Namuhla siya olwandle nasolwandle ukuze sichaze ngokuningiliziwe esinye sezilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla ezithakazelisa kakhulu. Ngokuphathelene ne-jellyfish futhi siyingxenye ye-phylum efanayo, sikhuluma nge -anemone . Ingeyesigaba se-Anthozoa futhi yabelana ngemvelo yayo namakhorali. Ngokungafani ne-jellyfish evamile, ama-anemone anesigaba se-polyp kuphela futhi ayizilwane ezizimele. Igama lawo lesayensi yi -Actiniaria.
Ufuna ukufunda konke ngebhayoloji nendlela yokuphila yalolu hlobo? Qhubeka ufunda nje
Izici nokuchazwa kwe-anemone
Lezi zilwane ezingenamgogodla zine-radial symmetry kanye nomzimba oyisilinda . Ngokuvamile zitholakala zinamathele phansi kolwandle olunesihlabathi noma olunamatshe. Zingazinamathisela nasezingotsheni zezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla. Zinamathela ebusweni ngenxa yesakhiwo esaziwa ngokuthi i- pedal disc , esisebenza njengendebe yokumunca futhi sivumela ukuhamba kancane lapho izimo zidinga lokho.
Esinye sezici zabo eziyingqayizivele ukuthi banesikhala esisodwa kuphela sokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile. Ngamanye amazwi, umlomo usebenza kokubili ekugwinyeni nasekukhipheni imfucuza. Lesi sikhala sitholakala engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba, kudiski yomlomo , futhi sizungezwe yizimpondo ezihlelwe ngamasongo aqinile angahoxiswa ngokuphelele uma isilwane sizizwa sisongelwa.
Nakuba zingenazo izitho zangaphakathi ezihlukene, ingxenye ephakathi yomzimba iqukethe umgodi wesisu lapho ukugaya, ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhamzimba, kanye nokushintshana kwegesi kwenzeka khona. Umlomo uyaqhubeka ungene epayipini langaphakathi elibizwa ngokuthi i-actinopharynx, elingaba ne -siphonoglyphs eyodwa noma ezimbili (imisele ye-ciliated) ezisiza ukugcina ukujikeleza kwamanzi ngaphakathi komgodi lapho umlomo uvaliwe.
Umgodi wesisu uhlukaniswe yi -septa noma i-mesenteries ehlelwe ngemisebe . Imiphetho yawo ekhululekile inemicu ye-mesenteric enamaseli ahlabayo asiza ekugayeni ukudla. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, i-acontia , imicu egcwele ama-nematocyst, ilenga kulezi zinhlayiya futhi ingakhishwa ngomlomo noma ngemihubhe emincane odongeni (ama-cinclides) ngezinjongo zokuzivikela.
Ngokuphathelene nobukhulu, ama-anemones amaningi anobubanzi obuphelele obungadlula ama-20-30 cm lapho ama-tentacles enwetshiwe, yize "i-calyx" noma ikholomu ingaba amasentimitha ambalwa kuphela ubude. Amanye, njenge- Anemonia viridis , ane-tentacles ezingaphezu kuka- 200 , anamakholomu angaba ngu-8-10 cm ukuphakama kanye nama-tentacles amade kakhulu akwazi ukufinyelela amasentimitha amaningana engeziwe.
Uhlelo lwabo lwezinzwa lulula, luyinethiwekhi yama-neurons angenawo indawo yokulawula ephakathi, kodwa lwanele ukuhlanganisa ukufinyela kwemisipha, ukubanjwa kwezilwane ezidlayo, kanye nokusabela okusheshayo ezintweni ezishukumisayo. Imisipha yomgogodla wabo kanye ne-basal disc ibavumela ukuba bafinyele ngokuphawulekayo nangokuphelele ama-tentacles abo.
Ubuthi bokulunywa
Njengezihlobo zazo ze-jellyfish, ama-anemone anama -cnidocyte (amangqamuzana ahlabayo) atholakala kakhulu ezintendeni zawo. Lawa maseli aqukethe ama-nematocyst ane - neurotoxin esebenza ngokushesha ekwazi ukuvimba isisulu lapho sithintana. Kwezinye izinhlobo, i-acontia eshiwo ngenhla iqinisa ukuzivikela ngokuxoshwa njengemicu ehlabayo.
Le ndlela isebenza ukuvikela ezitheni kanye nokubamba ukudla . Kwabaningi abantu, ukuhlaba kubangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba okuncane kuya kokuphakathi, yize ezindaweni ezibucayi (noma emehlweni) kungaba yinkinga enkulu. Ezinye izinhlobo ziveza ukusabela okukhulu, ngakho-ke kungcono ukugwema ukuthintana ngqo.
Indawo nendawo okusatshalaliswa kuyo
Njengoba ama-anemone ezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinozalo lwasendulo, azivumelanise nezimo eziningi . Atholakala cishe kuzo zonke izilwandle nezilwandle zomhlaba. Nakuba etholakala emanzini abandayo, ajulile, ukuhlukahluka kwawo okukhulu kanye nobuningi bawo kugxile ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile nezishisayo , lapho ukukhanya nokudla kutholakala khona kakhulu.
Ngokuphathelene nendawo yazo yokuhlala, ziyizinto eziphilayo ezihlala phansi kolwandle ezihlala phansi kolwandle. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala phakathi kwamaza zingamelana nokuchayeka emoyeni ngesikhathi sokuwa kwamaza aphansi, ezinye zikhula kahle ezindaweni ezingajulile, ezizolile ezinamatshe akhanyiswe yilanga, kanti eziningana zibekezelela amanzi angcolile noma amanzi anezinto ezilengayo. Kukhona futhi lezo ezihlala ezindaweni eziluhlaza olwandle (njengeCymodocea noma iPosidonia ) noma amagobolondo ahlala izinkalankala zasemakhaya.
Ngemva kokuhlala, i-anemone izinamathisela ku-substrate nge-pedal disc yayo futhi ingahlala endaweni efanayo isikhathi eside. Uma izimo zishintsha (ukukhanya, inhlabathi, imisinga, noma ukuncintisana), ezinye ziyahlukana futhi zihambe kancane ngokuncisha i-pedal disc yazo noma ngisho nokukhukhuleka nomsinga ziye endaweni efanelekile.
Zivame ukwabelana ngezindawo zokuhlala nezinye izilwane ezihlala emanzini asolwandle , lapho ubuhlobo bazo ne-symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) buthuthukisa khona ukukhiqizwa kwazo kwamandla nge-photosynthesis. Ziphinde zihlale ndawonye nezinhlanzi nezilwane ezihlala emanzini asolwandle ezifuna indawo yokukhosela phakathi kwezinhlanzi zazo, zakha imiphakathi enamandla kakhulu.
Ukudla
Iningi lokudla lisekelwe bamba inyamazane ephilayo ngamatende: ama-crustaceans amancane (ama-copepods, ama-amphipod), ama-molluscs (njengezimbaza ezincane) kanye gazinga de peces, kanye namanye ama-cnidarian amakhulu noma i-zooplankton ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngemuva kokubanjwa, amatende athwala ukudla akuyise emlonyeni futhi, ngaphakathi kwe-gastrovascular cavity, ama-enzyme wokugaya phula izicubu.
Izinhlobo eziningi zine -zooxanthellae ezicutshini zazo, ulwelwe oluneseli elilodwa, ngenxa yokukhanya, olukhiqiza ushukela, amafutha, nomoya-mpilo, okuhlinzeka ngengxenye enkulu yamandla e-anemone. Ngenxa yalokho, ulwelwe lusebenzisa izakhamzimba ezilahliwe ezikhiqizwa yisilwane (i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus encishisiwe, i-CO2 ) kanye nendawo evikelwe.
Umsebenzi we-trophic ungaba mkhulu ngesikhathi sasemini ezinhlotsheni ze-photosymbiotic (njengoba zandisa ama-tentacles azo isikhathi eside) futhi zibonakale kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezingagcini ulwelwe. Lokhu kuziphatha okuguquguqukayo kuchaza impumelelo yazo ezindaweni eziningi ezinokwehluka kokungcola, imisinga, noma ukufakwa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuzala
Ama-Anemones azalana kokubili ngokungahambisani nobulili kanye nangokobulili . Phakathi kwezindlela ezingahambisani nobulili , ukuhlukana okude (umuntu ngamunye uhlukana kabili) kanye nokusikwa kwe-pedal kuvelele , lapho izingcezu ze-basal disc ziveza ama-polyp amasha lapho isilwane sinyakaza. Kwezinye izimo, kuvela ukuhluma kwangaphakathi, okukhipha ama-polyp amancane ngomlomo.
Ukuzala ngokocansi kuyahlukahluka ngokwezinhlobo. Amanye ama-anemones anobulili obuhlukile , kanti amanye angama-hermaphroditic . Ama-gonad akhula ezindongeni ze-septal futhi akhiphe ama-gametes awo emanzini ngomlomo, lapho kwenzeka khona ukukhulelwa kwangaphandle . Umbungu ophumayo ukhula ube yi- larva ye-planula ebhukuda ngokukhululekile ehlala ku-plankton isikhashana ngaphambi kokuhlala endaweni efanele ukuze iguquke ibe yi-polyp.
Amasu okuvikela izinambuzane , kanye nokukhula kwangaphakathi kwe-embryonic, abhalwe phansi ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa kuphela. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokuzala sihambisana nezinkathi zokushisa okuhle kanye nokutholakala kokudla okukhulu, okwandisa izinga lokusinda kwama-larval.
Izinhlobo nokuhlukaniswa okufushane kwama-anemone olwandle
Ngaphakathi kwe-Anthozoa, kunemigqa emibili eyinhloko ehlukaniswayo: i-Octocorallia (ama-gorgonian, ama-sea pens, ama-coral coral anezimpondo eziyisishiyagalombili ze-pinnate) kanye ne -Hexacorallia , ehlanganisa ama-anemones nama-hard coral. Ama-Anemones angaphansi kwe-oda le -Actiniaria futhi abonakala ngama-polyps azimele, angenalo uhlaka lwe-calcareous, futhi anezimpondo ezifana nentambo ngenani eliyisithupha noma eliphindaphindayo eliyisithupha.
Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile ezivela ogwini olufudumele zifaka phakathi i-Actinia equina ("utamatisi wolwandle" odumile, onombala obomvu okhanyayo futhi okwazi ukuhoxisa ngokuphelele ama-tentacles awo) kanye ne -Anemonia viridis , enemibala yayo eluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu-oluhlaza ngenxa ye- zooxanthellae ezicutshini zayo kanye nezihloko ze-tentacular ezivame ukuba nsomi. Kukhona futhi i-Aiptasia mutabilis , i-Actinothoe sphyrodeta , kanye ne-corallimorphs emangalisayo ( i-Corynactis ), ezibonakala ngendlela efanayo nakuba zingewona ama-anemones angempela, zinokubukeka okufanayo futhi azinawo uhlaka oluqinile.
Kunezinhlobo ezisungula ubudlelwano nezinkalankala zasemakhaya, njengeCalliactis parasitica , ezinamathela emagobolondweni azo futhi zithuthwe lapho inkalankala yasemakhaya ishintsha "ikhaya," noma i-Adamsia carciniopados , ekwazi ukukhipha ukwanda kwe-chitinous okwandisa umthamo wegobolondo futhi kwandise ukusetshenziswa kwayo yinkalankala.
Ubudlelwano be-Symbiotic nezinye izinhlangano
Enye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zobudlelwano phakathi kwama-anemone, ama-clownfish , kanye nama-shrimp athile. Lezi zilwane zithuthukise amasu okubekezelela ama-nematocyst : endabeni ye-clownfish, ungqimba oluthile lwe-mucus lumboza amaqabunga ayo; amanye ama-shrimp ayakwazi "ukuzivumelanisa" ngokuzihlikihla emizimbeni yawo kuma-mucus e-anemone aze agweme ukuphuma kwawo okuhlabayo.
Izinzuzo ziyavumelana: i-clownfish ithola isivikelo nokudla (izinsalela ezingagayeki), kuyilapho i-anemone ithola ukususwa kwezinambuzane kanye nezakhamzimba endle yenhlanzi. Izinhlanzi ezithile ziyasiza ekuvikeleni i-anemone ezitheni ezifana nezikelemu zomlilo noma ezinye izinambuzane ezidla ezinye.
Ubudlelwano ne -zooxanthellae yangaphakathi bubaluleke ngokulinganayo kuma-anemone amaningi. Ulwelwe luhlinzeka ngamakhemikhali e-organic kanye nomoya-mpilo otholakala ku -photosynthesis , kanti i-anemone izinikeza indawo ezinzile, ecebile ngezakhamzimba. Ezindaweni ezimanzi, lokhu kubambisana kunegalelo elikhulu ekukhiqizweni okuyinhloko kwe-ecosystem.
Izinhlangano nazo zibhekwa nezinhlanzi ezifana Gobius bucchichii o I-Chromis chromis, ama-decapods ohlobo I-Periclimenes nezicabucabu zasolwandle (Maja crispata), ezithola isiphephelo phakathi kwamathente. Ezidlelweni zotshani basolwandle, ama-anemone amancane afana I-Bunodeopsis strumosa Bangaphila emaqabunga (impilo ye-epiphytic) futhi bakhe ukugxila kwesizini okuhambisana nobuningi bezingane de peces kanye nama-crustaceans.
Ukuhlaba: Yini okufanele uyenze uma i-anemone ikuhlaba
Ezimweni eziningi, ukusabela kusendaweni futhi kuyazikhawulela, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha. Ngokuvamile, kunconywa ukususa noma yiziphi izingcezu ze-tentacle ezibonakalayo ngama-tweezers noma ikhadi eliqinile, ugeze indawo ngamanzi olwandle (gwema amanzi ahlanzekile, okwandisa ukuphuma kwama-nematocysts), futhi ungagcobi. Ukuze unciphise ukungakhululeki, i-ammonia exutshwe noma utshwala ingasetshenziswa , futhi uma kudingeka, ukhilimu ofanele we-topical. Uma ubuhlungu obukhulu, ukubandakanyeka kwamehlo, noma ukusabela komzimba, kubalulekile ukubonisana nochwepheshe wezempilo.
Isimo sokongiwa, ama-aquariums kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabantu
Lezi zilwane sezithole ukuthandwa njengezinto zokuhlobisa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubanjwa ngokungakhethi kuye kwanda kwezinye izindawo, okubeka engcupheni inani labantu bendawo. Okungcono kakhulu, umuntu kufanele akhethe izinhlobo ezifuywe ezivalelwe noma izinhlobo ezivamile ezingathathwanga endle, bese ephinda avuselele izimo ezizinzile zokukhanya, ukugeleza, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi. Kuzinhlobo eziphakathi nendawo, kunconywa ithangi lamalitha angu-50 noma ngaphezulu , kanye nomoya omuhle kanye namazinga afanele kasawoti kanye nokushisa.
Kwezinye izindawo, ama-anemone athile abizwa ngokuthi "i-sea nettle" futhi adliwa ngemva kokulungiswa okuthile kokupheka. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kungokwendawo futhi akusebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo, ngakho-ke kumele kwenziwe ngolwazi nangokuhambisana nemithetho yokuvuna nokuphepha kokudla.
Izinsongo ezibaluleke kakhulu zifaka phakathi ukuwohloka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisogwini (ukungcola, ukwakhiwa, ukuchitheka ngokweqile kwenhlabathi), amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo kanye nezehlakalo zokufiphala ezihambisana nokulahlekelwa yi-zooxanthellae, kanye nokuvunwa okuqondile. Nakuba izinhlobo eziningi zingafakwanga ohlwini lwezosongelwa emhlabeni jikelele, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukuvunwa okunesibopho kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile njengemifula kanye namadlelo otshani basolwandle.
Ama-anemone olwandle ahlanganisa ubulula besakhiwo nobuchwepheshe bemvelo: i -polyp engenamathambo ezingela ngoshevu, idala ubudlelwano obubalulekile bokubambisana, futhi ihlale yonke into kusukela endaweni ephakathi kwamaza kuya emanzini ajulile. Ukuqonda isimo sawo, ukuguquguquka kwe-trophic , imijikelezo yokuzala, kanye nokuxhumana nezinhlanzi, ama-crustacean, kanye ne-algae kusenza sikwazise ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwaleli qembu futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuqondise imikhuba engcono yokubuka, ukuphathwa kwe-aquarium, kanye nokulondolozwa endaweni yazo yemvelo.