I-Las i-sea jellyfish Zingezinye zezilwane ezindala kakhulu neziyingqayizivele emhlabeni. Baye baba khona amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka futhi bayacatshangelwa izinto eziphila kudala kodwa ezisebenza kahle ngokumangazayoKuyamangaza ukucabanga ngokudla kwakho kanye nokusebenza lapho umzimba wakho wakhiwe ngaphezu kwama-90% ngamanzi, kodwa biology yayo yembula amasu okuziphendukela kwemvelo aphumelele kakhulu ukusinda cishe kuzo zonke izilwandle.
Kulo mhlahlandlela singena kuwo izici, isakhiwo, izinzwa, ubuthi kanye nomjikelezo wempilo, ngaphezu kokunikeza idatha ethakazelisayo newusizo ye ukuhlala nabo emabhishi nasezigwiniUma ufuna ukuthola umhlaba walezi zilwane ezingenamgogodla ze-pelagic, qhubeka ufunda.
Yini i-sea jellyfish
I-jellyfish iyi-a i-cnidarian invertebrate edume ngokuthi i-aguaviva, ngoba umzimba wayo iningi lawo ungamanzi. Kunjengokungathi amanzi amila a isambulela gelatinous lapho kulenga khona amathende ahlabayo. Abanayo i-exoskeleton noma igobolondo.; Ithuluzi layo eliyinhloko lokuzivikela kanye nokuzingela kuwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwamangqamuzana ahlabayo agcwele ubuthi.
Asakazwa ngu zonke izilwandle nezilwandle, kusukela ezindaweni ezikha phezulu kuya ekujuleni okukhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala kule ndawo indawo ye-pelagic, umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ngaphezu kolwandle (bheka izilwane zasolwandle ze-pelagic ne-benthic). Kujwayelekile ukuthi basondele ogwini khiqiza kabusha noma ngomphumela wemimoya nemisinga.
Incazelo ejwayelekile
I-morphology yazo iyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo, kodwa zihlanganyela a insimbi noma isambulela nge-gelatinous texture kanye nombala ophuzi ngokuvamile eguqukayo okuvumela ukuthi ubone izakhiwo zangaphakathi. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kungakholeki, Abanayo inhliziyo, amaphaphu nobuchopho njengoba sibaqonda ngezilwane ezinomgogodla. Kodwa-ke, amanethiwekhi abo e-neural, i-gastrovascular cavity, nezicubu ze-mesogleal zanele ukusebenza ngempumelelo.
I-jellyfish eminingi ikhuthaza inhlonipho ngoba ubuthi bayo bungaba namandla kakhuluInsimbi inikeza ukuvikeleka okuncane ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, ngakho ukuzivikela kuwela amatende anematocystsUma sivula i-jellyfish, isitho esisobala kakhulu yi isisu (umgodi we-gastrovascular), obhekele ukugaya ukudla nokusabalalisa izakhi.
Ezinye izinhlobo zikwazi ukuluma kubangela ukusabela okubi kubantu futhi ngisho nokubeka ukuphila engozini ezimweni ezingavamile nezizimele. Ubunzima buncike ohlotsheni, inani lokuxhumana, kanye nempendulo esheshayo.
I-morphology enemininingwane: i-mesoglea, i-exumbrella ne-manubrium
Umzimba we-jellyfish uhlelwe waba izingqimba ezimbili zendwangu (i-epidermis kanye ne-gastrodermis) ihlukaniswe yi- amehlo, i-gelatinous matrix enokuningi 95% amanzi kanye nemicu ye-collagen enikeza ukungaguquguquki. I-convex surface ibizwa ngokuthi i-exumbrella (ubuso bangaphandle), kuyilapho i-concave ingu i-subumbrella (uhlangothi lwangaphakathi).
Kusukela maphakathi ne-subumbrella kulenga isibambo, ishubhu eligcina ngo umlomo, ephinde isebenze njengendawo yokukhipha udoti. I-gastrovascular cavity iphuma ngaphandle iziteshi zama-radial kanye nezikhwama zesisu ezenza kube lula ukusatshalaliswa kwemisoco emzimbeni wonke. Ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi ngokuvamile kubonisa amagonadi amane kubonakala njengezakhiwo ezinemibala ezinhlobonhlobo ezikhanyayo.
Emaphethelweni esambulela kulenga amatende namabhethri awo ama-cnidocyte. Ezinye i-jellyfish nazo zinazo i-rhopalia, amaqoqo amancane ezinzwa onqenqemeni lwensimbi, afaka izakhiwo zokubona ukukhanya, ibhalansi, nezinye izinto ezishukumisayo.
Ubuthi obuyisici
Ukhiye wokuzivikela nokuzingela yiwo ama-cnidocytes, amaseli ahlabayo aqukethe ama-nematocysts ekwazi ukudubula umcu onobuthi ngesivinini esikhulu. Ubuthi busebenza khubaza amadamu futhi kuvimbele izilwane ezidla ezinye. Kubantu, impendulo ivamile ubuhlungu nokubomvu; ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezinobuthi, ukubandakanyeka kwesistimu kungase kwenzeke.
Ingozi iyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo kanye nokuxhumana. amatende, ngisho ahlukanisiwe noma ku-jellyfish eboshiwe, bangagcina izici zabo ezihlabayo isikhathi eside. Emabhishi, kuwumkhuba omuhle ukugwema ukuthinta imfucumfucu ye-gelatinous.
Usizo lokuqala olunconyiwe olujwayelekile: susa ngokucophelela izinsalela zetende ngekhadi noma ama-tweezers, hlambulula ngamanzi olwandle (ayimnandi) futhi ungahlikihli. Endabeni ye eCubozoa (i-jellyfish yebhokisi), i uviniga kusiza ukuvimbela i-nematocysts; kwezinye izinhlobo kungase kungasebenzi, ngakho-ke kuhle ukulandela izinkomba zendawo hlenga. Uma ekhona ukuphelelwa umoya, isiyezi, noma isifuba esijwayelekile, kudingeka ukunakekelwa ngokushesha.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa nezinzwa
Noma kunjalo Abanawo ubuchopho obumaphakathi, ube a inethiwekhi yezinzwa futhi ngokuvamile a indandatho yezinzwa i-peripheral exhumanisa ukushaya kwensimbi. Kwe i-rhopalia thola i-togheter izitho zezinzwa ekwazi ukubona ukukhanya (i-ocelli), umumo nokudlidliza. I-box jellyfish inazo Amehlo angama-24 ezinhlobo ezahlukene, enamalensi nezingulube, eziwavumelayo a ukubona kwendawo izimpendulo eziphawulekayo nezisheshayo kuzo gwema izithiyo noma ulungise ukujula kwayo.
I-ocelli iyakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukukhanya nesithunzi, iwusizo ku-phototaxis noma ukuziphatha kokuvumelanisa njengokuzalanisa. ECubozoa baye bachazwa abafundi abacindezelekile ngesivinini esihlukile kuye ngendawo yokuhlala, ukujwayela okuthuthukisa ukuzulazula ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi njenge umhlume.
I-Locomotion kanye nokusebenza kahle kokubhukuda
Ukubhukuda kusekelwe ukufinyela okunesigqi yensimbi ekhipha amanzi futhi ikhiqize ukusunduza. Ngemva kokuncipha, i ukuqina kwe-mesoglea yandisa isambulela futhi, inciphisa izindleko zamandla. In jellyfish ezifana Aurelia aurita sekuchaziwe i-passive energy recapture: i-vortex ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokunwetshwa inikeza umfutho owengeziwe wokuthi kwandisa ibanga elihanjiwe ngomjikelezo ngamunyeLezi zindlela zibeka i-jellyfish phakathi kwe ababhukudi abanekhono yezilwane ngokwezindleko zokuhamba.
Impilo nomjikelezo wokuzala
Umjikelezo wempilo ojwayelekile uyashintshana phakathi kwezigaba: a isigaba se-planktonic se-jellyfish (zocansi) kanye a isigaba se-benthic se-polyp (ocansini). Ngemva kokudedelwa emanzini, ama-gametes (noma ngemva kokukhulelwa kwangaphakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane), iqanda likhiqiza a I-ciliated planula isibungu elibhukudayo lize lizinamathisele ku-substrate futhi liguquke libe i-polypLe polyp ingazalana ngokobulili futhi, ngakho-ke, ukushaywa unhlangothi, ihlukaniswe yaba amadiski akhululwa njenge ama-ephyras, ezokhula ibe i-jellyfish yabantu abadala.
Kusuka ku-polyp eyodwa kungavela inqwaba ye-jellyfish, esiza ukuchaza impumelelo yabo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, i i-jellyfish endala iyafa ngemva kokuzala, kuyilapho i-polyp ingakwazi ziphikelela isikhathi eside, ekhipha ama-ephyra amasha lapho izimo zivuma.
Icala elidumile le I-Turritopsis engapheli, okuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kungabuyelwa ku-jellyfish kuye i-polyp ukuqala kabusha umjikelezo, into ebonwe okuthembekile elabhorethri. Alisho ukungafi kweqiniso endaweni yemvelo, kodwa libonisa ipulasitiki ye-ontogenetic ezinye ze-hydrozoans.
I-Taxonomy kanye namakilasi e-Medusozoa
I-Jellyfish iyingxenye ye-subphylum i-medusozoa (Phylum Cnidaria), ehlanganisa ama-cnidarians ngesigaba se-medusa. Bethule i-tetrameric symmetry kanye nokushintshana kwezizukulwane ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Amakilasi amakhulu amise okwe-medusa yilawa:
- I-Scyphozoa ("i-jellyfish yeqiniso"): insimbi evelele, amatende asemaceleni nezingalo zomlomo. Kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezivamile ezifana Aurelia aurita, I-Rhizostoma o I-Cyanea.
- eCubozoa (i-jellyfish yebhokisi): insimbi ene-quadrangular, i-velarium okwandisa isivinini futhi i-rhopalia complexes ngamehlo amaningi. Abanye baye benza kanjalo ubuthi obunamandla kakhulu (isb., I-Chironex fleckeri).
- I-Hydrozoa: izinhlobo eziningi ezine-jellyfish encane noma encishisiwe; abanye bahlala amanzi amasha (isb., Craspedacusta sowerbyi). le I-Physalia physalis (i-portuguese caravel) iyi-hydrozoan siphonophore colony enokubukeka okufana ne-jellyfish.
- I-Staurozoa: i-jellyfish i-pedunculated i-sessile, exhunywe ku-substrate, efana nama-polyps anama-lobes namatende.
I-Los Ama-Anthozoans (amakhorali kanye anemones) ukuntula isigaba se-medusa, esigcizelela i ukuhlukahluka kwemijikelezo ngaphakathi Cnidaria.
Ubukhulu obukhulu kanye nezinhlobo ezivelele
Usayizi usukela millimeters ku-jellyfish esanda kukhishwa kuya kwezinsimbi ze ngaphezu kwemitha kuma-scyphozoans amakhulu. I umhlwenga webhubesi (I-Cyanea capillata) angase abe namathentekele amakhulu, futhi Nomura (Nemopilema nomurai) ifinyelela izinsimbi ezinkulu kanye nesisindo esikhulu. Emanzini ajulile, I-Stygiomedusa gigantea imibukiso izingalo zomlomo ezibanzi nezinde esikhundleni sezintambo ezincane.
Ukudla kanye nobudlelwano be-symbiotic
Iningi jellyfish kukhona esidla inyama futhi bamba i-zooplankton, ama-crustaceans amancane, amaqanda nezibungu de peces kanye nezinye i-jellyfish. Indlela yabo yokubhukuda iyabasiza sondeza inyamazane kumatende ngokudala imisinga ngesikhathi sokunwetshwa kwensimbi. Ezinye izinhlobo ziningi omnivorous futhi ingafaka i-microplankton yezitshalo.
Kukhona izinhlangano ne i-symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) ehlinzeka ngoshukela nge-photosynthesis, njengaku I-Mastigias o I-CassiopeaEyakamuva, kwesinye isikhathi ehlanekezelwe ngemuva, nayo ingakhulula ama-microaggregates weselula nge-cilia namaseli ahlabayo asiza ukubamba inyamazane encane, ehambisana nokudla kwabo.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-jellyfish i-bioluminescent; iphrotheni yisakhiwo sodumo I-GFP (iphrotheni ye-fluorescent eluhlaza) echazwe ku I-Aequorea victoria, ithuluzi elingukhiye ku i-cell biology kanye ne-microscope.
Ukusabalalisa, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nokuhlanganisa
I-Jellyfish itholakala ku zonke izilwandle, kusukela ezindaweni ezisogwini kuya olwandle oluvulekile nezingaphansi ezimnyama. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyachuma imifula nemihlume, kanye nama-hydrozoan athile enza ikoloni emanzini aphakathi nezwe. Ukuba khona kwayo eduze nogu kungase kukhule ukuzala, imimoya, imisinga noma ukutholakala kokudla.
Uma kuqoqwe ngobuningi (izixuku), bangakwazi ukunciphisa inani labantu base-zooplankton, thinta izibungu de peces futhi kubangele izinkinga ku aquaculture o amasistimu wokupholisa ingqalasizinda yasogwini. Emabhishi, izinsizakalo zokuhlenga zihlinzeka ngolwazi zisebenzisa amafulegi nezixwayiso; uma i-jellyfish ikhona, isabela ku- izimpawu ezisemthethweni (kwezinye izifunda ifulege elithile lisetshenziselwa izilwane zasolwandle ezingaba yingozi) futhi ligwema ukugeza ezindaweni ezimakiwe; ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano kanye nezikhungo ezifana i-Gijón Aquarium iqhaza ocwaningweni ngalezi zinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukusetshenziswa komuntu kanye nokubaluleka kwesayensi
Abantu baye baxhaphaza i-jellyfish ngezindlela eziningi. Ku-gastronomy, izinhlobo eziningana ze-jellyfish I-Rhizostomeae se kusetshenzwe ngosawoti kanye namanye ama-agent ukuze akhiphe amanzi futhi azinzise, afeze ukuthungwa okuqinile; bayi a ukudla okunekhalori ephansi kanye nomnikelo othakazelisayo wamaprotheni. Ocwaningweni, baye baba Amamodeli okutadisha umbono, ukuthuthukiswa, i-biomechanics kanye ne-neurobiology, ngaphezu komthelela woguquko we I-GFP ku-biomedicine.
Imboni izimonyo kanye ne-pharmacology Ihlola izinhlanganisela ezivela ku-mesoglea yayo kanye nobuthi bezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-biotechnological. Lokhu kusetshenziswa njalo kubhekwana nokuphathwa okulawulwayo nokusimeme.
I-Jellyfish izidalwa zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla eziyingxenye ye-phylum Cnidaria, iqembu lasendulo elikhona iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-500.
Impumelelo yayo ilele ku-a ubulula bokusebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu: izindwangu eziyisisekelo, ubuthi obukhethekile, ukudlala okuguquguqukayo nokuhle ukuzivumelanisa nezimoZiyi-dioecious ezimweni eziningi (ubulili obuhlukene) futhi zikhona ukushintshana kwezigaba lokho kwandisa ukusinda.
1.- Ukwakheka komzimba
Ihlanganiswe ngu i-epidermis, i-gastrodermis y amehlo, khombisa insimbi nge i-exumbrella kanye ne-subumbrella, iziteshi zomsakazo kanye isibambo ngomlomo. I amatende ama-cnidocyte ahlabayo we-concentrate eseceleni.
2. Isimiso sezinzwa sokuqala
Abanayo ingqondo emaphakathi, kodwa banayo ukusabalalisa inethiwekhi yezinzwa futhi kaningi, izindandatho zezinzwa. I i-rhopalia hlanganisa i-ocelli nama-statocysts ukuze ubone ukukhanya nokuma. Ku eCubozoa, amehlo anamalensi avumela ukuziphatha eqondiswa ngokubona.
3. Umjikelezo wokuphila: kusuka ku-polyp kuya ku-jellyfish
Ngemva kokukhulelwa, a planula elungisiwe futhi yakha a i-polyp; nge ukushaywa unhlangothi bayakhululwa ama-ephyras ezikhula njenge-jellyfish. Lokhu kushintshana, kanye nekhono loku i-asexual budding, ichaza ngobuningi bayo bomhlaba wonke.
Aurelia aurita: isibonelo se-scyphozoa evamile
Aurelia aurita ingeye-phylum Cnidaria, isigaba I-Scyphozoa, ukuhleleka I-Semaeostomae nomndeni ulmaridaeLolu hlelo lwakhiwe nge-jellyfish yobulili obuhlukene, obume ngendlela efanayo i-disc eyisicaba futhi ngezinye izikhathi igobile kancane. Unqenqema lwesambulela luhlukaniswe ngama-lobes amancane futhi luhlanganisa igazilias namathende angenalutho. Bethule umjikelezo we-metagenic Iphelele noma incishisiwe. Isigaba se-polyp sincane, sisodwa, futhi simise okwenkomishi (urceolate polyp). Umndeni ubonakala ngamathente aseceleni futhi izingalo ezine zomlomo side.
Isambulela se Aurelia aurita Ingakala phakathi kuka-20 no-40 cm ububanzi futhi inesimo esiyisicaba, esibushelelezi ngaphandle kwamaphethini. Unqenqema lwalo lunamatende amaningi amafushane futhi 8 ropalias kuhlelwe njalo. Zibonakala ngokucacile ngesambulela. 4 amagona okumise okwesicathulo sehhashi, umbala osasibhakabhaka-opinki. Inezingxenye zomlomo ezine. Lolu hlobo ngokuvamile lubonisa ngale, ngokuvamile pink ophaphathekile, blue, noma violet.
Ukuphepha kwebhishi nokuhlalisana
Ngezikhathi zokuba khona okuphezulu eduze nogu, landela imiyalelo yonogada, gwema ukubhukuda ezindaweni ezikhethiwe futhi ungabambi i-jellyfish noma izinsalela zabo. Khumbula lokho ezinye izinhlobo aziyona ingozi kanti ezinye zingabangela noma yini kusukela ekuphathekeni kabi kuya ezimpawu ezimbi kakhulu. Uma unemibuzo, buza abasebenzi basebhishi futhi ugqoke izinto zokuzivikela (izikibha, izingubo zokubhukuda ezibambayo) ezindaweni ezinezixwayiso zezilwane zasolwandle ezilumayo.
Ukuthakasela okuvusa i-jellyfish kuvela kubo ibhalansi phakathi kokulula nokusebenza kahle: ngaphandle kwezitho eziyinkimbinkimbi, zilawula izinzwa, ukuhambahamba nokuzala ngezixazululo ezivelele zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukwazi ibhayoloji yabo kuyasiza ujabulele ulwandle ngokuphepha kakade ukubaluleka kwakho iphepha lemvelo nesayensi, kusukela ethonyeni lakho kumawebhu okudla kuya ekunikeleni kwakho ekuthuthukisweni kwelabhorethri.
