El Umkhosi wokudoba wase-ArgunguUMkhosi woMfula iMatan Fada, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNigeria, uphinde wagcwalisa umfula ngabantu ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana yokumiswa ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuphepha nengqalasizinda. Lo mcimbi, ohlanganisa ukuncintisana, amasiko, kanye nokuvezwa kwamasiko, usube ngenye yezinto ezikhangayo kakhulu kuleli zwe futhi udonsa ukunaka okwandayo eYurophu, ikakhulukazi kulabo abafuna okuhlangenwe nakho kwezokuvakasha kwangempela, okusekelwe emanzini.
Njengoba kunomlando nezimpande eziqashelwa ngokusemthethweni ezingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, okusukela emuva ku- 1934Lo mkhosi usube umcimbi ophawulekayo: uhlanganisa izinkulungwane zabadobi abahlome ngezindlela zendabuko kuphela kanye namashumi ezinkulungwane zababukeli, okuhlanganisa neziphathimandla zikazwelonke, ababukeli bendawo, kanye nezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ezinentshisekelo kulokho. Isiko laseNtshonalanga Afrika lomfula.
Umkhosi wekhulu leminyaka osebeni loMfula iMatan Fada
Inhliziyo yalesi senzakalo yi- UMfula iMatan Fada (okubizwa nangokuthi iMatan Fadan kweminye imithombo), umzila wamanzi omncane kodwa obalulekile ngokomfanekiso, ogeleza edolobhaneni lase-Argungu eSifundazweni saseKebbi. Ingxenye enkulu yonyaka, lesi sigaba somfula sihlala sivaliwe emphakathini futhi siphathwa ngaphansi kwegunya lendabuko le- USarkin Ruwa, “induna yamanzi”, enesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukulingana kwemvelo kanye nokuhlela umkhosi.
Kuphela lapho usuku lomncintiswano lufika khona lapho ukufinyelela kuvuleka ngendlela ekhethekile: izinkulungwane zabadobi abavela kulo lonke elasenyakatho yeNigeria ngisho nasemazweni angomakhelwane babuthana ogwini, belungele ukuziphonsa emanzini ngohlobo oluthile impi ehlangene yenhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonkeLo mlingiswa oyingqayizivele ungenye yezinto ezivusa ilukuluku kakhulu phakathi kwabahambi bamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa nezivakashi zaseYurophu ezinentshisekelo emicikilishweni ehlobene nokudoba ngaphakathi ezweni.
Uhlelo lwakamuva lube lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba lusho ukuthi ukuqaliswa kabusha komkhosi Ngemva kokuphumula iminyaka eyisithupha ngenxa yokungavikeleki esifundeni kanye nokuntuleka kwezimali, umkhosi wabuya. Abantu ababalelwa ku-40.000 baya endaweni yoMfula iMatan Fada ukuyohlanganyela noma ukuhalalisa besuka ogwini, naphezu kokushisa okukhulu okwafinyelela cishe kuma-degree Celsius angu-39.
Lo mkhosi uqashelwa yi- I-UNESCO njengeGugu Lamasiko AngaphathekiLokhu kuqinisa idumela layo lamazwe ngamazwe kanye nekhono layo lokuheha izivakashi zamasiko. Ukuvikelwa okungokomfanekiso kwe-UN akugcini nje ngokugqamisa uhlobo oluhle lomncintiswano, kodwa futhi nendima yomkhosi njengethuluzi lokubumbana komphakathi kanye nokulondolozwa kwendlela yokuphila exhumene namanzi.
Ukuncintisana ngokudoba ngobuningi kusetshenziswa amasu endabuko
Isikhathi esilindelwe kakhulu somkhosi ukungena okukhulu kwabadobi emfuleni. Ngaphandle kwezinduku zesimanje noma izikebhe ezinenjini, abahlanganyeli bangena emanzini besebenzisa amanetha okudoba aluka ngesandlaAma-gour amakhulu, angenalutho asebenza njengezinto zokuntanta kanye namathuluzi okubopha izinhlanzi, futhi ngisho nezandla zawo ziyasetshenziswa. Ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwezindlela zendabuko kungenye yezimpawu zalesi senzakalo.
Ngemizuzu embalwa nje, ubuso bomfula iMatan Fada bugcwele izidumbu, amanetha, nama-gourd. Abadobi bawela umfula nxazonke, becwila futhi bephuma phakathi kwesimo esixakekile kodwa esilawulwa ngokucophelela, kuyilapho besuka ogwini bezwakalisa izwi labo. izigubhu, izingoma kanye nokuhalalisa kwezinkulungwane zabantu ababekhona abalandela eduze lesi senzo.
Umthetho oyinhloko ucacile: ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esilinganiselwe, ophumelelayo yilowo obamba inhlanzi esindayo kakhulu. Kulolu hlelo lwakamuva, inkanyezi yayiyi-corvina efinyelele... 59 amakhilogremuNjengoba abanye abahlanganyeli bechaza "njengenhlanzi enkulu" yangempela ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, lokhu kubanjwa kwanele ukunikeza umdobi u-Abubakar Usman ukunqoba, owathola umklomelo wokuqala.
Owinile uthole iphakheji yomvuzo equkethe: izimoto ezimbili ezintsha, amasaka amaningana elayisi kanye nesigidi esisodwa se-naira (cishe amaRandi angu-739). Ngaphandle kwengxenye yezomnotho, ukuqashelwa komphakathi okuhambisana nokuwina umkhosi kunesisindo esibalulekile emphakathini wokudoba enyakatho yeNigeria.
Abanye abahlanganyeli nabo bathola inzuzo ebonakalayo: izinhlanzi ezibanjwe ngesikhathi somncintiswano zingathengiswa kamuva, okumelela ukukhushulwa okuqondile emnothweni wendawo futhi kuphakamisa isidingo memezela ukuthunjwaAbathengisi, amabhizinisi amancane kanye nezinsizakalo ezihlobene nezokuvakasha—indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokudlela, ezokuthutha—nabo bathola esinye sezikhathi ezimatasa kakhulu zonyaka ngesikhathi somkhosi.
Ubukhulu besiko kanye nendima ye-UNESCO
Umkhosi wokudoba wase-Argungu awusiwo nje umdlalo noma ukuhlolwa kwamakhono. Inani lawo lisekuhlolweni kwawo. umthwalo womlando namasikoIsiko libeka umsuka walesi senzakalo ngo-1934, lapho cishe iminyaka eyikhulu yokulwa phakathi kwezwe langaphambili I-Sokoto Caliphate, umbuso wamaSulumane onamandla wekhulu le-19, kanye ne-emirate yase-Argungu, eyayimelene nokukhula kwayo.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo mkhosi ubhekwa njengo uphawu lokuthula nokubuyisana phakathi kwemiphakathi emibili. I-United Nations, nge-UNESCO, igcizelela ukuthi lo mkhosi awugcini nje ngokugubha ukudoba, kodwa futhi unegalelo ekugcineni ukuzinza nokubambisana phakathi kwezakhamuzi zase-Argungu kanye nesifundazwe esingumakhelwane saseSokoto ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yamasiko ehlanganyelwe.
Ngesikhathi somkhosi, ukudoba kumane nje kuyisici esimangalisayo sohlelo olukhulu kakhulu. Imisebenzi iyahlelwa imidlalo yokulwa yendabuko, imidlalo yomculo wendawo, imidanso, kanye neminye imicimbi yamasiko Lezi zindawo zibonisa ukuhlukahluka kweNyakatho yeNigeria. Kuzivakashi zaseYurophu, lokhu kunikeza umbono oyingqayizivele wezinhlobo zokugubha ezisaphila ngaphandle kwemizila evamile yezivakashi.
Ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengeGugu Lamasiko Elingabonakali kubeke i-Argungu ebalazweni lezindawo ezihamba phambili zamasiko kochwepheshe, abezindaba, kanye nabahambi abafuna ukufunda ngamasiko ahlobene nokudoba emanzini kanye nokudoba okwenziwe ngezandla. Kodwa-ke, iziphathimandla zendawo zigcizelela ukuthi ukuvikela ukubaluleka komphakathi womkhosi kuhlala kuyinto eza kuqala, ngisho nangaphezu kwenani lezivakashi.
Izakhamuzi eziningi ziqokomisa ukuziqhenya ezikuzwayo ngokubona amasiko azo evezwa kwamanye amazwe. Kubantu abanjengo U-Aliyu MuhammaduUmdobi oneminyaka engu-63 ubudala ohlanganyela kulo mncintiswano uthi impumelelo ayilinganiswa nje kuphela ngemiklomelo, kodwa nangokukwazi ukubuyela ekhaya nezinhlanzi ukuze ondle umndeni wakhe kanye nokwaneliseka kokuqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza emkhubeni odluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Umthelela wezomnotho kanye namathuba ezokuvakasha zaseYurophu
Ngokwezomnotho, umkhosi usebenza njenge- injini yomsebenzi wesikhashana esifundazweni saseKebbi, ikakhulukazi, e-Argungu. Ngezinsuku zokugubha, ukuhamba kwangaphakathi, isidingo sendawo yokuhlala, ukusetshenziswa ezimakethe, kanye nokunikezwa kwezinsizakalo ezisizayo ezihlobene nezokuthutha kanye nezokuthutha kukhula kakhulu.
Ukuthengisa izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe eMfuleni iMatan Fada kunikeza umthombo owengeziwe wemali engenayo kubadobi bendawo nabathengisi. Lokhu kukhuliswa kakhulu umthelela ongaqondile wezivakashi, okuhlanganisa izintatheli, abathwebuli bezithombe, kanye nochwepheshe bezokuvakasha, abasiza ekukhuliseni idumela lomcimbi emhlabeni wonke.
Kwabalaleli be- ISpain neYurophuI-Argungu isivela njengendawo ekhethekile kakhulu kwezokuvakasha: abahambi asebevele bewazi amanye amazwe futhi abafuna imisebenzi yamasiko engagcwele kakhulu, noma abathanda ukudoba abafuna ukuqaphela eduze amasu endabuko ahluke kakhulu kulawo asetshenziswa ku- ukudoba ngaphakathi ezweni emifuleni yaseYurophu efana ne-Ebro, i-Danube noma i-Rhine.
Izinhlangano zokuhamba ezigxile ohambweni oluya eNtshonalanga Afrika seziqala ukufaka lo mkhosi ohambweni lwazo, ziwuhlanganisa nokuvakashela ezinye izingxenye zezwe noma isifunda. Kodwa-ke, ukungazinzi enyakatho yeNigeria kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokuqapha isimo. izincomo zokuphepha ekhishwe yiminyango yezangaphandle yaseYurophu.
Esimweni somhlaba wonke lapho impikiswano igxile endleleni yokuvumelanisa ukulondolozwa kwamasiko nentuthuko yezomnotho, umkhosi we-Argungu uvelele njengesibonelo sendlela isiko lendawo elingakhiqiza ngayo ingcebo ngaphandle kokudela ingqikithi yalo, uma nje kuhlangatshezwana nezimo zokuphepha ezincane futhi umthelela wezokuvakasha ulawulwa ngokucophelela.
Ukungavikeleki, ezombusazwe kanye nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo
Ukubuya komkhosi ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yokuphumula akunakuqondwa ngaphandle kokucabangela inkinga yokuphepha eyinkimbinkimbi edlula eNigeria, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, lesi sifunda sihlaselwe amaqembu amavukela-mbuso amaSulumane kanye namaqembu ahlomile, kanye nezinkulungwane zezisulu kanye nokuxoshwa kwabantu ngenkani.
Lezi zimo zaholela ekukhanselweni komkhosi ngo-2010, ekuqaleni ngenxa yezinkinga zengqalasizinda futhi kamuva ngenxa yokuwohloka kokuphepha. Nakuba umkhosi ubuyile isikhashana ngo-2020, waphinde wakhanselwa kwaze kwaba uhlelo lwakamuva, oluvezwe yiziphathimandla njengophawu lokubuyela esimweni esijwayelekile.
Ukuba khona kukamongameli Bola Tinabu E-Argungu, yize ifike sekwephuzile uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esihleliwe, yahunyushwa njengophawu lokusekela kwezepolitiki umkhosi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengomyalezo ngaphakathi nangaphandle: inhloso yokubonisa ukuthi izwe lingabuyisa imicimbi yalo emikhulu yamasiko ngisho nasendaweni eyingozi.
Kodwa-ke, izibalo ezibalulekile ezifana UHussein MukwasheUSarkin Ruwa, umqondisi wamanje we-Argungu, uyavuma ukuthi ukuba khona kusekude kakhulu namazinga angaphambili. Ngokusho kwakhe, “abantu bayesaba ukuza,” futhi abaningi abangaba khona abahlanganyeli kanye nezivakashi bakhetha ukungahambi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuphepha okubonakalayo, okunciphisa ikhono lomkhosi lokukhula nokuzakhela indawo yezivakashi zomhlaba wonke.
Kulesi simo, inselele yeminyaka ezayo izoba ukulinganisela ukulondolozwa kwesiko Lokhu kudinga ukuqinisa izinyathelo zokuphepha nokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda, kokubili kubantu bendawo kanye nezivakashi. Ngaphandle kwezinga elincane lokuzinza, amandla amasiko kanye nezomnotho omkhosi kuzoba nzima ukuwafeza ngokugcwele.
Ukuvela komkhosi wokudoba wase-Argungu eNigeria kufingqa ukungezwani okuningi kwamanje okuzungeze ifa lamasiko aphilayo: isiko lomfula eliguqulwe laba uphawu lokuthula, injini yezomnotho yesizini, indawo yokuvakasha eqala ukukhiqiza isithakazelo eSpain naseYurophu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umcimbi obuthakathaka, obangelwa ukungavikeleki kanye nokutholakala kwezinsiza ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
