. Ngokuvamile, ukuthintana nabantu ngezikhathi ezithile akubangeli ingozi, kodwa akufanele badliwe luhlaza noma baphathwe kabi. Ngokumelene nama-parasites, ukukhiqizwa kwe-a i-lectin enekhono lokuvimbela ukukhula kwayo, okubonisa ubunkimbinkimbi obumangalisayo bokuzivikela komzimba kusilwane esingenamgogodla esingenangqondo.
Sus izidlakela Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlanzi ezifana nama-wrasses nama-balistids, ezinye i-starfish, ama-crustaceans, nezimfudu, ezivame ukudla kakhulu izingane. Ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zichitha usuku zingcwatshwe, zishiya amatende azo kuphela.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwabantu nokongiwa
Ngokombono wemvelo, ukhukhamba olwandle kukhona onjiniyela be-ecosystem. I-bioturbation yabo ingenisa umoya endle, ikhuthaze ukungena komoyampilo kanye nokujikeleza kwezakhi, futhi kusimamise ulwandle, kuzuzise izilwane ezingenamgogodla njengezikelemu, ama-bivalves, nama-crustaceans amancane. Baphinde bayigcine ulwelwe oluningi futhi kunciphisa imiphakathi engase ibe namagciwane e-pathogenic, esiza impilo yamakhorali kanye nezixhobo.
Emkhakheni womuntu, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungokwesiko emasikweni amaningana e- I-Indo-Pacific nezinye izifunda, lapho zibhekwa njengenani ukudla ngenxa yamaprotheni aphezulu kanye nokuqukethwe kwamafutha aphansi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo emithini yendabuko kanye nezimonyo. Lesi sidingo siqhubekile izindawo zokudoba ezikhethekile nokuthuthukiswa kwe- aquaculture ukunciphisa ingcindezi kubantu basendle.
Nokho, isizinda olunzulu kanye nokuhweba kungaholela inani labantu liyancipha, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zenani eliphezulu. Ukuphatha okusimeme kubandakanya ukusungula sibonile ngesikhathi seziqongo zokuzala, osayizi obuncane, izabelo, ukulawulwa kwamalayisensi kanye nokubhekwa kwezohwebo. Aquaculture kanye ukubuyiswa kwabantu ingasekela ukululama, okuhlale kuhambisana nokuqapha kwesayensi. Kubathengi, ukufunda mayelana ne- provenance futhi ukukhetha imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe kunomthelela ekongiweni.
Isici esithakazelisayo ukuthi ukhukhamba wasolwandle usebenza njenge izindlu ezincaneIzinhlobo eziningi zama-crustaceans amancane, izinhlanzi, nezikelemu zihlala phezu kwazo noma ngisho nase-cloaca yazo, zakha izinhlangano ze-symbiotic ezandisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendawo. Ngakho-ke ukuqonda nokuvikela ama-holothurian kusho ukulondoloza amanethiwekhi emvelo izakhiwo ezisekela ukuphila ku-benthos yasolwandle.
Amakhukhamba olwandle, ahlakaniphile futhi angenangqondo ekuboneni kuqala, abuthe ukuzivumelanisa okungavamile futhi udlale indima ebalulekile empilweni yasolwandle. Ukuqonda ibhayoloji yazo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha, nokuzivikela kusivumela ukuba sazise kangcono ukubaluleka kwazo kwemvelo kanye nezinyathelo eziqondisayo zokonga. ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwazo isikhathi eside ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle ezilinganiselayo neziqinile.