I-Starfish Ziyi-echinoderm ezingenakho ukuhamba kodwa nokho ziyizidalwa eziphilayo. Ziyinqaba futhi zihlala olwandle. Ujwayele ukukhuluma ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene de peces, lesi sihloko sikhethekile futhi sinelukuluku lokwazi. Lezi zilwane ziyafana futhi zihlobene nama-sea urchin nama-sea urchin. izipanjiIgama lesayensi yi-Asteroidea, futhi singathola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene esizozibona kulo lonke okuthunyelwe. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuthiwa awanyakazi, yebo bahamba ngemuva ngamakhulu ezinyawo zamashubhu aqhutshwa uhlelo lwangaphakathi lwamanzi.
Ingabe ufuna ukufunda yonke into nge-starfish? Qhubeka ufunda ngoba lesi sihloko sigcwele ulwazi olubalulekile
Izici eziyinhloko
I-starfish yehlukile kwezinye izinhlobo ezinjengezinhlanzi esijwayele ukukhuluma nazo ngezindlela eziningi. Into yokuqala ukuthi awadingi amagill ukuze aphefumule.Banentuba lapho beshintshana khona ngamagesi ukuze bethule umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini emizimbeni yabo. Eqinisweni, ukushintshana kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ama-papule esikhumba (izandiso ezincane zesikhumba) kanye nezinyawo ze-tube ngokwazo, futhi amanzi angena ohlelweni ngokusebenzisa madreporite.
Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane eziningi, ziphila isikhathi eside, ziyakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engaba ngu-35 uma izimo zivuma. Ngokuya ngezimo nezinhlobo zezilwane, zingaba nesisindo esingafika ku-5 kg. Isikhumba sazo si-spin futhi senziwe ngesembozo esiqinile, esiqinile i-calcium carbonate ngamapuleti angaphakathi abizwa ama-ossicles, akha i-endoskeleton yabo. Ngenxa yalesi simbozo, azinakwa futhi ziyakwazi ukuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
I-starfish inezitho ezi-5 ezizungeze umzimba omise okwediski omaphakathi.Ziyizilwane ezine i-pentaradial symmetryEzinye izinhlobo ezandisa imilenze nezitho ziyakwazi ukuba nezingalo ezingafika ku-40.
Nakuba zingakwazi ukunyakaza, njengoba uqweqwe lwazo lwe-calcium carbonate lizivimbela, zingasuka endaweni eyodwa ziye kwenye. Ezinye izinhlobo, nakuba zingahambanga kakhulu, ziyakwazi ukuhambisa ezinye izitho. Ukuze zihambe, zikhasa phansi, njengoba zingakwazi ukubhukuda. Izingalo zabo zimbozwe izitho ezinjengophini kanye nezinkomishi zokumunca, ezizisebenzisayo ukukhipha umoya ukuze ziqhube futhi zihambe kancane zinqamule phansi olwandle. Eqinisweni, ukunyakaza kwabo akusekelwe emoyeni: izinyawo ze-tube zisebenza ngomfutho wamanzi wesimiso semithambo yamanzi; lapho amabhamuza angaphakathi efinyela, amanzi aphusha unyawo ngalunye, okuyinto inamathela ngokunamathela okunamathelayo futhi hhayi ngokumunca.
Ezincomeni zezingalo banezinzwa ezibasiza ukuthola, ukubona inani lokukhanya futhi yileyondlela abakuthola ngayo ukudla abakudingayo ukuze baphile. Lezo zinzwa ocele, amehlo alula abona ukukhanya nethunzi futhi, kanye nama-chemoreceptors ezinyaweni, asiza ekutholeni inyamazane noma izindawo zokukhosela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona i-starfish eminingi i-pedicellaria (izikhonkwane ezincane) ebusweni bayo, ziwusizo ekuzivikeleni nasekuhlanzeni umzimba; futhi banayo a uhlelo lwe-hematological (isimiso esilula sokujikeleza kwegazi) esihambisana nesimiso sokugaya ukudla. Udonga lomzimba walo luhlanganisa i-dermis ebaliwe kanye nezicubu ezithintekayo eziguqukayo: ingakwazi qinisa noma thambisa ngokushesha ukusiza i-autotomy (ukulahlekelwa izingalo) noma ukubamba.
Izinhlobo ze-starfish
I-Starfish yakhiwa yizinkulungwane zezinhlobo ezinezici ezahlukahlukene ngayinye yazo. Zisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke. Okudume kakhulu ngobuningi baso nangokusabalala kwabo emithonjeni yezindaba yilezo zinkanyezi eziyisihlanu zakudala ezihlomile. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, lokhu akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kungenzeka ukuthola izinhlobo zezinye izinhlobo zama-echinoderms anezingalo ezingafika kuma-5.
Ngaphakathi ekilasini i-Asteroidea eziningana ziyabonakala imiyalo eziyinhloko ezihlanganisa ukuhlukahluka: I-Brisingida, I-Forcipulatide, I-Notomyotide, I-Paxilloside, I-Spinuloside, UValvatida y IVelatidaKukhona neqembu elingajwayelekile, I-Concentricycloidea, isikhundla sakhe esingaqinisekile. Ngezansi, sibuyekeza abamele kakhulu ngezici zabo ezihlukile.
I-Brisingida
Kuyinto starfish ukuthi Zakhiwe izingalo eziphakathi kweziyisi-6 neziyi-16Lolu hlobo lwe-starfish luhlanganisa imindeni eyisithupha kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-16 zezinkanyezi zasolwandle, inani elifanayo lezingalo elakhiwe ngazo. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala emanzini ajulile futhi Zidla ngokumiswa, enweba izingalo zayo ezizacile ekugelezeni kwezinhlayiya.
I-Forcipulatide
Lolu hlobo lwakhiwe ngezinhlobo ezingama-400 ezisatshalaliswa emindenini eyi-6 yezizukulwane ezingama-70. Isici sayo esiyinhloko ukuthi inakho cindezela i-pedicellariae kubonakala ebusweni bomzimba wabo, okufana nezinsimbi. Bavame ukuba namandla futhi baphile kusukela amanzi apholile ngisho nokubanda nokubi.
I-Notomyotide
Lolu hlobo lwenkanyezi lunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-70, eziqukethwe cishe ezizukulwaneni eziyi-12. Lezi zingalo ziningi nezimo kunezinhlanzi eziningi zenkanyezi. Lo mnyakazo udalwa wukuthi banazo imisipha yemisipha endaweni yabo yangaphakathi ebavumela ukuthi banyakaze futhi basize ekufudukeni kwabo kanye ne-flatulence eshiwo ngenhla.
IVelatida
Le starfish inomzimba omkhulu. eqinile ene-disc enkulu enkabeni yomzimba kanye nokucindezeleka okuncane. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300 ze-velatidas ezizukulwaneni ezingama-25 nasemindenini emi-5, nokuba khona okuphawulekayo emanzini abandayo najulile.
UValvatida
Baziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Zikhona Izinhlobo ezingama-700 inezizukulwane eziyi-170 nemindeni eyi-14. Badume kakhulu ngokuba nayo 5 izingalo kanye nokuba namapuleti asemaceleni asobala kanye ne-pedicellariae emise okwephinifa.
I-Paxilloside
Lokhu oda amaqembu izinhlobo ajwayelane izimali ezithambile (isihlabathi noma udaka). Abanayo i-anus futhi izinyawo zabo zamashubhu ngokuvamile engenazo izinkomishi zokumunca, okwenza kube lula ukumba nokuhamba ngokushesha phezu kwezinsalela. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezibungu, Abethuli isigaba se-brachiolar, okungavamile kweqembu.
I-Spinuloside
I-Spinulosida ibonakala ngokuningi obucayi futhi kuningi ameva aphansi endaweni engaphezulu. Ngokuvamile azinawo ama-pedicellariae futhi abonisa amaphethini amapuleti ahlukene, anezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu phakathi amanzi angajulile futhi ejulile.
Inothi le-Taxonomic: iqembu I-Concentricycloidea (eyaziwa ngokuthi "amadaisies olwandle") ngokwesiko yabelwa i-Asteroidea kodwa indawo yayo akuqinisekile futhi kuphikiswana ngayo, yingakho ithathwa njengehlukene phakathi kwezigaba zesimanje.
Indawo yokuhlala nokudla
I-Starfish ihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zasolwandleBasengozini yokutheleleka ngenxa yokuthi bathatha amanzi bawafake ngqo emizimbeni yabo ukuze bahlunge umoya-mpilo oncibilikile. Ngakho-ke, uma amanzi engcolile Bafa ngenxa yobuthi nokuminza.
Ezilwandle nasezilwandle, lezi zilwane zakha ingxenye enkulu ye-biomass ekhona. Baphinde badlale indima ebalulekile olwandle kanye nasemiphakathini ehlala kulo. Izindawo lapho singazithola khona izilwandle, ugu olunamadwala, imibhede yotshani basolwandle, izixhobo zamakhorali, imibhede yotshani basolwandle, amachibi olwandle kanye nephansi elinesihlabathi; ukujula kwawo kusukela indawo ye-intertidal ezindaweni zakwalasha zobumnyama obukhulu.
Ngokuqondene nokudla, i-starfish idla ikakhulukazi ama-molluscs njengamanye ama-oyster, iminenke, nezimbaza. Banezinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla okuwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Uma i-starfish isinamathisele umzimba wayo esilwaneni esifuna ukusidla, enweba isisu ngaphandle, iwuphushela ngaphandle ngomlomo. Isisu sikhiqiza ama-enzyme angakwazi ukudiliza isisulu saso kuze kube yilapho sesidliwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusiza ukudla kudlulele ngqo esiswini, kukuvumela ukuba kugaywe ngokuphelele futhi kalula. Izilwane ezincane ziyizisulu ezilula ze-starfish.
Ngaphezu kokudla ama-molluscs, izinhlobo eziningi zinjalo osomathuba futhi bangeze ekudleni kwabo nge-detritus, ama-crustaceans amancane noma izinhlayiya ezimisiwe ukuthimba ngolwelwesi lwamafinyila kanye ne-cilia; abanye, njengama-brisingids, bagxile ekuhlungeni. Kwezinye izixhobo ze-corallivorous zingabangela ukuqubuka kwabantu ezilimaza i-coral uma zingekho izilawuli zemvelo.
Ngokuphikisana nabo, izidalwa eziyinhloko zalezi echinoderms zingoshaka abanjengo ushaka omhlophe o ushaka wenkunzi, imisebe ye-manta, ezinye izinhlanzi ezinkulu zenkanyezi nezinye izinhlobo de pecesUkuqina kwe-endoskeleton, i-pedicellariae kanye amandla okuvuselela Izikhali ziyizivikelo ezisemqoka ekuzilweni.
Indlela Yokuphila
Ukuze bazivikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye basebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuzivikela ezifana nesikhumba esiqinile nemigogodla, abanye banazo imibala eshayayo zibonakale zinobuthi futhi zikwazi ukuzifihla phakathi kwezitshalo namakhorali noma alahlekelwe ingalo ukuze bahlale bephila.
Lezi zilwane aziwona umphakathi neze, kodwa baphile ukuphila okukodwa ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwabo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, zingabonakala kanye nezinye izinyoni ngezikhathi lapho ukudla kutholakala kakhulu.
Locomotion wenziwa sibonga uhlelo lwemithambo yamanzi. Amanzi angena nge-madreporite, ajikeleze ngomzila wamatshe aye eringini ephakathi futhi esuka lapho aye eziteshini zemisebe engalweni ngayinye. Unyawo lwethubhu ngalunye lune- i-blister yangaphakathi okuthi, uma kufinyezwa, iphushe amanzi aye ngasemsamo wangaphandle, iwanwebe. Ukunamathela kufinyelelwa nge izinto ezinamathelayo abawukhiphile bese bewunciphisa ukuze bawukhulule. Ezinye izinhlobo ezithambile eziphansi, ezinezinyawo ezingenawo amasucker, zihamba ngokushesha esihlabathini.
Mayelana nezinzwa, nakuba zingenabo ubuchopho obumaphakathi, zine- indandatho yezinzwa kanye nezinzwa ezixhumanisa i-radial, kanye ne-ocelli ezithola ngayo ukukhanya kanye ama-chemoreceptors ezibona izinto ezincibilikisiwe (isb., amasignali amakhemikhali asuka enyamazaneni noma ku-conspecifics). Bangakwazi ukuphendula lokushisa, ukuma kanye nesimo samanzi, esiqondisa indlela abadla ngayo nendawo yokuhlala.
Ku- ukuzala, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziyi-dioecious (abesilisa nabesifazane abahlukene) futhi ziyadlala ukukhulelwa kwangaphandle, ukukhulula isidoda namaqanda emanzini ngokuvumelanisa, ngokuvamile ngamaqembu ukuze kwandiswe impumelelo yokuhlangana nama-gamete. Abanye bakhona ama-hermaphrodites (ngasikhathi sinye noma ezilandelanayo) kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwenza ukunakekelwa kwabazali, ukufukamela amaqanda ngaphansi kwediski noma emigodini yomzimba. Izibungu ze-planktonic (i-bipinnaria ne-brachiolaria) zibhukuda zisebenzisa i-cilia ngaphambi kokuzinza kanye nokushintshashintsha zibe yizingane ezincane ezilinganayo.
Ziphinde zizalane ngocansi ngokuqhekeka kwediski noma nge-autotomy of arms. Izinhlobo eziningi zingakwazi khiqiza kabusha izitho nemilenze elahlekile futhi ngisho nokwakha kabusha idiski uma kusele ucezu olwanele. Le nqubo, nakuba idla amandla, inikeza ukukhuthazela ekuhlaselweni noma ezingozini.
Isici esibalulekile enhlalakahleni yakho yilokho azilawuli usawoti Ngaphakathi, njengezinhlanzi, zigcina usawoti omningi njengamanzi olwandle. Ngakho-ke, azihlali emanzini ahlanzekile futhi zizwela usawoti omncane. Le physiology ichaza ukuthi kungani ukuphatha ngaphandle kwamanzi kuyingozi kubo: uma bekhishwa emanzini Bayeka ukushintshanisa igesi, bacindezeleke, futhi bangafa ngokushesha. Into engcono kakhulu ungazikhiphi futhi ungawasebenzisi ukuze uthole izithombe noma izinto eziyisikhumbuzo.
Izinsongo ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa ukungcola (uwoyela, izinsimbi, ama-biocides), i ukushushumbiswa kwesikhumbuzo, ukubanjwa kwezindawo zasemanzini kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo (izixhobo, izimfunda zasolwandle). Njengezilwane ezidla ezinye eziyinhloko ezindaweni eziningi zolwandle, ukwehla kwazo kungaphazamisa imiphakathi yonke; isibonelo, lapho izinkanyezi zasolwandle ezidla ama-sea urchin zingekho, ziyanda futhi dla ngokweqile amahlathi e-kelp, aphuce i-ecosystem.
Ukwazi ukwakheka kwazo, ukuhlukahluka kanye nendima yemvelo kusivumela ukuba sizazise futhi sizivikele kangcono: ukushiya isifanekiso ngasinye lapho sikhona, ukugwema ukungcola nokusekela izindawo ezivikelekile zasolwandle kuyisenzo esilula esenza umehluko kulezi zidalwa. ama-asteroids athakazelisayo kanye nempilo yezilwandle.