I-Starfish Ziyi-echinoderm ezingenakho ukuhamba kodwa nokho ziyizidalwa eziphilayo. Ziyinqaba futhi zihlala olwandle. Ujwayele ukukhuluma ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene de peces, lesi sihloko sikhethekile futhi sinelukuluku lokwazi. Lezi zilwane ziyafana futhi zihlobene nama-sea urchin nama-sea urchin. izipanjiIgama lesayensi yi-Asteroidea, futhi singathola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene esizozibona kulo lonke okuthunyelwe. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuthiwa awanyakazi, yebo bahamba ngemuva ngamakhulu ezinyawo zamashubhu aqhutshwa uhlelo lwangaphakathi lwamanzi.
Ingabe ufuna ukufunda yonke into nge-starfish? Qhubeka ufunda ngoba lesi sihloko sigcwele ulwazi olubalulekile 
Izici eziyinhloko
I-starfish ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo eziningi, njengezinhlanzi esijwayele ukukhuluma ngazo, ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, azidingi ama-gill ukuze ziphefumule . Zinesikhala lapho zishintshana khona amagesi ukuze zilethe umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emizimbeni yazo. Lokhu kushintshana kwenzeka ikakhulukazi nge -dermal papulae (izimbobo zesikhumba ezincane) kanye nezinyawo zazo zamapayipi, futhi amanzi angena ohlelweni nge- madreporite.
Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane eziningi, ziphila isikhathi eside impela, zikwazi ukusinda iminyaka efinyelela kwengu-35 ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle. Kuye ngezimo kanye nohlobo lwazo, zingaba nesisindo esingafika ku-5 kg. Isikhumba sazo sinomgogodla futhi sakhiwe nge- calcium carbonate coating eqinile enamapuleti angaphakathi abizwa ngokuthi ama-ossicles , akha i-endoskeleton yazo. Lokhu kugoba kuzivumela ukuthi zihlangane futhi zizivikele ezitheni.
I-starfish inezingalo ezinhlanu ezizungeze umzimba ophakathi, omise okwediski . Ziyizilwane ezine- pentaradial symmetry . Ezinye izinhlobo ezandisa inani lezingalo zingaba nezingalo ezifika ku-40.
Nakuba zingakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka ngoba igobolondo lazo le-calcium carbonate liyakuvimbela, zisakwazi ukuhamba ukusuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye. Ezinye izinhlobo, nakuba zingashukumisi kakhulu, zisakwazi ukuhambisa amanye amalungu. Ukuze zihambe, ziyakhasa phansi kolwandle ngoba azikwazi ukubhukuda. Izingalo zazo zimbozwe yizitho ezifana ne-pincer kanye nezinkomishi zokumunca ezizisebenzisela ukukhipha umoya ukuze ziqhubeke, okuzivumela ukuthi zihambe kancane phansi kolwandle. Eqinisweni, ukunyakaza kwazo akusekelwe emoyeni: izinyawo zazo zamapayipi zisebenza ngokucindezela kwamanzi avela ohlelweni lwemithambo yegazi yamanzi. Lapho ama-ampullae azo angaphakathi encipha, amanzi asunduza unyawo ngalunye, olunamathela ebusweni ngokusebenzisa uketshezi olunamathelayo , hhayi ngokumunca.
Ezinqeni zezingalo zabo, banezinzwa ezibasiza ukuthi baziqondise ngokuzwa inani lokukhanya , okuyiyona ndlela abathola ngayo ukudla abakudingayo ukuze baphile. Lezi zinzwa ziyi -ocelli , amehlo alula abona ukukhanya nezithunzi, kanye nama-chemoreceptors ezinyaweni zabo, abasiza ukuthi bathole inyamazane noma indawo yokukhosela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi eziningi ze-starfish zine -pedicellariae (ama-pincer amancane) ebusweni bazo, eziwusizo ekuzivikeleni nasekuhlanzeni imizimba yazo; futhi zinesimiso se-hemal (uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi olulula) oluhambisana nohlelo lokugaya ukudla. Udonga lomzimba wazo luhlanganisa i-dermis ene-calcium kanye nezicubu ezixhumeneyo eziguquguqukayo: lungaqina noma luthambe ngokushesha ukuze kube lula ukususwa kwezingalo noma ukubamba.
Izinhlobo ze-starfish
I-Starfish yakhiwa yizinkulungwane zezinhlobo ezinezici ezahlukahlukene ngayinye yazo. Zisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke. Okudume kakhulu ngobuningi baso nangokusabalala kwabo emithonjeni yezindaba yilezo zinkanyezi eziyisihlanu zakudala ezihlomile. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, lokhu akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kungenzeka ukuthola izinhlobo zezinye izinhlobo zama-echinoderms anezingalo ezingafika kuma-5.
Ngaphakathi kwekilasi le-Asteroidea, kuqashelwa ama-oda amaningana ayinhloko , ahlanganisa ukuhlukahluka: i-Brisingida , i-Forcipulatida , i-Notomyotida , i-Paxillosida , i-Spinulosida , i-Valvatida , ne -Velatida . Kukhona neqembu elingavamile, i-Concentricyclidea , okungaqiniseki ukuthi isikhundla salo sinjani. Ngezansi, sibuyekeza ama-oda amele kakhulu kanye nezici zawo ezihlukile.
I-Brisingida
Lezi yi-starfish ezinezingalo eziphakathi kweziyisithupha neziyi-16 . Lolu hlobo lwe-starfish luhlanganisa imindeni eyisithupha kanye nezizukulwane eziyi-16, inani elifanayo nenani lezingalo. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala emanzini ajulile futhi zondla ngokulenga , zelula izingalo zazo ezincane zingene ekugelezeni kwezinhlayiya.
I-Forcipulatide
Leli qembu lakhiwe izinhlobo ezingu-400 ezisabalele emindenini engu-6 kanye nezizukulwane ezingu-70. Isici sazo esiyinhloko ukuba khona kwama- pedicellariae abonakalayo, afana ne-pincer ebusweni bemizimba yazo. Zivame ukuba namandla futhi zihlala emanzini asukela ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi kuya ekubandeni kanye nasemanzini ajulile.
I-Notomyotide
Lolu hlobo lwe-starfish luqukethe izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-70 ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-12. Izingalo zalo ziguquguquka kakhulu kunezinye izinhlanzi eziningi ze-starfish. Lokhu kuhamba kungenxa yemisipha engaphakathi, kanye nezinkomishi zokumunca okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambilini, ezivumela ukuthi zinyakaze futhi zisize ekuhambeni.
IVelatida
Le nhlanzi yezinkanyezi inomzimba oqinile onediski enkulu ephakathi kanye nezimbobo ezincane. Kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi zezinkanyezi ezingaphezu kuka-300 ezinhlotsheni ezingu-25 kanye nemindeni emihlanu, ebonakala kakhulu emanzini abandayo najulile.
UValvatida
Ziyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-700 ezinhlotsheni ezingu-170 kanye nemindeni engu-14. Zidume kakhulu ngokuba nezingalo ezi-5 kanye nokuba nama-marginal plate avelele kanye nama-pedicellariae afana ne-pincer.
I-Paxilloside
Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezijwayele ukuthambekela phansi okuthambile (isihlabathi noma udaka). Azinawo umhluzi wendunu, futhi izinyawo zazo zamashubhu ngokuvamile azinazo izimbobo zokudonsa amanzi , okwenza kube lula ukumba kanye nokunyakaza okusheshayo ezindaweni ezimanzi. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwama-larval, azibonisi isigaba se-brachiolar , okungavamile kuleli qembu.
I-Spinuloside
Ama-Spinulosida abonakala ngohlaka oluthambile kanye nemisipha eminingi ephansi ebusweni bawo obungaphezulu. Ngokuvamile awanayo i-pedicellariae futhi abonisa amaphethini ahlukene epuleti, anezinhlobo eziningi emanzini angajulile najulile .
Inothi le-taxonomic: iqembu le -Concentricyclidea (elaziwa ngokuthi "ama-sea daisies") ngokwesiko linikezwe i-Asteroidea kodwa isikhundla salo asiqinisekile futhi siyaphikiswana, ngakho-ke libhekwa ngokwehlukana ngaphakathi kwezigaba zanamuhla.
Indawo yokuhlala nokudla
I-Starfish ihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala zasolwandle . Zisengozini yokungcola ngoba zidonsa amanzi ngqo emizimbeni yazo ukuze zihlunge umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe. Ngakho-ke, uma amanzi engcolisiwe, ayafa ngenxa yobuthi nokuminza.
Ezilwandle nasolwandle, lezi zilwane zakha ingxenye enkulu ye-biomass. Zidlala indima ebalulekile futhi phansi kolwandle kanye nemiphakathi ehlala kulo. Izindawo zokuhlala lapho zingatholakala khona zifaka phakathi ulwandle, ugu olunamadwala, imibhede yotshani basolwandle, ama-coral reefs, imibhede yotshani basolwandle , amachibi olwandle, kanye nama-bottom esihlabathi; ububanzi bawo busukela endaweni ephakathi kwamaza kuya ezindaweni ezimnyama ezijulile.
Ngokuphathelene nokudla kwazo, i-starfish idla kakhulu ama-mollusk afana nama-oyster, iminenke, nama-clam. Zinezindlela eziningana zokudla, umphumela wokuvela kwazo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Uma i-starfish isinamathele umzimba wayo esisulwini sayo, yelula isisu sayo ngaphandle ngomlomo wayo. Isisu sibe sesikhiqiza ama-enzyme aphula isisu kuze kube yilapho sigwinywa ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuvumela ukudla ukuthi kudlulele ngqo esiswini ukuze kugaywe ngokuphelele futhi kube lula. Izinto eziphilayo ezincane ziyizisulu ezilula ze-starfish.
Ngaphezu kokuzingela ama-mollusk, izinhlobo eziningi zingondla ngamathuba , zenezela ekudleni kwazo nge-detritus, ama-crustacean amancane, noma izinhlayiya ezilengayo ezithathwe nge-mucus kanye ne-cilia; ezinye, njengezinye i-brisingids, zigxile ekudleni okuhlungiwe. Ezindaweni ezithile zamadwala, izinhlobo ezidla ama-coral zingabangela ukuqubuka kwenani labantu okulimaza ama-coral uma kungekho zindlela zemvelo zokulawula.
Ngokuphikisana nabo, izidalwa eziyinhloko zalezi echinoderms zingoshaka abanjengo ushaka omhlophe o ushaka wenkunzi, imisebe ye-manta, ezinye izinhlanzi ezinkulu zenkanyezi nezinye izinhlobo de pecesUkuqina kwe-endoskeleton, i-pedicellariae kanye amandla okuvuselela Izikhali ziyizivikelo ezisemqoka ekuzilweni.
Indlela Yokuphila
Ukuze zizivikele ezitheni, zisebenzisa izindlela ezithile zokuzivikela njengesikhumba esiqinile kanye namathambo; ezinye zinemibala egqamile ebonakala inobuthi futhi ziyakwazi ukuzifihla phakathi kwezitshalo namakhorali noma ukulahlekelwa yingalo ukuze ziqhubeke ziphila.
Lezi zilwane azinabo nhlobo ubudlelwane nabantu ; ziphila impilo yazo zodwa isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwazo. Ngezinye izikhathi, zingabonakala ndawonye uma ukudla kuningi.
Ukuhamba kutholakala ngohlelo lwemithambo yegazi yamanzi . Amanzi angena nge-madreporite, ajikeleze ngomsele onamatshe aye eringini ephakathi, bese esuka lapho eya emiseleni eqondile engalweni ngayinye. Unyawo ngalunye lwethubhu lune- ampulla yangaphakathi , lapho ifinyela, isunduzela amanzi eqoqweni langaphandle, iwandise. Ukunamathela kutholakala ngezinto ezinamathelayo ezikhipha bese ziqeda amandla ukuze zisuswe. Ezinye izinhlobo ezithambile ezingezansi, ezinezinyawo zethubhu ezingenazo izimbotshana, zihamba ngokushesha esihlabathini.
Ngokuphathelene nezinzwa zabo, nakuba bengenalo ubuchopho obuphakathi, banendandatho yezinzwa kanye nezinzwa ezihlanganisiwe zemisebe, kanye ne-ocelli ethola ukukhanya kanye nama-chemoreceptors abona izinto ezincibilikisiwe (isibonelo, izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezivela ezinyamazaneni noma ezinye izinhlobo zazo). Bangasabela ekushiseni , ekuqondisweni, nasezimweni zamanzi, okuqondisa indlela abadla ngayo kanye nendawo yokuhlala.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala , izinhlobo eziningi zi-dioecious (eziduna nezinsikazi ezihlukene) futhi zenza ukukhulelwa kwangaphandle , zikhipha isidoda namaqanda emanzini ngendlela ehambisanayo, ngokuvamile ngamaqembu ukwandisa izinga lempumelelo lokuhlangana kwe-gamete. Ezinye zi- hermaphroditic (ezihambisanayo noma ezilandelanayo), kanti izinhlobo eziningana zinakekela abazali , zifukamela amaqanda ngaphansi kwediski noma emigodini yomzimba. Izibungu ze-planktonic (bipinnaria kanye ne-brachiolaria) zibhukuda zisebenzisa i-cilia ngaphambi kokuzinza futhi ziguquke zibe yizingane ezincane ezilinganayo.
Ziphinde zizalane ngokungahambisani nobulili ngokuhlukana kwama-disc noma ngokususa izingalo. Izinhlobo eziningi zingavuselela izitho ezilahlekile futhi ziphinde zakhe kabusha i-disc uma kusele ingxenye eyanele. Le nqubo, nakuba idla amandla, inikeza amandla okumelana nokuhlaselwa noma izingozi.
Isici esibalulekile senhlalakahle yazo ukuthi azilawuli usawoti wazo wangaphakathi njengezinhlanzi; zigcina ukugcwala kosawoti okufanayo namanzi olwandle. Ngakho-ke, azihlali emanzini ahlanzekile futhi ziyazwela ezindaweni ezinosawoti omncane. Le physiology ichaza ukuthi kungani ukuzikhipha emanzini kuyingozi: uma zisuswa emanzini , ziyeka ukushintshana kwegesi, zicindezeleke, futhi zingafa ngokushesha. Kungcono ukungazisusi noma ukuziphatha njengezithombe noma izikhumbuzo.
Izinsongo ezivame kakhulu zifaka phakathi ukungcola (uwoyela, izinsimbi, ukubulala amagciwane), ukuhweba ngezikhumbuzo , ukubanjwa kokuhweba ngezinhlanzi zasemanzini, kanye nokonakala kwendawo yokuhlala (amadwala, amadlelo otshani basolwandle). Njengezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezindaweni eziningi zemvelo, ukuncipha kwazo kungaphazamisa yonke imiphakathi; isibonelo, lapho izinhlanzi ezidla ama-sea urchin zingekho, ama-urchin ayanda futhi adle amahlathi e-kelp ngokweqile , okwenza indawo zemvelo ibe mpofu.
Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwazo, ukuhlukahluka kwazo, kanye nendima yazo emvelweni kusenza sikwazi ukuziqonda nokuzivikela kangcono: ukushiya isampula ngayinye lapho ikhona, ukugwema ukungcola, nokusekela izindawo ezivikelwe olwandle kuyizenzo ezilula ezenza umehluko kulezi zinkanyezi ezithakazelisayo kanye nempilo yolwandle.