Cishe uke wezwa inkulumo ethi "iqiniso liyisihambi kunenganekwane." Hhayi-ke, akukho okungaba ngaphezu kweqiniso. Imvelo isibonisa amandla ayo akhethekile nawo wonke amandla ayo ngezinhlobo zezilwane ezingabonakali zingokoqobo, njenge i-man-of-war jellyfishKulokhu, sikhuluma ngezinhlobo zezilwane okuthi, nakuba zingase zibonakale njengomkhiqizo wenganekwane, ziyiqiniso ngokuphelele: the i-jellyfish engafiIgama layo lesayensi elamukelwayo njengamanje lithi I-Turritopsis engapheli (ngokomlando icashunwe njenge I-Turritopsis Nutrica kweminye imibhalo). Inesici abantu abaningi abangathanda ukuba naso: ukuguqulwa kokuguga noma, ngamanye amazwi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukungafi kwebhayoloji.
Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngezici ze-jellyfish engafi futhi sifunde okwengeziwe ngezimfihlo zayo, sihlanganise lokho okwaziwayo ngebhayoloji yayo, izakhi zofuzo kanye nenani layo lesayensi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wayo. indima yezemvelo olwandle.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lokhu kuyinto engajwayelekile: isidalwa esiphilayo esinomzila wokuphila ukuvuselelwa cishe angenamkhawulo. Le jellyfish inamandla okuzivuselela futhi iqale kabusha umjikelezo wayo wempilo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ilimele, iba nengcindezi enkulu, noma izimo ziba zimbi, iyakwazi ukuvuselela nokwelapha ibuyela esigabeni sayo se-polyp yezingane. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi amandla ayo okuvuselela ahlaba umxhwele, kodwa ngokubukeka ingenye ye-jellyfish ethambile futhi enhle kakhulu.
Inesambulela esinde esimise okwensimbi esingeqile 4 kuya ku-5 mm ububanzi, okuyenza ibe enye ye-jellyfish encane kunazo zonke esimweni sayo sabantu abadala. Ayidingi usayizi owengeziwe: ngokuhlukile kwayo ipulasitiki yamaselula kanye nendlela yayo yokuphila ye-planktonic, iguqulelwe ngokuphelele. Isambulela sincane, siyashintshashintsha futhi singokoqobo engenambala, okuvumela ukuthi ubone kalula ngaphakathi.
Maphakathi nendawo, kugqama uhlelo lokugaya ukudla okubomvu okwegazi elimbozwe ungqimba olumhlophe. Lapho i-immortal jellyfish ifinyelela esigabeni sayo sobudala, ingabonisa indawo yonke 80 kuya ku-100 amatende kufushane futhi kuthambile; entsheni, nokho, kuvame ukuba nedazini elilodwa noma amabili. Lawa mathende embozwe ngawo ama-cnidocytes nama-nematocysts, amangqamuzana ahlabayo awasebenzisayo ukuze abambe inyamazane encane. Udosi lwayo luthambile futhi alubonakali kubantu.
Ezingeni le-taxonomic, ingeyeqembu le cnidarians (kanye namakhorali nama-anemone) futhi, ikakhulukazi, ama-hydrozoans. Umzimba wabo wakhiwe nxazonke a Amaphesenti angama-95 amanzi, iqiniso elichaza ubunjalo bayo be-gelatinous kanye nokunyakaza kukholomu yamanzi.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Akuyona into elula ukuthola indawo ye-immortal jellyfish ngenxa yayo usayizi omncane kanye nempilo ye-pelagic. Iqoshwe olwandle emhlabeni wonke, nokuvela kaningi eMedithera nasezingxenyeni zoLwandle LwaseJapane, kanye nasezifundeni zaseCaribbean nasePacific. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwe-cosmopolitan kuye kwavunywa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuthutha okuhamba kancane amanzi e-ballast wemikhumbi.
Ngokuvamile, ukhetha amanzi apholile nakuba ingakwazi ukubekezelela izimo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuba khona kwayo kungase kunganakwa futhi kudidaniswe nezinhlobo ezihlobene ze I-Turritopsis, njengoba ukuxilongwa okuqondile kudinga ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe. Indawo yokusabalalisa ecashunwe ekuqaleni eCaribbean yanda njengoba intela yayo yafundwa kangcono, futhi namuhla ibhekwa njengohlobo olusabalele.
Esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani itholakala kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi akukhona ukuthi iphindaphindeka ngaphandle kwemingcele, kodwa ukuthi ihlanganisa ukuphakama okuphezulu. izinga lokuzala ngekhono layo elingavamile lokuhlehlisa umjikelezo. Yebo, lokhu kungafi kungokwebhayoloji futhi akukhiphi kukho ukuhlasela, izifo noma izingozi.
Okufanele kukhulunywe ngakho ukuthi abafi ngenxa yokuguga bebodwa: ukuphela kwabo kuvame ukuxhunyaniswa ne-chain chain noma ukuphazamiseka. Noma kunjalo, njenge-jellyfish encane ye-planktonic, bangakwazi ukugwema izilwane ezidliwayo ngokusebenza okuthile, okuthi, kanye ne-plasticity yabo ebalulekile, kubanike amandla. ukusinda okuphawulekayo ezindaweni ezisogwini nezisolwandle.
Umjikelezo we-jellyfish ongafi
Ake sihlaziye umjikelezo wempilo ye-immortal jellyfish. Impilo iqala njenge i-planela larva, njenganoma iyiphi enye i-hydrozoan jellyfish. Ngemuva kokwakhiwa, i-planula inamathela ku-substrate futhi ibangele a i-polypLe polyp ingakha amakoloni futhi, ngakho-ke, igugu i-asexual, ikhulula i-jellyfish encane eqala isigaba se-pelagic.
Kunezimo eziningi lapho izibungu zitholakale zizinamathisele kumagobolondo e-mollusk noma izindawo eziqinile phansi. Njengoba beqala ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, bakha okuyiqiniso ama-polyp colonies okuvela kuyo i-jellyfish encane. Ngale ndlela, isikhathi ngasinye, abantu bayakhula futhi zihlakaze kukholomu yamanzi, lapho zizalana khona ngokocansi (zikhulula ama-gamete) futhi zivale umjikelezo ngama-planulae amasha.
Nakhu kufika ukuhluka kwayo: uma i-jellyfish esencane noma endala ihlangabezana nezimo ezimbi, ukulimala, indlala noma ingcindezi, ingenza ukuguqulwa yomjikelezo wokuphila kwayo. Leyo, ihlukanisa amaseli ayo amaseli amadala ukuya esimweni esifana ne-cyst yeselula futhi ahlele kabusha izicubu zawo ukuze akhe iseli elisha. i-polyp ukusebenza. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukwehlukaUma isesimweni se-polyp, ingakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha i-jellyfish entsha, ngofuzo efana neyokuqala.
Le loop ingaphinda izikhathi eziningi futhi, ngokungafani nezinye i-jellyfish ezilahlekelwa amandla okubuyela emuva ngemva kokuvuthwa ngokocansi, T. dohrnii ingakwenza lokho ngisho nangemva kokukhiqiza kabusha. Yingakho sikhuluma ngakho ukungafi kwezinto eziphilayo. Akusho ukuthi usengozini: inhlanzi, i-crustacean, noma i-anemone ingase iyishwabadele, noma ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kungase kuyivimbele ekuqedeni ukuhlehla ngempumelelo.
Ezingeni lamangqamuzana, ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa nezinhlobo ezihlobene eduze lubonisa lokho T. dohrnii ukwethula a izakhi zofuzo namaphethini enkulumo avuna i- Ukuvikelwa nokulungiswa kwe-DNA, ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwe ingcindezi oxidative, kanye nezindlela ezisiza ukugcina ubuqotho be ama-telomeresUmehluko ubuye wabonwa ezakhini zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuphindaphindeni nasekulawuleni izindlela ze-pluripotency zamaselula, njengokumelwa okukhulu kwezici ezithile zokuhlukanisa, okuhlanganisa namakhophi engeziwe ezakhi zofuzo zohlobo lwe-GLI ezihilelekile ekuhleleni kabusha ama-stem cell. i-genetic synergy isekela ipulasitiki yayo eyingqayizivele.
Ukuphefumula
Abantu abaningi bayangabaza ukuthi lezi zilwane ziphefumula kanjani. Njengoba bengenaso isitho esithile sokuphefumula, lokhu kungabaza kuhlupha abaningi. Isisu sabo singasibona kuphela ngesikhumba sabo esisobala. Nokho, asikwazi ukubona amathambo, amaphaphu, nanoma yiziphi izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi jellyfish baphefumula ngokusakaza kuzo zonke izindawo zomzimba wayo.
Njengezinye izilwane ezilula nezinto eziphilayo ezifana izipanji zasolwandle, ukushintshanisa amagesi ne i-oxygen encibilikile emanzini sibonga umsebenzi wamaseli ayo. Le nqubo yenziwa ngaphandle kwezitho ezikhethekile ngoba yayo i-surface-to-volume ratio Iphezulu kakhulu futhi i-metabolism yayo iphansi, okwenza kube lula ukushintshaniswa kwegesi.
Noma kuvame ukuba ne-oxygen eyanele emanzini yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, akukho ukuhlanganisa okukhulu okubonwayo zalezi jellyfish, phakathi kwezinye izizathu ngoba zizodla umoya-mpilo otholakala ongqimbeni lwemvelo oluyizungezile. Uma zinqwabelana ngokweqile, zizovame ukuqhubekela phambili izindawo eziningi ezinomoya-mpilo, njengoba zihlangene zinganciphisa umoya-mpilo futhi zandise isikhutha endaweni.
Ukudla nezilwane ezidla ezinye
Ngamamilimitha ambalwa nje ububanzi, T. dohrnii kuwumusa esidla inyama edla kakhulu i-zooplankton: ama-copepod, izibungu ze-crustacean, amaqanda kanye nenyamazane encane eyibamba ngamathente ayo ahlabayo. Lokhu kuziphatha kunomthelela ibhalansi ye-trophic i-pelagic ecosystems.
Abazingelayo bahlanganisa inhlanzi ama-planktivores, amancane crustaceans y anemones. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kwedumela layo lokungafi, lithatha indawo emaphakathi ochungechungeni lokudla futhi liyingxenye ebalulekile yokugeleza kwamandla olwandle.
Izinsongo ezinkulu
Nakuba kuyi-jellyfish engafi ngokwemibandela yebhayoloji, iphinde ibhekane nezinsongo ezingayicekela phansi. Indlela yokuhlehlisa inqubo ku-polyp isebenza kuphela uma i- ulaka noma ukucindezeleka kuyakudinga. Uma kunamathuba amaningi okuthi udliwe, ingaqala ukwehluka ibheke esimweni sobusha esivuselelwe lapho amaseli ayo aphinde ahlele khona ukuze akhe i-polyp entsha, lapho kuyomila khona i-jellyfish efana neyokuqala.
Ngaphezu kokudlwengulwa, izici ezifana ukungcola, iziqephu ze i-hypoxia, ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa noma ukuba khona kwamagciwane kungavimbela noma kuvimbele ukuhlehla. Ukungafi kwebhayoloji akuphelele: uma umonakalo mkhulu noma indawo ezungezile ingavumeli ukuthi izigaba zokuhlela kabusha ziphele, inqubo ingase yehluleke. Ukuntuleka kokudla nakho kunciphisa ukusinda kwayo. ukugcinwa y reproducción.
Ukubaluleka kwesayensi nalokho elikuvezayo ngokuguga
Ukuhluka kwe T. dohrnii ihehe abacwaningi abavela emhlabeni wonke ngoba inikeza imodeli yemvelo yokufunda ukuvuselelwa futhi i ukuhlela kabusha iseliIkakhulukazi, ikhono layo lokubuyela esimweni somuntu omdala osebenzayo ukuya ku-polyp livumele ukuhlonza izindlela zamangqamuzana kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuvikeleni i-genome, ukulungiswa kwe-DNA, ukulawula ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, nokugcinwa kwe-telomere.
Izifundo zokuqhathanisa nesihlobo esiseduze, I-Turritopsis rubra (engabuyi ngemva kokukhiqiza kabusha), babonise ukuthi i-immortal jellyfish inamakhophi amaningi ofuzo ahlobene ukulungisa nokuzinza ye-genome kanye izindlela ze-pluripotency iselula. Izakhi zofuzo eziguqula i- ingcindezi oxidative kanye nokuqina kwamaselula. Kososayensi, okungavamile akulona uhlobo olulodwa lomlingo, kodwa inhlanganisela yezinguquko ukusebenza ngendlela ebumbene.
Ingabe lokhu kuyayisebenzela impilo yomuntu? Impendulo eqotho ukuthi sisekude nakho. i-extrapolate Lezi zinqubo zithinta abantu. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda ukuthi isilwane sigwema kanjani ukulimala okwandayo futhi sigcine ubuqotho beselula kungakhuthaza impumelelo imithi regenerativa nasekuvimbeleni noma ekubambezeleni ukuwohloka okuhambisana nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative. Kuyasiza futhi ukuchaza umehluko phakathi impilo ende (ukuphila iminyaka eminingi nokuwohloka okuthile) kanye ukungafi kwezinto eziphilayo (gwema ukuguga ekugcineni ngokuqalisa kabusha umjikelezo).
Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi akusona kuphela isidalwa esinamandla okuvuselela: i i-hydras Izinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile zingakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha unomphela, futhi ezinye izilwane ezinjengezinhlanzi noma ama-salamanders zilungisa izitho noma izitho. Nokho, T. dohrnii Ihlukile ngoba ibuyela esigabeni sobusha kaninginingi, ngisho nangemva kokuzala, okuyibeka esimweni esibi kakhulu. ipulasitiki ebalulekile.
I-immortal jellyfish ihlanganisa usayizi omncane, i-anatomy elula, nemishini esebenza kahle yamangqamuzana ukuze igcine amangqamuzana ayo eguquguquka. Le nhlanganisela, kanye nomjikelezo wayo wokuphila we-polyp-jellyfish embili, iyivumela ukuba ikwazi ukumelana nokuguga ngendlela eheha isayensi futhi yandise ukuqonda kwethu indlela ukuphila okungachuma ngayo. kabusha lapho imvelo iba nobutha.