Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, i-kraken ibilokhu iyisilo sasolwandle esiyingqayizivele ezindabeni zamatilosi, isidalwa esikhulu kakhulu Yabamba imikhumbi ngezinsika zayo futhi yayidonsela phansiManje, isethi yezifundo ezishicilelwe kumagazini i-Science isikisela ukuthi ngemuva kwaleyo nganekwane kungenzeka ukuthi kwakukhona iqiniso elimangalisa nakakhulu lasendulo: ama-octopus amakhulu angempela adla inyama ayebusa olwandle eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi edlule.
Ngokusho kwalolu cwaningo olusha, olwenziwe amaqembu omhlaba wonke abambe iqhaza elikhulu eJapane, ama-cephalopod anomzimba othambile ahlala olwandle lwaseLate Cretaceous olufinyelele ubude obuphelele buphakathi kwamamitha angu-7 no-19ngezingalo ezinde ngokwanele ukulingana nobukhulu bezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu zasolwandle zangaleso sikhathi. Lezi zilwane, hhayi nje ukuba yizisulu ezingenzi lutho, zaziphezulu ohlwini lokudla njengezilwane ezidla ezinye ezikwazi ukuchoboza amagobolondo, ama-carapace, namathambo.
I-octopus enkulu edla inyama olwandle lwaseCretaceous
Isithombe esisha salezi ziqhwaga sivela ekuhlaziyweni okuningiliziwe kwe- imihlathi yezinsalela ezigcinwe kahle kakhuluLezi zakhiwo, ezaziwa ngokuthi imilomo kuma-octopus anamuhla ngenxa yokufana kwazo nezinyoni ezithile ezidla inyama, ziphawuleka kakhulu. Nakuba imizimba ethambile yalezi zilwane ingashiyi mkhondo omkhulu emlandweni we-geology, imilomo yazo eqinile ingagcina ulwazi oluningi mayelana nosayizi wesilwane kanye nokudla kwaso.
Lo msebenzi, oholwa ososayensi baseHokkaido University, ugxile eqoqweni lamathambo omhlathi angu-27 atholakale e-United States. inhlabathi yasolwandle evela eJapane naseVancouver Islandogwini lwasePacific eCanada. Kulezi zingcezu, ithimba lithole izinhlobo ezimbili ze-cephalopods ezinkulu ezingasekho: Nanaimotoeuthis jeletzkyi futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, Nanaimotoeuthis haggarti, isimo esikhulu kunazo zonke.
Izilinganiso zokwakheka komzimba zisikisela ukuthi la ma-octopus ayenayo umzimba ongaba amamitha angu-1,5 kuya kwangu-4,5 ngobude, kanye nokufinyelela okukhulu kwezingalo zayo, ifinyelela ubude obuphelele obuphakathi kwamamitha angu-7 no-19. Ngisho nasekupheleni kwalolo hlu lwezintaba olulondolozayo, lezi zingaba yizilwane ezinkulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezilwane eziphilayo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-cephalopods.
Ukuze sikubeke esimweni, giant Pacific octopusUhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwe-octopus oluhlala olwandle lwethu njengamanje lungafinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-5,5. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izibalo eziphakanyisiwe ze N. haggarti Babeka lezi zilwane ezingeni lama-mosasaur amakhulu kakhulu - izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle ezazifinyelela cishe amamitha ayi-17 - futhi ngaphezu kwama-plesiosaur amaningi, ayengaba amamitha ayi-12 ubude.
Kwezinye izinhlobo zabantu abadala NanaimotoeuthisUkuguguleka nokudabuka kususa cishe eyodwa 10% wobude bomhlathi wokuqalaOmunye walo monakalo ugcwele inhlabathi, uphawu lokuthi kwenzeke ngesikhathi isilwane sisaphila, ngaphambi kokuba kube yizinsalela. Indawo lapho izinsalela zabekwa khona yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi zazimane ziguguleka ngesikhathi zithuthwa olwandle, ngakho-ke incazelo elula kakhulu umsebenzi wokondla ngamandla kukho konke ukuphila kwaso.
Isihluthulelo socwaningo asigcini nje ngobukhulu bemihlathi, kodwa futhi imikhondo yokuguguleka ebonakala ebusweni bayoAbacwaningi bathole imiphetho eyindilinga, ukuqhekeka okuncane, kanye nemihuzuko okusikhumbuza kakhulu lokho okubonakala emilonyeni yama-cephalopod anamuhla adla inyamazane ngamagobolondo noma izakhiwo eziqinile ezinamathambo.
Leli phethini libonisa ukuthi ama-giant octopus awazange agcine ngokubamba izilwane ezinomzimba othambile, kodwa kunalokho Bachoboza amagobolondo nama-carapace ngokuphindaphindiweAbalobi bachaza ukuthi ukudla kwayo kuzohlanganisa ama-ammonite anegobolondo eligoqiwe, ama-bivalves amakhulu, izinhlanzi ezinamathambo, kanye nezinye izinhlanzi eziphila emathanjeni, okuhambisana nendlela yokuphila yezilwane ezidla ezinye ezikhuthele nezidla kakhulu esezingeni eliphezulu.
Lolu hlobo lobufakazi, olufana nethuluzi eliguga ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokusetshenziswa, luqinisekisa ukuthi imihlathi yayisetshenziswa kakhulu dabula, uhlukanise futhi ucubungule isisulu esiqinileFuthi hhayi nje njengento yokubamba engenzi lutho. Ngamanye amazwi, imilomo yalezi octopus yayisebenza njengezinto ezincane zokuchoboza.
Imiphumela iholele abalobi bocwaningo, olushicilelwe ku-Science, ukuthi baphakamise ukuthi la ma-cephalopods amakhulu Babenesikhundla esifanayo semvelo njengezilwane ezinkulu ezinomgogodla kusukela eLate Cretaceous. Esikhundleni sokubheka izilwane ezingenamgogodla njengezixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka, isimo esivelayo yisolwandle olunamaqembu amaningana ezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezincintisana ngezinsiza ezifanayo.
Isitha esifana ne-kraken, kodwa ngesisekelo sesayensi
Izinganekwane ze-kraken zilandisa ngesilo esinamathente esikwazi ukugwinya imikhumbi namatilosi, isithombe esithathwa njengenganekwane nje isikhathi eside. Ucwaningo olusha lusikisela ukuthi, ngenkathi Akukho bufakazi bokuthi izikebhe zigumbuqelwe yizingwane.Yebo, kwakukhona izilwane ezazisondela kakhulu kuleso sidalwa esicatshangelwayo ngobukhulu nangesikhundla ochungechungeni lokudla.
Ezilwandle zaseLate Cretaceous, cishe phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100 nezingama-72 edlule, kwavunyelwana ngesayensi ama-mosasaur, ama-plesiosaur kanye noshaka abakhulu njengamakhosi angaphikiswana ngawolwandle. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla zazibhekwa njengezisulu ezaziqinisa amagobolondo azo ukuze zimelane nokucindezelwa kwalezi zilwane ezinomgogodla ezidla ezinye izilwane.
Indima ye Nanaimotoeuthis haggarti Iyaphula leso sikhunta. Ngomzimba omkhulu kodwa oguquguqukayo, izingalo ezinde ezimbozwe izinkomishi zokumunca Njengoba zinemihlathi enamandla, la ma-octopus amakhulu cishe ahlala esicongweni esifanayo semvelo nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu zasolwandle. Ukuthi ukuhlangana okuqondile kwenzeke phakathi kwazo kuyinto amathambo angakayiqinisekisi, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi i-cephalopod elingana nebhasi elihlanganisiwe izingela inyamazane enkulu ayisazwakali njengenganekwane yesayensi.
Abacwaningi bagcizelela ukuthi ama-octopus awadingi umlomo omkhulu ukuze azingele izilwane ezinkulu; isu lawo lisekelwe ku- Sebenzisa izingalo zakho ukubamba nokulawula isisulu, kuyilapho umlomo usika izingxenye ezidliwayo. Lolu hlelo, olusetshenziswa kakade yizingwane zanamuhla, ngabe lwathathwa kakhulu uma kwenzeka izinhlobo ezinkulu zeCretaceous.
Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ama-cephalopod alandela indlela ehambisana neyezilwane eziningi zasolwandle ezinezinhlungu, yize ayenezixazululo ezahlukene. Ngenkathi izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu zikhanyisa amathambo azo futhi zinciphisa izivikelo zazo zangaphandle ukuze zithole isivinini esikhulu, okhokho balezi zingwane Balahlekelwe yigobolondo eliqinile Zaguquka zaba izilwane ezinomzimba othambile, zishesha, zinombono ongcono futhi zikwazi ukuqondisa kalula. Nokho, womabili amaqembu ahlangana ngezici ezifanayo: usayizi omkhulu, ukuhamba okuphezulu, kanye nemihlathi enamandla.
Izimpawu zobuchopho obuyinkimbinkimbi esintwini esikhulu esingenamathambo
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zomsebenzi ukutholakala kwe- ukuguguleka okungalingani emihlathinikugqame kakhulu ohlangothini olulodwa kunolunye. Le ndlela, ebonakala njalo ezingcezu eziningana, ihunyushwa njengophawu olungenzeka lokwakheka eceleni, okungukuthi, ukukhetha ukusebenzisa uhlangothi olulodwa lomzimba emisebenzini ethile.
Ezilwaneni zanamuhla, ukuthambekela eceleni kuye kwaxhunyaniswa izinhlelo zezinzwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-octopus anamuhla, isibonelo, abonisa izintandokazi lapho esebenzisa ingalo eyodwa noma enye ukuphatha izinto, into ehlotshaniswa nokuhlakanipha kwawo okumangalisayo kanye nekhono lokuxazulula izinkinga.
Ososayensi ababukeze lolu cwaningo bakhomba ukuthi ubuhlakani abukwazi ukulinganiswa ngqo efosini, kodwa bungatholakala ngezinkomba ezingaqondile njengalezi. Ukuba khona kokwakheka kwe-lateral ku Nanaimotoeuthis kusikisela ukuthi la ma-octopus amakhulu Kwakungeyona imishini yokudla elulakodwa izilwane ezinokuziphatha okuthuthukile okungenzeka, ezinamasu okuzingela ayinkimbinkimbi ngisho nokuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye.
Ngalo mqondo, okutholakele kuhambisana nesithombe esikhona sama-octopus anamuhla, aziwa ngekhono lawo lokuxazulula ama-maze, ukuvula izitsha, nokusebenzisa izinto ezisendaweni yazo. Umqondo wokuthi ayekhona eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 edlule. ama-octopus amakhulu nahlakaniphile Kusiphoqa ukuthi sicabange kabusha ngendima yezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinomzimba othambile ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle zasendulo.
Ukuguguleka okungalingani kwemilomo ngokwayo, kuhlangene nokuqina kwezimpawu, kuqinisa umbono wokuthi lezi zilwane Bacubungula isisulu esinzima ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi mhlawumbe kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuluma ezikhethwayo. Konke lokhu kukhomba ekuhleleni okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuziphatha, okuhlukile kakhulu emfanekisweni wendabuko wezilwane ezingenamgogodla njengabadlali abangenzi lutho emlandweni wokuphila.
Iqophelo elisha lochungechunge lokudla kwasolwandle
Sekuyiminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-370, indaba evelele ku-paleontology ibilokhu iwukuthi izilwane ezinkulu ezidla izilwane ezinomgogodla zazihlala emazingeni aphezulu okudla kwasolwandle ngaphandle kokuncintisana okukhulu. Lo msebenzi omusha uphakamisa ukuthi, okungenani eLate Cretaceous, izinhlobo ezithile ze-cephalopods zohlobo lwe-“kraken” Baphula lelo phethini futhi bajoyina lelo zinga eliphakeme.
Ababhali baphikisana ngokuthi Nanaimotoeuthis haggarti futhi izihlobo zabo zafika osayizi abafaniswa nobezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezinkulu ezinomgogodla yesikhathi sabo, nokuthi inhlanganisela yemihlathi enamandla, izingalo ezinde, umzimba olula, kanye nokuhamba okuphezulu kwabavumela ukuba baxhaphaze izinhlobo eziningi zezinyamazane. Olwandle olugcwele izinhlanzi ezinkulu, oshaka, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle, kanye nama-ammonite amaningi, ukuncintisana ngokudla kumelwe ukuba kwakukhulu.
Kulesi simo, ukwanda kosayizi womzimba bekuzonikeza izinzuzo ezicacile: uma usayizi umkhulu, ikhono elikhulu lokuphatha nokucubungula izilwane ezinkulu ezidla inyamazanekanye nokubhekana nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane. Abacwaningi abafinyeleli ezingeni lokuthi badla ama-mosasaur noma ama-plesiosaur ngendlela ehlelekile, kodwa bagomela ngokuthi la ma-octopus amakhulu abelana ngawo phezulu kwendawo ezungezile.
Lesi siphakamiso sihilela ukubuyekezwa okujulile kwendlela isakhiwo sezindawo zemvelo zasolwandle zaseCretaceous esiqondwa ngayo. Kunokuba kube uhlelo olulula olunezilwane ezinomgogodla ezilawulayo kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezingaphansi kwazo, isimo esivelayo singenye yezinto ulwandle luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi luhlukahlukene, ngezizukulwane eziningi zezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezizimele ezifinyelele izixazululo ezifanayo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Kumphakathi wesayensi waseYurophu naseSpain, le miphumela ithakazelisa kakhulu ngoba ukuchaza kabusha indima yamaqembu angabhekwa njengebalulekile ngokwesiko, njengezilwane eziphila emanzini, emlandweni wempilo yasolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisiza ekuchazeni kangcono ukuvela kwama-octopus anamuhla, atholakala kakhulu emanzini ase-Atlantic naseMedithera, njengenzalo ekude yalezi ziqhwaga eziphelile.
Ukumbiwa kwezinsalela zedijithali: yile ndlela i-octopus yamamitha ayi-19 etholakale ngayo
Ingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi ayibandakanyi nje kuphela i-biology yesilwane, kodwa futhi indlela esetshenziswa ukuthola imihlathiKulezi zingcezu ezingu-27 ezihlaziyiwe, eziyishumi nambili azitholakalanga ngamasu endabuko okukhetha nokushaya, kodwa ngenxa yalokho ababhali abakubiza ngokuthi "ukumbiwa kwezinsalela zedijithali".
Le ndlela ihlanganisa i-tomography enesinqumo esiphezulu—ekwazi ukukhiqiza izithombe ezinemininingwane zengaphakathi lamatshe ngezinga elincane kakhulu—kanye amamodeli obuhlakani bokwenziwa aqeqeshiwe ukuqaphela izakhiwo eziphilayo eziguqulwe zaba yizinsalela. Uhlelo luhlola inani elikhulu ledatha yesithombe lufuna amaphethini aveza ukuba khona kwezinsalela zezilwane, njengemihlathi ye-octopus engcwatshwe edwaleni.
Ngenxa yale ndlela, ithimba likwazile ukuhlonza amaphuzu aphezulu abengeke aqashelwe ngokuphelele ekuhlolweni kwamehlo okuvamile, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, baphinde bawakhe ngezinga ezintathu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzikhipha ngokoqobo edwaleni. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokulondoloza izinto zokuqala, kodwa futhi kuvumela ukutadisha okunembile kakhulu izindawo ezigugile nezinye izici ezincane kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa ku-paleontology sekuqala ukuvula isahluko esisha esifundweni sezinsalela ezitholakala kalula, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini anokulondolozwa okubi njengama-octopus nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinomzimba othambile. Indaba yale octopus edla inyama engamamitha ayi-19 iyisibonelo esihle sendlela amathuluzi edijithali angabuyisa ngayo izahluko eziphelele zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ezazilokhu zifihliwe etsheni kuze kube manje.
Lonke lolu lwazi—kusukela kusayizi olinganiselwe kanye nokudla kuya ezibonelweni ezisemaceleni kanye nendawo yasolwandle ababehlala kuyo—ludweba isithombe sezinto eziphilayo. isiqhwaga sangempela sokujula kweCretaceous: i-octopus edla inyama, okungenzeka ukuthi ihlakaniphe kakhulu eyabelana esiteji nezilwane ezinkulu ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle futhi lokho kusiphoqa ukuba sicabange kabusha ngendima yezilwane ezingenamgogodla olwandle lwasendulo loMhlaba.
