I- ocean sunfish , eyaziwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi i-Mola mola , ivelele phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okungenakuphikwa, ubukhulu bayo obukhulu, kanye nemikhuba yayo exakile. Njengoba ibhekwa njengenhlanzi enamathambo amaningi emhlabeni, le nhlobo yasolwandle ehlala emanzini afudumele nashisayo iye yathakazelisa ososayensi, ababhukudi, kanye nabathandi bayo amakhulu eminyaka. Kulesi sihloko, uzothola konke okudingeka ukwazi nge-ocean sunfish: isimo sayo esiyingqayizivele, indawo yokuhlala, ukuziphatha, ukuzala, amaqiniso athakazelisayo, izinsongo, kanye nolwazi olubalulekile ukuze uqonde impilo yayo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ohlelweni lwemvelo lwasolwandle.
Izici kanye nencazelo ye-sunfish (Mola mola)
I- ocean sunfish ihlukaniswa ngomzimba wayo oyisicaba, cishe oyisiyingi noma oyisiyingi kanye nephrofayili ekhumbuza ikhanda elikhulu elingenamsila cishe. Ububanzi bayo bungalingana noma budlule ubude bayo uma yelula amaphiko ayo angemuva nangemuva, okwenza ibe nomfanekiso oyingqayizivele ngempela phakathi kwezinhlanzi. Lesi silwane esikhulu sasolwandle singafinyelela amamitha angu-3,3 ubude futhi sibe nesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-2.300 , yize isisindo esimaphakathi sivame ukuba phakathi kuka-1.000 no-2.000 kg.
Isikhumba se-ocean sunfish singesinye sezici zayo ezihlukile. Ayinazo izikali zendabuko futhi esikhundleni salokho inobuso obukhulu, obuqinile, futhi obunamafinyila kakhulu , obungafinyelela ngaphezu kuka -7 cm ubukhulu, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lwesisu. Umbala wayo uyahlukahluka phakathi konsundu, ompunga wesiliva, nomhlophe , kanti isisu sivame ukukhanya futhi sivame ukuhlotshiswa ngamabala angajwayelekile asebenza njenge-camouflage. Isakhiwo somzimba wayo sisekelwa kakhulu yi-cartilage, okuyinto, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi ezinamathambo, eyinika ukukhanya futhi iyivumele ukuthi ifinyelele osayizi abahlaba umxhwele kangaka.
Esinye isici esihlukile ukuhlelwa kwamaphiko ayo. Amaphiko angemuva nawangemuva amade futhi acijile , ngezinye izikhathi aphindwe kabili ngobukhulu benhlanzi. Amaphiko angemuva ancishisiwe abe yisakhiwo esiqinile, esiyindilinga, esifana nefeni esibizwa ngokuthi i- clavus , esithatha indawo yomsebenzi womsila futhi sisebenze njenge-rudder. Amaphiko angemuva mancane, ayindilinga, futhi atholakala eduze kwekhanda. Umlomo mncane, unomgodi olinganiselwe, futhi uhlonyiswe ngamazinyo ahlanganiswe nesakhiwo esifana nomlomo, okuvumela ukuthi uqhekeze i-jellyfish nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinomzimba othambile.
I -Mola mola ingeyeqembu le-Tetraodontiformes, iqembu elihlanganisa ne-pufferfish, ama-sea urchins, kanye nama-sand eel, abelana ngezici ezifana namazinyo ahlanganisiwe. Umgogodla wayo mufushane kakhulu ngokulingana nomzimba wayo, une-vertebrae embalwa kakhulu, futhi ayinaso isinyi sokubhukuda, okuthonya isitayela sayo sokubhukuda esingavamile. Ubuchopho bayo buncane kakhulu uma buqhathaniswa nobukhulu bomzimba wayo, ngisho nangaphezu kwesinye sezinso zayo.
Mayelana ne-dimorphism yocansi, akukho mehluko obalulekile wangaphandle phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane obungabavumela ukuthi bahlukaniswe ngeso lenyama.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kanye nendawo yokuhlala ye-sunfish
I- ocean sunfish iyinhlobo yezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni eziningi futhi isakazeke kabanzi. Itholakala emanzini ashisayo nasezingeni lokushisa kuwo wonke amalwandle nezilwandle zomhlaba , njengoba itholakala kakhulu e-Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, kanye naseMedithera. Ukwehlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kuye kwabhalwa phansi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezisolwandle ezahlukene, kodwa lokhu kwehluka akuvimbeli ukuhlukaniswa kwayo njengohlobo lomhlaba wonke.
Ivamise ukuphila amanzi avulekile, izindawo ze-pelagic namakholomu amanzi ukusuka phezulu kuya ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-600. Nakuba zivame ukuzihlanganisa nendawo, ikakhulukazi ukuze zilawule izinga lokushisa kwazo futhi zizihlanze ezinambuzaneni, zichitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yazo ezindaweni ze-epipelagic kanye ne-mesopelagic, ikakhulukazi zifuna ukudla. Zivame ukutholakala eduze kwezixhobo zamakhorali, i-kelp bed, namahlathi e-kelp, lapho ngokuvamile zithola khona usizo. de peces abahlanzi.
Ngokuvamile zikhangwa amanzi anezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-10°C . Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emanzini abandayo kungaba yingozi kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo. Ukuba khona kwazo ngaphandle kwendawo yazo yokuhlala evamile, njengasemanzini asenyakatho yeYurophu, kuhlotshaniswa nokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa olwandle kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ukuziphatha, imikhuba kanye nokudla kwe-sunfish
Ukuziphatha kwe-ocean sunfish kuhlukile njengoba kubonakala. Ibhekwa njengeyodwa futhi ibhukuda kancane , yize ikwazi ukusheshisa ngendlela emangalisayo ngenxa yobukhulu namandla amaphiko ayo angemuva nangemuva. Ngokuvamile ibhukuda ngokuthula, ihamba ngokugwedla womabili amaphiko ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi kuya kolunye, kunokusebenzisa ukunyakaza okuvamile kokushaya umsila kwezinye izinhlanzi.
Esinye sezindlela zayo eziphawuleka kakhulu ukuthambekela kwayo kokujabulela ubusika . Ngemva kokucwila emanzini ajulile ukuze idle, iyakhuphuka futhi izibeke eceleni, iveze umzimba wayo omningi ngangokunokwenzeka elangeni. Lo mkhuba uyayisiza ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa lomzimba wayo futhi wenze kube lula ukuqeda amagciwane ngenxa yesenzo sezinyoni zasolwandle nezinhlanzi. Ize yabonakala igxuma emanzini isuka phezulu kuze kufike kumamitha amathathu ukuze ikhiphe amagciwane anamathele.
I-sunfish yasolwandle ngokuvamile ayinangozi futhi ayibesabi abantu kalula. Ababhukudi kanye namatilosi babika ukuhlangana okumangalisayo lapho izinhlobo zalolu hlobo zibonisa khona ilukuluku nokuthobeka okuthile, baze basondele kuzo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobukhulu nesisindo sayo, ingalimaza imikhumbi ngengozi uma idlula endleleni yayo.
Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe ikakhulukazi gelatinous zooplankton njenge-jellyfish, i-ctenophores nama-salps, nakuba iphinde idle ama-crustaceans, ama-cephalopods, izibungu de peces, izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nolwelwe. Ukudla kwabo kwaziwa ngokuntula izakhamzimba, okuphoqa ukuthi badle ukudla okuningi nsuku zonke. I-Mola mola inamandla okukhafula nokumunca amanzi ngomlomo wayo omncane ukuklebhula inyamazane ethambile, kuyilapho amazinyo e-pharyngeal Emphinjeni bahlephula ukudla ngaphambi kokuba kugaywe.
Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ijwayele ukufudukela ezindaweni ezipholile ukuze isebenzise inkathi ethile yobuningi be-jellyfish ne-zooplankton, nakuba ingathathi ukufuduka okukhulu kolwandle njengezinye izinhlobo ze-pelagic.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha, umjikelezo wempilo kanye nentuthuko
I-Sunfish gazinga
I-ocean sunfish i-oviparous futhi ibhekwa njengesilwane esinomgogodla esinazo zonke izinhlobo esaziwayo namuhla. Insikazi eyodwa ingakhipha amaqanda afinyelela ezigidini ezingu-300 esikhathini ngasinye sokuzala, okubeka irekhodi embusweni wezilwane. Amaqanda, angange-0,13-0,2 mm ububanzi, avundiswa emanzini, futhi ngemva kokuchamisela, amaphuphu angaba ngu -2,5 mm kuphela , awanawo umumo ojwayelekile wokukhula, futhi anezinhlungu zamazinyo kanye namaphiko e-caudal, afana ne-pufferfish encane.
Ngesikhathi sokuqala kwawo, ama-fry avame ukuhlangana ezikoleni ukuze avikeleke ezitheni. Njengoba ekhula, alahlekelwa yizinhlungu zawo futhi abe yedwa. Ukukhula kwe-sunfish yolwandle kuyamangalisa: kunganda ngobukhulu obufika ezigidini ezingama-60 kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ekubeni umuntu omdala. Leli zinga lokukhula okusheshayo lisekelwa yizifundo zezinhlobo ezithunjiwe, lapho izingane ezincane ziye zaqoshwa khona ukuthi zikhula kufika kumakhilogremu angu-1,5 ngosuku.
Idatha enembile ngokuphila kwazo endle ayitholakali, yize lapho zithunjiwe zingaphila iminyaka efinyelela kweyi-10 ngenxa yokungabikho kwezilwane ezizingelayo kanye nokufinyelela njalo ekudleni nasekunakekelweni kwezilwane.
Izinsongo kanye nokongiwa kwe-sunfish yasolwandle
Ubukhulu obukhulu be-sunfish yasolwandle kanye nesikhumba sayo esiqinile kusebenza njengesivikelo semvelo esiphumelelayo ezitheni ezingaba khona. Kodwa-ke, amabhubesi asolwandle, oshaka, ama-orca, kanye ne-tuna angahlasela kokubili izilwane ezindala nezincane. Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-tuna ye-bluefin, zidla ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezincane ze-sunfish. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izilwane ezidla abantu ziye zaba usongo olukhulu, kokubili ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile.
I- ocean sunfish ibhalwe njengohlobo olusengozini ku-IUCN Red List . Ingozi enkulu ukubanjwa ngengozi emathangeni nasezintanjeni ezinde, lapho ingaba ngaphezu kuka-70% wokubanjwa okungahleliwe kwezinye izindawo zokudoba. Iphinde ihlaselwe ngamabomu ezindaweni lapho inyama yayo, izitho zomzimba, kanye namaphiko kubhekwa khona njengento emnandi, ikakhulukazi eJapane , eKorea naseTaiwan . E-European Union, ukuthengiswa kwayo kanye nokubanjwa kwayo ngamabomu akuvunyelwe ukuvikela lolu hlobo.
Ukungcola kolwandle kuyinkinga ekhulayo: imfucumfucu yepulasitiki entantayo, efana ne-jellyfish, igwinywa ngengozi yi-sunfish yolwandle futhi ingabangela ukuvaleka kwamathumbu nokufa. Lokhu kwandiswa ukulimala kokushayisana nezikebhe kanye nomonakalo obangelwa ukunqunywa kwamaphiko ngabadobi. Qaphela emabhishi ngenhlanzi ye-weever, ingozi efihliwe ngaphansi kwesihlabathi.
Njengamanje, azikho izinhlelo eziqondile zokongiwa kwembulunga yonke zalolu hlobo lwezilwane, nakuba amanye amazwe esebenzise imithetho nezinyathelo zokunciphisa ukubanjwa ngephutha nokukhuthaza ukukhululwa kwalezi zinhlanzi ngokuphephile. Ukuqwashisa ngokubaluleka kwemvelo kwe-ocean sunfish kuyinselele eqhubekayo yokuqinisekisa ukuphila kwayo.
I-Curiosities, amagama kanye nesiko elidumile le-sunfish
- Igama elivamile nelesayensi: NgeSpanishi yaziwa ngokuthi i-sunfish, ngenxa yesimo sayo esiyindilinga nokubonakala kombala wayo olwandle, kuyilapho ngesiNgisi ibizwa ngokuthi ocean sunfish (i-sunfish) ngokuthanda kwayo ukushisa ilanga. Igama layo lesayensi Mola mola Livela kuLatini futhi lisho "itshe lokugaya" ngenxa yokuthungwa nokuma kwalo.
- Amanye amagama: Inamagama ahlukahlukene aphesheya, okuhlanganisa okuthi "maanvis" ngesi-Dutch, "peixe lua" ngesi-Portuguese, "poisson lune" ngesi-French, "Mondfisch" ngesiJalimane, "samogłów" ngesi-Polish, kanye "ne-mambo fish" e-Taiwan. Kwezinye izifunda zaseSpain, yaziwa ngokuthi "mula" noma "abarrotón."
- Umbala onamandla: I-sunfish ingakwazi shintsha umbala ukusuka ekukhanyeni kuye kumnyama ngemizuzwana ngokuphendula ingcindezi noma ukuhlaselwa.
- I-Parasitism: Ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinomthwalo ophezulu we-parasitic oqoshiwe, ofinyelela phezulu Izinhlobo ezingama-60 zama-parasites kokubili esikhumbeni nasezithweni zangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke ukuziphatha kwabo ekususeni ama-parasite ebusweni noma ngokuphendukela ekuhlanzeni izinhlanzi nezinyoni.
- Ukuxhumana nabantu: Kuthathwa njengokuthambile futhi kuphephile kubatshuzi. Nakuba ubukhulu bawo bungase buhlabe umxhwele, abubeki ingozi eqondile kubantu. Nokho, kungase kubangele izingozi uma isifanekiso sigxuma noma sishayisana nezikebhe.
- Ukuthunjwa: Ukugcina izinhlanzi zasolwandle emanzini kuyinselele enkulu kakhulu: zidinga amathangi amakhulu, ukuphakelwa okukhethekile, futhi kufanele zigweme ukulimala ngokushaya izindonga zamathangi ngenxa yokunyakaza kwazo okuxakile.
- Ikhono lokugxuma: Kunamarekhodi ezibonelo ezigxuma amamitha amathathu ukusuka emanzini ukuze zizikhulule ezinambuzaneni.
- Izinkomba zomlando: Umsebenzi kaCristóbal Medina Conde wekhulu le-18 kakade wawuyichaza ngokunembile i-sunfish ogwini lwaseSpain.
I -sunfish yolwandle iyigugu lemvelo lolwandle, elibalulekile ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle ngokulawula inani le-jellyfish nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezi-gelatinous, kodwa lihlala lizungezwe yizimfihlakalo nezinto ezimangalisayo ezisazodalulwa.
Ngokubukeka kwayo okumangalisayo kanye nendlela yokuphila engavamile, i-ocean sunfish ( Mola mola) imelela ukuhlukahluka kanye nobunzima bomhlaba wasolwandle. Ukusinda kwayo kuncike kakhulu ekulondolozweni kolwandle kanye nolwazi kanye nenhlonipho yalezi zidalwa eziyingqayizivele. Ukuthola nokufunda i-ocean sunfish kusenza siqonde kangcono ibhalansi ebucayi yolwandle kanye nokubaluleka kokuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwazo ezinsongelweni ezikhulayo.
