Yize kungabonakala kungafani nayo, kunezinhlobo ezi-5 zamahlengethwa ezihlala emifuleni. Okudume kakhulu kubo bonke yi ihlengethwa elipinkiYaziwa futhi ngamagama endawo athi boto, bufeo, tonina, noma ihlengethwa lomfula i-Amazon. Ngaleli gama, siyazi lapho lihlala khona kanye nezindawo lapho lisukela khona. Igama layo lesayensi ngu I-Inia geoffrensis futhi ingeyohlobo Inia, ngaphakathi komndeni omkhulu wePlatanistoidea nomndeni Iniidae.
Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngehlengethwa elibomvana ngokujulile, ngoba akulona uhlobo olufanayo lwehlengethwa esijwayele ukulibona olwandle futhi liyakuveza. ukujwayela okuhlukile emifuleni ye-Amazon kanye ne-Orinoco.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lezi zinhlobo zamahlengethwa azifani nalezi esivame ukuzibona olwandle. Sebesungule ukujwayela okuthile ukuze bahlale emifuleni, enamanzi aludaka, amahlathi agcwele izikhukhula nemigudu emincane. Eqinisweni, lawa amahlengethwa ahlobene kakhulu nabazali namahlengethwa olwandle, njengoba engamalungu emindeni ehlukene.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezikhona zamahlengethwa omfula, amahlengethwa apinki aphakathi kwezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo nobukhulu. Ihlengethwa lomfula elikhulu kunawo wonke, enamadoda angafinyelela cishe amamitha angu-2,5 ubude nesisindo esingaphezu kuka-150 kg, nabesifazane abancane. Iveza a imakwe i-dimorphism yocansi, nabesilisa abaphakathi kuka-16% no-55% abakhulu kunabesifazane.
Umbala uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngeminyaka: izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zimpunga ngokumnyama, ziphenduka zibe mpunga, kanti abadala bangase babe pink noma enamabalaI-pink hue ihlotshaniswa nenqwaba yama-capillaries esikhumbeni kanye nama-microabrasions angaphezulu; Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala ukhula ngokujabula, isenzakalo esifaniswa nokuba namahloni kubantu.
Imizimba yabo iqinile futhi iguquguquka kakhulu. Ngokungafani namahlengethwa olwandle, i-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho ayihlanganisiwe, okubavumela ukuba baphendule amakhanda abo cishe ama-degree angu-180 futhi bahambe phakathi kwezimpande namagatsha ehlathini eligcwele amanzi. I-dorsal fin iphansi futhi inde njenge-keel, futhi amaphiko e-pectoral makhulu futhi abanzi, alungele ukujika okuqinile nakuba ehlisa isivinini.
Njengamanye ama-odontocete, anesitho sezicubu ezinamafutha esiphongweni sazo esibizwa ngokuthi ikhabe, abayisebenzisela i-echolocationEmanzini axubile, ukubona kwawo kulinganiselwe kodwa kuyasebenza; i-echolocation iyabavumela ukuthi bakwenze orient, ukuxhumana nokuzingela ngokunemba.
Umqondo wokuthi amandla abo obuchopho makhulu ngama-40% kunowabantu usudumile. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu ubuchopho obukhulu futhi obuyinkimbinkimbi enamakhono aphezulu omphakathi nawokuqonda, nakuba lezi ziqhathaniso zingalingani ngokuqondile nokungaphezu kobuhlakani bomuntu.
Izinsongo zehlengethwa elibomvana
Lawa amahlengethwa ayizidalwa zomphakathi nezifuna ukwazi (njengoba eminye imibiko iqhubeka amahlengethwa asebenzelana nezinhlanzi ze-puffer), ngokomlando ayegcwele e-Amazon kanye nemingenela yayo. Nokho, ukuwohloka kwendawo yabo yokuhlala iye ngesivinini. Uhlobo luhlukaniswa yi-IUCN njenge Isengozini, futhi imiphakathi yabo ibhekana nezingcindezi eziningi ze-anthropogenic.
Phakathi kwezinsongo eziyinhloko yi- ukungcola kwe-mercury ezihambisana nokumbiwa kwegolide. Le nsimbi yensimbi iqongelela ochungechungeni lokudla futhi ingabangela imiphumela yezinzwa nokuzala. Ezindaweni eziseduze nezimayini zegolide, amacala abhaliwe. amazinga okufa aphezulu nezinkinga zempilo.
Enye ingozi yi- traffic emfuleniEfuna ukwazi, amahlengethwa asondela ezikebheni futhi angahlupheka ukushayisana nophephela. the ukungcola komsindo yezinjini nemishini iphazamisa ukuzwakala kwazo, kuziphazamise futhi kunciphise impumelelo yazo yokuzingela.
La bycatch emanethini enayiloni kanye namanetha e-trammel anyukile. Kwezinye izindawo, i- ukubulala ngamabomu be-botos ukusebenzisa inyama yabo njengesiyengo ezindaweni zokudoba de peces ama-scavenger, umkhuba oyingozi kakhulu.
La ukwakhiwa kwamadamu futhi amadamu ashintsha ukugeleza, ahlukanise isibalo sabantu futhi avimbele ukufuduka kwezisulu zabo. ukugawulwa kwamahlathi izikhukhula zehlisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi kanye nokutholakala kwesiphephelo. Izehlakalo zezikhukhula ukushisa okukhulu nesomiso okuhambisana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu nakho kubangele ukufa ngezikhathi ezithile emachibini nasezindaweni ezingashoni.
Ukudla
Lawa ma-cetaceans anenye yawo ukudla okubanzi kunawo wonke ama-odontocetesZidla ngokuyinhloko de peces emfuleni, enenqwaba yezinhlobo zezilwane ezikhonjwe phakathi kwezilwane ezizidlayo ezivamile, okuhlanganisa ama-corvina, ama-cichlids, ama-characins afana nama-tetra nama-piranha, nezinhlanzi ezihlukahlukene. Bagcwalisa ukudla kwabo nge izinkalankala y izimfudu zasemfuleni ngosayizi omncane.
Njengoba izinkalankala nezimfudu zivamise ukuba ngabahlali abaphansi, ama-botos abhukuda amakhanda awo abheke phansi ukuze ahlole. i-heterodont dentition ibavumela ukuthi babambe inyamazane eshelelayo futhi bachoboze amagobolondo: amazinyo angaphambili maningi i-conical nabakamuva banakho imiphetho yangaphakathi
Phakathi kwamasu abo okuzingela yi- amadlelo, lapho amabhange azungeza khona de peces ukugxila kubo futhi bathumbe ngokushintshanaZitholakala eduze ukuhlangana nemilomo, lapho imisinga ibhidliza izinhlanzi eziningi. Nabo bayasizakala ukuphazamiseka okudalwa izikebhe ukubamba inyamazane edidekile. Kwesinye isikhathi zizingela ngokuhlanganyela i-tucuxis y ama-otter amakhulu, ngokuncintisana okuphansi kokudla ngoba uhlobo ngalunye lukhetha inyamazane ehlukene.
Zisebenza ubusuku nemini, zinezinga eliphezulu lokudla ekuseni kakhulu naphakathi kwantambama. Umuntu angadla ngokuzungeza 5% wesisindo somzimba wakho nsuku zonke, zihluka ngokuya ngesizini kanye nokuba khona kwezilwane ezizingelayo.
I-anatomy nokuziphatha
Nakuba imibala egqamile ingupinki, mpunga ngokukhanyayo, noma onsundu, asikho isizathu esisodwa esamukelekayo sokuchaza umbala wayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa ama-capillaries amaningi angaphandle, imihuzuko evela endaweni kanye nezici zemvelo ezifana izinga lokushisa kwamanzi nokungafihli. Abesilisa abadala ngokuvamile pinker ngenxa ukusebenzisana okunolaka kwe-intraspecific.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namahlengethwa olwandle, awo i-dorsal fin iphansi, ama-pectorals anjalo ububanzi nomgogodla wentamo awuhlanganisiwe. Lezi zici zibanika a ukuhamba ngendlela engavamile emahlathini agcwele izikhukhula, ngenani eliphansi lesivinini esiphakathi. Iphethini yayo yokuvela phezulu iyabonisa kanyekanye ikhala, ikhabe kanye nomhlane, futhi kuyaqabukela benze ama-acrobatic jump jump, nakuba intsha ingase yenze kanjalo.
Ekuthunjweni, baye babonakala benezici zobuntu ezifuna ukwazi kanye nezinga eliphansi lamahloni ezintweni ezintsha. Endle, bangakwazi ukudlala ngamagatsha, amahlamvu noma izingodo, ngisho nokubamba izigwedlo zabadobi, nakuba ukuziphatha kwabo endaweni elawulwayo kungabonisi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuziphatha kwemvelo. ababhukudi abahamba kancane ukunyakaza okuvamile, okukwazi ukuqhuma ngokushesha uma kudingeka.
Baphefumula ngezikhathi eziguquguqukayo kuye ngomsebenzi wabo futhi bakhiphe umoya onamandla ophefumulayo obonakala ngembobo yokuphefumula. ikhabe eliguquguqukayo ngesimo ngokusebenzisa ukulawula kwemisipha kuthuthukisa ukuphuma kokuchofoza kwe-echolocation futhi ukuzwakala Akhombisa izakhiwo ezehlukile kulezo zamahlengethwa amaningi olwandle.
Ukusatshalaliswa nendawo yokuhlala
Bahlala enkambweni yemisele emikhulu ye- Umfula i-Amazon futhi i Umfula i-Orinoco, kanye nomcengezi ongaphezulu we Madeira, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwama-400 m asl. Ububanzi balo buhlanganisa amazwe amaningana aseNingizimu Melika njenge IBrazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia kanye neVenezuela, phakathi kokunye, ethatha imigudu eyinhloko, imingenela, amachibi kanye izikhukhula.
Phakathi nenkathi eyomile, amahlengethwa ayasondela iziteshi ezinkulu nezindawo ezijulile. Ngenkathi yemvula basebenzisa ithuba ihlathi eligcwele amanzi (igapó) kanye ne i-várzea plain, lapho kunokudla okwengeziwe. Kukhona I ukuhlukaniswa kwesizini: Emanzini aphakeme, abesifazane abancane bahlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezolile, ezigcwele izikhukhula, kuyilapho abesilisa begxilisa ingqondo kuqala eziteshini.
Izifundo ezinokuhlonza izithombe ezindaweni ezivikelekile njenge-Pacaya Samiria zivumele abantu ukuba babonwe yi amaphethini e-pigmentation nezibazi, ibhala ukunyakaza kwamashumi kuya kumakhulu amakhilomitha. Ukuminyana kungaba phezulu eduze nosebe lomfula kanye amachweba, iyancipha iqonde maphakathi nemifula emikhulu.
I-Taxonomy ne-subspecies
U-Inia geofrensis ukuphela kwelungu lohlobo Inia. Ziyaziwa kuze kube subspecies ezintathu kuchaziwe: I. g. geoffrensis ezindaweni eziningi ze-Amazon, I. g. humboldtiana emgodini we-Orinoco futhi I. g. i-boliviensis endaweni ephakeme yaseMadeira. Lesi sakamuva siphakanyiswe abanye ababhali njengohlobo olugcwele, nakuba ubufakazi bofuzo abuphelele futhi ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba kuhlala kuyindaba yengxoxo yesayensi.
Umehluko we-morphological uhlanganisa ukuhlukahluka ku izinhlamvu cranial kanye nezilinganiso zomzimba, nabantu abahlukaniswe ama-rapids nezimpophoma ezibanzi ezikhawulela ukugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo.
Ukukhiqiza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
Abesilisa nabesifazane bangase baqale ukuthandana, okuhlanganisa amasignali acoustic, ukuthintana ngokomzimba kanye nemibukiso. Ekuthunjweni baye bachazwa amafrikhwensi aphezulu wokukopisha kanye nezikhundla ezihlukahlukene, nakuba lezi zindlela zokuziphatha zingahluka ngenkululeko. Abesilisa bayakhombisa ukuncintisana kwabesilisa okusobala, enezibazi emaphikweni nasemzimbeni.
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni cishe ngo-1,75 kuya ku-1,80 m ubude, futhi abesilisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuzala ngokuvamile ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ezindaweni eziningi kuhambisana nesikhathi esomile. I ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-11 futhi ukuzalwa kwenzeka emazingeni aphezulu amanzi, lapho ukudla kukuchichima ezindaweni ezinezikhukhula.
Izingane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa zikala nxazonke 80cm ubude futhi nesisindo esingamakhilogremu amaningana. I Ukuncelisa ibele ngokuvamile kuthatha unyaka, futhi izikhawu zokuzalwa zingasukela Izinyanga ezi-15 nezineInqubo yokuguga ithatha iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu, nge isibopho sikamama nengane okuqinile okusiza ukufundwa kwamakhono okuzingela nokuzulazula.
Ukongiwa, ukuphatha kanye nesimo somthetho
Uhlobo lufakiwe CITES Isithasiselo II futhi naku- CMS Isithasiselo II. Emazweni amaningana kunezindawo ezivikelwe, izinkathi zonyaka ezivaliwe kanye nemithethonqubo ethile. Ngokubona kwabo ukugcinwa ekuthunjweni kuveza ukufa okuphezulu kanye nezinkinga zempilo, ukongiwa kwemvelo in situ yendawo yokuhlala kanye ne ukunciphisa usongo, okuhlanganisa iziphakamiso ezifana i-dolphin microsanctuary e-Algeciras, zibalulekile.
Izenzo ezidingekayo zihlanganisa: ukulawula ukungcola kwe-mercury; ukunciphisa kwe bycatch kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenyama ye-boto njenge-bait; umklamo we ukuwela izilwane zasendle noma izinyathelo zokuphatha emadamini; izinhlelo zokudoba ezinciphisa ukuncintisana nokungqubuzana nabadobi; kanye nokuqapha inani labantu ngokusebenzisa ukuhlonza isithombe nama-acoustics. Ukusebenza nemiphakathi yendawo kanye ne ezokuvakasha ezinomthwalo wemfanelo inikeza izikhuthazo zokongiwa kwemvelo.
Ukusebenzelana nabantu, amasiko kanye nemfundo yezemvelo
Ihlengethwa elipinki lihlala endaweni evelele kuleli I-Amazonian folklore, lapho amandla noguquko kubangelwa khona. Lezi zindaba zingasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ezemvelo kanye nokuhlonipha, ukugwema imikhuba ekhuthaza ukulimala noma ukuthumba.
Imikhiqizo ye-boto okucatshangwa ukuthi ithengisiwe kwezinye izimakethe, nakuba ukuhlaziywa kwembula ukudideka nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ibalulekile ungatholi okuphuma kokunye noma bahlanganyele emisebenzini ethuthukisa ukuxhashazwa kwabo. Lapho uwabona, kuyatuswa ningazidli, ningazithinti, gcina ibanga eliphephile futhi ubeke phambili abaqhubi bezokuvakasha ezihambisana nemikhuba emihle.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nokufa kwemvelo
Azikho izilwane ezidla ezinye ezibhalwe njalo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zingaba njalo uhlaselwe black caiman, inkunzi ushaka ezindaweni zomfula, izinhlwathi noma ngisho AmaJaguares ezimweni ezithile. Abanye abantu banezibazi ze-catfish ezingaluma izicubu ezithambile. Ukufa kwemvelo kuyanda nge izifo zesikhumba kanye nokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishintshile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nazo ukuhlenga amahlengethwa avalelwe.
Isiginali ye-Acoustic nokuxhumana
Njengamanye ama-odontocetes, asebenzisa ukuchofoza kwe-echolocation y ukushaya ikhwelaIngxenye yokukhishwa kwazo kuhlotshaniswa nesikhathi sokucwiliswa kanye nendawo yezilwane ezizingelayo. Isakhiwo sabo ukuzwakala Ihlukile kunaleyo yamahlengethwa avamile olwandle, abonisa ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo yomfula.
Ungawabuka kuphi ngokuzibophezela?
Izifunda ezivame ukubonakala zihlanganisa izindawo ezivikelekile ze I-Amazon yasePeru njengePacaya Samiria, izingxenye ze Solimões/Amazonas eBrazil, kanye nezitsha ze I-Orinoco. khetha izinkambo ezinomthelela omncane njengokuhamba ngesikebhe noma i-kayaking, eneziqondiso ezigunyaziwe, kunciphisa ingcindezi ezilwaneni futhi kunikeza izinzuzo emiphakathini yendawo. Ukugcina ibanga, ukugwema ukujaha kanye unganikezi ukudla Lena imithetho eyisisekelo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa njalo
Ingabe amahlengethwa aseningizimu yeLake Maracaibo, e-Ologa nase-El Congo, angamahlengethwa apinki noma ama-tucuxi? Kuleyo ndawo, kunamahlengethwa asogwini anebrackish, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi I-Sotalia guianensis (ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa ngamahlengethwa echibi). I ihlengethwa elipinki Inia geoffrensis Itholakala ezigodini zase-Amazon nase-Orinoco futhi ayithathwa njengesakhamuzi saseLake Maracaibo. i-tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis Isatshalaliswa e-Amazon, hhayi eMaracaibo. Ngakho-ke, okwabonwa eMaracaibo akuhambisani nehlengethwa elibomvana.
Bakha iningi labantu abangamahlengethwa asemfuleni akhona, njengoba ezinye izinhlobo zemifula zisengozini kakhuluKuyihlazo ukuthi noma nini lapho kunento ekhethekile ngokwemvelo, ihlushwa izenzo zomuntu. Yize zigcinwe ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini, njengoba kuveziwe izikhalazo ezindaweni zasemanzini, banzima ukuqeqesha kanye namanje ukufa okuphezulu ekuthunjweni, okuqinisa ukubaluleka kokubavikela enkululekweni.
Ihlengethwa eliphinki lingcweliswe njenge-a isithonjana se-Amazonian biodiversity: umkhomo omkhulu onamazinyo onobukhulu obungavamile, umbala, nokulawuleka, onokudla okuhlukahlukene, ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi, nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo oxhumene nemifula emikhulu yaseNingizimu Melika. Ikusasa layo lincike ekunciphiseni izinsongo ezifana ukungcola, ukubanjwa okungaqondile futhi i ukuhlukana kwezindawo zokuhlala, ngaphezu kokukhuthaza ucwaningo, ukuphathwa kwezokudoba esimeme futhi i-ecotourism enomthwalo wemfanelo.
