Namuhla sihambela olwandle nasolwandle ukuchaza ngokugcwele esinye sezilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla ezifuna ukwazi. Okuhlobene ne-jellyfish kanye nokuhlukaniswa komphetho ofanayo, sikhuluma ngakho i-anemone. Ingokwesigaba sama-Anthozoans futhi yabelana nge-ecosystem namakhorali. Ngokungafani ne-jellyfish evamile, i-anemone Inesigaba se-polyp kuphela futhi ziyizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Igama labo lesayensi ngu Umlingisi.
Ngabe ufuna ukwazi yonke imininingwane ye- biology kanye nendlela yokuphila zalolu hlobo? Qhubeka ufunda nje.
Izici nokuchazwa kwe-anemone
Lezi zilwane ezingenamgogodla Zine-radial symmetry kanye nomzimba we-cylindricalZivamise ukuboshelwa endaweni engaphansi komhlaba oyisihlabathi noma onamadwala. Bangakwazi futhi ukunamathela kumagobolondo ezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Babambelela phezulu ngenxa yesakhiwo esaziwa ngokuthi i-pedal disc, esebenza njengenkomishi yokumunca futhi iphinde ivumele ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane lapho izimo zikudinga.
Enye yezimpawu zayo ezinkulu ukuthi Banomgodi owodwa kuphela ukushintshana nemvelo. Okusho ukuthi, umlomo usebenza kokubili ukumunca nokukhipha imfucuza. Le orifice itholakala engxenyeni engenhla, ku- idiski yomlomo, futhi lizungezwe amatende ahlelwe ngamasongo agxilile angahlehliswa ngokuphelele uma isilwane sizizwa sisongelwa.
Nakuba bengenazo izitho zangaphakathi ezihlukene, ingxenye ephakathi yomzimba igcina a i-gastrovascular cavity lapho ukugaya, ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhi, kanye nokushintshisana kwegesi kwenzeka. Umlomo uqhubeka neshubhu langaphakathi elibizwa ngokuthi i-actinopharynx, okungenzeka libe nelilodwa noma amabili ama-siphonoglyphs (ama-ciliated canals) asiza ukugcina ukujikeleza kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwendawo lapho umlomo uvaliwe.
I-gastrovascular cavity ihlukaniswe ngezigaba septa noma mesenteries ihlelwe nge-radially. Emaphethelweni azo amahhala, anemicu ye-mesenteric enamaseli ahlabayo anomthelela ekugayekeni kokudla. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, lawa ma-septa ayalenga ama-acontios, izintambo ezilayishwe ama-nematocysts ezingakhishwa ngomlomo noma ngezimbotshana ezincane odongeni (ama-cinclids) ngomsebenzi wokuzivikela.
Ngokuqondene nosayizi, ama-anemone amaningi anawo ububanzi obuphelele bungaba ngaphezu kwama-20-30 cm lapho amathentekele enwetshiwe, nakuba "i-calyx" noma ikholomu ingaba ngamasentimitha ambalwa ubude. Abanye, njengokuthi I-Anemonia viridis, yeqa i 200 ithente, enamakholomu angaba ngu-8–10 cm ubude namatende amade kakhulu akwazi ukufinyelela amasentimitha amaningana engeziwe.
Isimiso sayo sezinzwa silula, ngendlela ye inethiwekhi yama-neurons Ngaphandle kwesikhungo sokulawula, kodwa okwanele ukuxhumanisa ukufinyela kwemisipha, ukubanjwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo, kanye nezimpendulo ezisheshayo ku-stimu. I-musculature yomgogodla kanye ne-basal disc ibavumela ukuba bavume ngokuphawulekayo futhi bafihle ngokuphelele amatende abo.
Ubuthi bokulunywa
Njengezihlobo zayo i-jellyfish, i-anemone inazo ama-cnidocytes (amaseli ahlabayo) atholakala ikakhulukazi kumatende. Lawa maseli ahlala nama-nematocysts ama-neurotoxin Esebenza ngokushesha, ekwazi ukuvimba inyamazane ngokuxhumana okulula. Kwesinye isizukulwane, i-acontia okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla iqinisa ukuzivikela ngokukhishwa njengemicu ehlabayo.
Lo mshini usebenza ku zivikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye futhi futhi nge bamba ukudlaKubantu abaningi, ukuluma kubangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba okumaphakathi kuya komaphakathi, nakuba kungase kukhathaze ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibucayi (njengamehlo). Ezinye izinhlobo zikhiqiza ukusabela okunamandla, ngakho ukuxhumana okuqondile kufanele kugwenywe.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Njengoba ama-anemones eyizilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinozalo lwasendulo, Bazivumelanise nezimo eziningi. Atholakala cishe kuzo zonke izilwandle nezilwandle zomhlaba. Nakuba zivela emanzini abandayo, ajulile, ukuhlukahluka kwazo okukhulu nokuchichima kwazo kugxile kuwo izindawo ezipholile nezishisayo, lapho ukukhanya nokutholakala kokudla kuphezulu.
Ngokuqondene nendawo yokuhlala, ziyizinto eziphilayo i-benthic ezihlala zibambelele phansi. Kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala phakathi kwamagagasi ezimelana nokuchayeka komoya phakathi namagagasi aphansi, ezinye ziyachuma kuzo izindawo ezingajulile futhi uzolile ngamatshe angaphansi akhanyayo, futhi amaningana abonisa ukubekezelela amanzi axubile noma ngezinto ezimisiwe. Akukho ukushoda kwalabo abakoloni utshani basolwandle (njenge I-Cymodocea o I-Posidonia) noma amagobolondo ahlala izinkalankala.
Ngemva kokuzinza, i-anemone Ifakwe ku-substrate nge-pedal disc futhi ingahlala endaweni efanayo isikhathi eside. Uma izimo zishintsha (ukukhanya, inzika, imisinga, noma ukuncintisana), ezinye ziyahlukana futhi zinyakaze kancane ngokufinyezwa kwezinyawo noma ngisho nangokuzivumela ukuba zithwalwe amanzi ziziyise endaweni evumayo.
Imvamisa babelana ngendawo yokuhlala namanye ama-anthozoan Izixhobo zamakhorali, lapho ubudlelwano babo ne-symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) bukhulisa amandla abo okukhipha nge-photosynthesis. Zihlala nezinhlanzi nama-crustacean afuna isiphephelo phakathi kwamathente awo, akha imiphakathi enamandla kakhulu.
Ukudla
Iningi lokudla lisekelwe bamba inyamazane ephilayo ngamatende: ama-crustaceans amancane (ama-copepods, ama-amphipod), ama-molluscs (njengezimbaza ezincane) kanye gazinga de peces, kanye namanye ama-cnidarian amakhulu noma i-zooplankton ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngemuva kokubanjwa, amatende athwala ukudla akuyise emlonyeni futhi, ngaphakathi kwe-gastrovascular cavity, ama-enzyme wokugaya phula izicubu.
Izinhlobo eziningi zibamba i-zooxanthellae Ezicubu zabo, ama-algae angama-unicellular okuthi, ngenxa yokukhanya, akhiqize ushukela, ama-lipids nomoya-mpilo, okunikeza inani elibalulekile lamandla ku-anemone. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-algae chitha izakhamzimba ekhiqizwa isilwane (i-nitrogen encishisiwe ne-phosphorus, i-CO2) kanye nendawo evikelekile.
Umsebenzi Trophic kungaba amahora amaningi kunasemini ezinhlotsheni ze-photosymbiotic (ngokwandisa amatende azo isikhathi eside) futhi athonywe kakhulu ukutholakala kwezilwane ezizingelayo kulezo ezingafukameli ulwelwe. Lokhu kuziphatha okuguquguqukayo kuchaza impumelelo yakho ezindaweni eziningi ezinokwehlukahlukana kwe-turbidity, imisinga, noma okokufaka kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuzala
Ama-anemones akhiqiza ku-a ucansi y ubulili. Phakathi kwezinqubo ze-asexual, eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi: i-longitudinal fission (umuntu uhlukaniswe kabili) kanye i-pedal laceration, lapho izingcezu ze-basal disc ziveza ama-polyp amasha lapho isilwane sinyakaza. Kwezinye izimo, ukuhluma kwangaphakathi kwenzeka, ukukhulula ama-polyps amancane ngomlomo.
Ukuzalana ngokocansi kuyehluka kuye ngezinhlobo. Kukhona anemone nge ubulili obuhlukene nabanye ama-hermaphroditesAma-gonads akhiwa ezindongeni ze-septa futhi akhulule ama-gametes awo emanzini ngomlomo, lapho i- ukukhulelwa kwangaphandleUmbungu owumphumela ukhiqiza a i-planela larva umbhukudi ohlala isikhashana ku-plankton bese ehlala endaweni engaphansi efanele ukuze aguquke abe i-polyp.
Ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa ezinamasu we i-viviparity, ngokukhula kwangaphakathi kwemibungu. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokuzala sivunyelaniswa nezikhathi ze amazinga okushisa avumayo kanye nokutholakala okukhulu kokudla, okwandisa amathuba okusinda kwezibungu.
Izinhlobo nokuhlukaniswa okufushane kwama-anemone olwandle
Ngaphakathi kwe-Anthozoa kungahlukaniswa imigqa emibili emikhulu: Octocorallia (ama-gorgonian, amapeni olwandle, amakholoni kanye namathentekele ayisishiyagalombili) kanye I-Hexacorallia, okuhlanganisa ama- anemone namakhorali aqinile. Ama-anemones ayingxenye ye-oda Umlingisi futhi abonakala ngama-polyp ajwayele ukuhlala awodwa, angenawo uhlaka lwe-calcareous kanye namathentekele angama-filiform enanini lezi-6 noma iziphindaphinda eziyisithupha.
Ezinye izibonelo ezijwayelekile zogu olupholile zihlanganisa I-Actinia equina ("utamatisi wasolwandle" odumile, obomvu ojulile ngombala futhi okwazi ukuhoxisa ngokuphelele amatende awo) futhi I-Anemonia viridis, ngamathoni aluhlaza okotshani-nsundu noma aluhlaza ngokugqamile ngenxa ye i-zooxanthellae izicubu zayo kanye namathiphu ithentacle ngokuvamile violet. Nabo bayavela I-Aiptasia mutabilis, I-Actinothoe sphyrodeta kanye nama-corallimorphs amangalisayo (I-Corynactis), okuthi nakuba kungewona ama-anemone eqiniso, abukeka ngendlela efanayo futhi engenawo uhlaka lwamathambo oluqinile.
Kunezinhlobo ezisungula ubudlelwane nezinkalankala ze-hermit, njenge I-Calliactis parasitica, enamathiselwe egobolondweni layo futhi iyasuswa lapho i-hermit ishintsha "indawo yokuhlala", noma I-Adamsia carciniopados, ekwazi ukufihla a ukwanda kwe-chitinous okwandisa umthamo wegobolondo futhi andise ukusetshenziswa kwalo yinkalankala.
Ubudlelwano be-Symbiotic nezinye izinhlangano
Enye yama-mutualisms awaziwa kakhulu yileyo ye-anemones ne i-clownfish nezimfanzi ezithile. Lezi zilwane ziye zakha amasu oku ukubekezelela nematocystsEndabeni ye-clownfish, ungqimba oluthile kakhulu lwamafinyila luvala izikali zabo; ezinye izimfanzi ziyakwazi "ukujwayelana" ngokuhlikihla imizimba yazo emafinyini e-anemone kuze kube yilapho sezikwazi ukumisa ukuphuma okuhlabayo.
Izinzuzo ziyafana: i-clownfish ithola isivikelo nokudla (izinsalela ezingagayeki), kuyilapho i-anemone ithola ukuhlanza i-parasite kanye nezakhamzimba ezivela endle yenhlanzi. Ama-shrimp athile asiza ukuvikela i-anemone ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye njengezikelemu noma ama-nudibranchs athile.
Ubudlelwano ne i-zooxanthellae yangaphakathi ibalulekile ngokulinganayo kuma-anemone amaningi. I-algae inikeza ama-organic compounds kanye ne-oxygen etholakala ku- i-photosynthesis, futhi i- anemone ibanikeza indawo ezinzile, enomsoco. Eziweni, le symbiosis inomthelela omkhulu ku- ukukhiqizwa okuyinhloko ye-ecosystem.
Izinhlangano nazo zibhekwa nezinhlanzi ezifana Gobius bucchichii o I-Chromis chromis, ama-decapods ohlobo I-Periclimenes nezicabucabu zasolwandle (Maja crispata), ezithola isiphephelo phakathi kwamathente. Ezidlelweni zotshani basolwandle, ama-anemone amancane afana I-Bunodeopsis strumosa Bangaphila emaqabunga (impilo ye-epiphytic) futhi bakhe ukugxila kwesizini okuhambisana nobuningi bezingane de peces kanye nama-crustaceans.
Ukuhlaba: Yini okufanele uyenze uma i-anemone ikuhlaba
Ezimweni eziningi, ukusabela kusendaweni futhi kuyazikhawulela, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha. Ngokuvamile, kunconywa susa izinsalela zamatende ebonakalayo ngama-tweezers noma ikhadi eliqinile, cacisa indawo nge amanzi olwandle (gwema amanzi ahlanzekile akhuphula ukuphuma kwe-nematocysts) futhi ungahlikihli. Ukuze ukhulule ukungakhululeki, ungafaka isicelo i-ammonia ehlanjululwe noma utshwala futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukhilimu ofanelekayo we-topical. Uma uzwa ubuhlungu obunzima, ukubandakanyeka kweso, noma ukusabela okuhlelekile, kubalulekile ukubonisana nochwepheshe bezempilo.
Isimo sokongiwa, ama-aquariums kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabantu
Lezi zilwane ziye zazuza ukuthandwa njenge izakhi zokuhlobisa ezindaweni zasemanzini. Ngakho-ke, ukuthunjwa ngokungakhethi kuye kwanda kwezinye izifunda, kubeke engcupheni abantu bendawo. Ngokufanelekile, khetha izibonelo ukuzalanisa okuthunjiweyo noma ngezinhlobo ezivamile ezingakhishwa endaweni yemvelo, ngaphezu kokudala kabusha izimo ezinzile zokukhanya, ukugeleza kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngezibonelo ezinosayizi omaphakathi, ithangi le 50 amalitha noma ngaphezulu, ukungena komoya okuhle kanye namazinga anele osawoti kanye nezinga lokushisa.
Kwezinye izindawo, amanye ama-anemone abizwa izimbabazane zasolwandle futhi zidliwe ngemuva kokulungiswa okukhethekile kokupheka. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okwendawo futhi akusebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, ngakho-ke kufanele kwenziwe ngolwazi nangokuhambisana nemithetho yokuvuna kanye nezokuphepha kokudla.
Izinsongo ezifanele kakhulu zihlanganisa ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo ogwini (ukungcola, ukwakhiwa, ukucwiliswa kwenhlabathi ngokweqile), amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo kanye nemicimbi mhlophe okuhambisana nokulahleka kwe-zooxanthellae, kanye nokukhipha okuqondile. Nakuba izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zingabalwa njengezisengozini emhlabeni wonke, kubalulekile ukuzithuthukisa iqoqo elinomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezibucayi njengezixhobo zamatshe kanye notshani basolwandle.
Ama-anemones olwandle ahlanganisa ubulula besakhiwo kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bemvelo: a i-polyp ngaphandle kwamathambo elizingela ngobuthi, lidale imifelandawonye ye-symbiotic enenani eliphezulu futhi likhule lisuka endaweni ephakathi kwamagagasi kuya ekujuleni. Ukuqonda i-morphology yayo, yayo i-trophic versatility, imijikelezo yabo yokuzala kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwabo nezinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans kanye nolwelwe kusivumela ukuba sazise ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kweqembu futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, siqondise izindlela ezingcono zokubheka, ukuphathwa nokugcinwa kwe-aquarium endaweni yazo yemvelo.