Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, into encane etholakale ekujuleni okukhulu yadida ochwepheshe bolwandle. Ekuqaleni, yayibukeka njengento ephuma kwifilimu yesayensi: indilinga ebushelelezi, yegolide enomgodi omncane, enamathele ngokuqinile edwaleni ebumnyameni obuphelele bokujula kwalasha. Amazwi amaningi akhomba okungenzeka iqanda elingaziwa noma isiponji esingavamile, futhi kwakukhona ngisho nokuqagela ngezakhiwo ezazintsha ngokuphelele kwisayensi.
Manje, ngemva kophenyo olude nolucophelelayo, imfihlakalo isixazululiwe. Kunokuba ibe yinto engaphandle komhlaba noma uhlobo olusha lokuphila, "i-golden orb" edumile yaphenduka isisekelo esihlukanisiwe se-" i-anemone enkulu yolwandle olujulile, uhlobo oluchazwe kakade kodwa olungaziwa kangako: I-Relicanthus daphneaeLokhu kutholwa, okuholwa ososayensi abavela ku-NOAA kanye ne-Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, kugcizelela ukuthi ulwazi lwethu ngolwandle olujulile lulinganiselwe kangakanani nokuthi kungaba nzima kangakanani ukuthola ukuthi yini etholakala lapho.
Indaba iqala ehlobo lika-2023, ngesikhathi sochungechunge lwezinkambo zesayensi eGulf of Alaska ngomkhumbi wocwaningo I-Okeanos Explorer kusukela ku-NOAA. Njengengxenye yomsebenzi we-Seascape Alaska 5, abacwaningi basebenzise imoto eqhutshwa kude i-Deep Discoverer (ROV) ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-3.000, endaweni lapho ingcindezi inkulu khona, ukukhanya kwelanga kungafinyeleli khona, futhi izinga lokushisa liseduze nokubanda.
I-orb yegolide engaqondakali yavela kanjani futhi kuphi?
Ngesikhathi sokuntywila, amakhamera e-ROV athwebula okuthile okungahambisani nendawo evamile yolwandle. Edwaleni elingenalutho, phakathi kwenhlabathi emnyama, kwavela i- indilinga encane yegolide cishe ngamasentimitha ayishumienobuso obubonakala bubushelelezi futhi bucwebezela. Le nto yayihluke kakhulu endaweni eyizungezile kangangokuthi ithimba lathula imizuzwana embalwa, njengoba kubonwe ekusakazweni bukhoma okwasakazwa yi-NOAA ngo-2023.
Njengoba izithombe zifika ezweni ngesikhathi sangempela, imibono yanda. Abanye ososayensi basikisela ukuthi kungaba yi-egg capsule, abanye bakhomba isiponji esibolayo, futhi kwakukhona ngisho nalabo ababehlekisa ngokuthi kungenzeka babone ukuqala kwe-sea thriller, besaba ukuthi ukuyithinta kungaba yingozi. kwavela into engalindelekile ngaphakathi.Naphezu kokudideka, ukuvumelana kwakucacile: isampula kwakumelwe iqoqwe.
I-Deep Discoverer yaqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwayo lokumunca, kanti kwezinye izimo ezifanayo, ingalo yayo yerobhothi ukuze ihlukanise ngokucophelela indilinga edwaleni bese iyiletha esikebheni. Ukusuka lapho, i-orb eyimfihlakalo yaya eSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History eWashington, D.C., lapho uphenyo lwaluzoqala khona olwaluzohlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe.
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala: isakhiwo esinezintambo, esingenawo ukwakheka okucacile komzimba
Lapho sebese-laboratory, ithimba lezazi zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nezazi zezilwane laqala ukuhlolwa okuvamile: ukubuka okubonakalayo, ukuhlaziywa okubonakalayo, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhlonza okusekelwe ezicini zangaphandle. Okwakumangalisa ukuthi i-orb yegolide Yayingenalo ukwakheka okuvamile kwesilwane sasolwandleAkukho mlomo, izimpondo, imisipha, noma izitho zangaphakathi ezibonakalayo ezitholakale.
Okwakubonakala kwakuwukuthungwa kwe-fibrous, okwakhiwe izendlalelo ezihambisanayo zezinto eziphilayo, ezinobuso obuhlukanisiwe. Ngaphansi kwe-microscope, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi lolu qweqwe lwalugcwele amangqamuzana ahlabayo, abizwa ngokuthi ama-cnidocytes noma ama-nematocysts, uphawu lwe- cnidarians, iqembu elihlanganisa i-jellyfish, ama-coral, nama-anemones.
Isazi sezilwane se-NOAA u-Abigail Reft wayengomunye wososayensi abagxile ohlotsheni oluthile lwamaseli ahilelekile. Wathola ukuthi angama-spirocyst, uhlobo oluthile lwama-cnidocyte oluvela kuphela eqenjini lama- I-Hexacorallialapho kutholakala khona ama-anemone amaningi kanye nama-coral athile. Leso kwakuyisibonakaliso sokuqala esiqinile sokuthi i-orb ingase ihlobane ne-anemone yolwandle olujulile.
Noma kunjalo, izici zokwakheka kwazo azizange zifane nanoma yiluphi uhlobo olwaziwayo. Lwalungabonakali njengomuntu ophelele, kodwa kunalokho... okusele kwesakhiwouhlobo oluthile lwegobolondo noma isembozo. Ukuze bahlukanise imfihlakalo, ochwepheshe baphendukela emathuluzini ofuzo lwama-molecule, beqiniseka ukuthi i-DNA izowavumela ukuthi afake le ngxenye esihlahleni sokuphila sasolwandle.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amanye amaqembu aqala ukuqhathanisa isampula nezinto ezitholwe ohambweni lwangaphambilini, ikakhulukazi ngesampula eqoqwe ngo-2021 yi-Schmidt Oceanographic Institute. Umgomo kwakuwukubona ukuthi le nto ebonakala ihlukanisiwe ingaxhunyaniswa nanoma yiziphi izilwane ezingenamgogodla esezichazwe ekujuleni kweNyakatho Pacific.
I-DNA yenza kube nzima le mfihlakalo ngaphambi kokuyixazulula
Isinyathelo esilandelayo esinengqondo kwakuwukusebenzisa amasu ajwayelekile okubhala ama-genetic barcode, ahilela ukuqhathanisa izingcezu ezincane ze-DNA nezizindalwazi ezikhona. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yokuqala yayidumaza. Isampula yayigcwele I-DNA evela ezinhlayiyeni eziningi ezincane, mhlawumbe amabhaktheriya, isikhunta nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihlobene nezicubu ezibolayo, okwafiphaza ukufunda.
Lapho abacwaningi bezama ukufanisa i-DNA ye-orb nochungechunge olwaziwayo, ukufana kwakungaphelele noma kungacacile. Izinkomba ezivamile ze-jellyfish, ama-coral, noma ama-anemones azizange zinikeze impendulo eqinisekile. I-NOAA iyavuma ukuthi le mizamo yokuqala "yayingaphelele," ngokwengxenye ngoba i-sphere yayisebenza njengendawo encane enezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezingahlobene nezicubu zayo zokuqala.
Ngenxa yokungacaci kahle, icala laba, ngamazwi ka-Allen Collins, isazi sezilwane kanye nomqondisi we-NOAA Fisheries National Systematics Laboratory, «icala elikhethekile elidinga imizamo ethile kanye nokubambisana kwabantu abaningana." Izinqubo zokuhlonza ezijwayelekile zazinganele: kwakudingeka ukuhlanganisa isimo semvelo, izakhi zofuzo, ulwazi lwezindawo zemvelo ezijulile, kanye namathuluzi athuthukile e-bioinformatics.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-golden orb yaqhubeka nokuba yindaba yempikiswano emphakathini wesayensi wamazwe ngamazwe. Izithombe zokutholwa, ezisakazwe yi-NOAA, zasakazeka kabanzi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kanye nakwezokuxhumana ezikhethekile, zivuselela zonke izinhlobo zezinkolelo-mbono: kusukela eqandeni elingenzeka lohlobo olungakachazwa, kuya ohlotsheni olungavamile lwesiponji esijulile, noma isakhiwo esihlotshaniswa nesilwane esithile esihambisanayo.
Kuleli qophelo, ithimba lanquma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulungisa izinto: esikhundleni sokuzikhawulela ezingcezwini ze-DNA, bakhetha ukulandelana kwe-genome yonke, indlela ebiza kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi enolwazi oluningi uma imiphumela yangaphambilini idida.
Ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo kunikeza igama ku-orb yegolide
Ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo eziphelele kwaba yinto eshintsha kakhulu. Le ndlela, encike emishinini ekhethekile kanye nesofthiwe enamandla, ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukutadisha izifo ezingacacile noma ukuhlonza izinto eziphilayo okunzima ukuzihlukanisa ngezigaba. Kulesi simo, yavumela ukunqunywa okunembe kakhulu kokuthi yiziphi izingcezu ze-DNA ezihambisana nezicubu zoMhlaba nokuthi yiziphi ezingezona ezamagciwane ahlala kuwo.
Ngokwakha kabusha i-genome nokuyiqhathanisa nezinkomba ezikhona, abacwaningi baqinisekisile ukuthi i-DNA yesilwane ekhona kusampula yayiyi- kufana kakhulu ne-genome yokubhekisela I-Relicanthus daphneaeLolu hlobo lwaqala ukuchazwa ngo-2006 futhi lubhekwa njenge-anemone enkulu yolwandle olujulile, ekwazi ukwakha ama-tentacles angaphezu kwamamitha amabili ubude futhi ehlala ezindaweni eziseduze nemigodi yamanzi ashisayo kanye nezinye izindawo zokuhlala ezijulile kakhulu zolwandle.
Ukuze kuqiniswe isiphetho, i-genome ye-mitochondrial ye-golden orb nayo yaqhathaniswa neyesampula efanayo eqoqwe ngo-2021 yi-Schmidt Oceanographic Institute. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi lezi zigaba zazikhona. cishe kufana ngokwezakhi zofuzookuqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izakhiwo zazixhumene nohlobo olufanayo lwezinto eziphilayo.
Ngale ndlela, kwakungenzeka ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukuthi i-orb yayiyiqanda lesilwane esingaziwa, isiponji, noma isidalwa esiphelele. Esikhundleni salokho, ithimba layichaza njenge- isembozo sangaphandle sesikhumba noma i-cuticle ekhiqizwa yi-anemone uqobo. Le cuticle, eyakhiwe izingqimba eziningana zezinto ezinemicu, yenziwe kakhulu nge-chitin, i-biopolymer efanayo emelana nayo etholakala emagobolondweni ezinambuzane noma ezindongeni zesikhunta esithile.
Ngakho-ke lokho i-ROV eyayikubambe phansi kolwandle kwakungewona umzimba wesilwane, kodwa isisekelo esasisetshenziswa I-Relicanthus daphneae Inamathela edwaleni. Ngokuvamile, le ndawo ifihliwe ngaphansi kwayo yonke i-anemone, ngakho ayibonakali ihlukile endle. Kulesi simo esithile, ingxenye engenhla yesilwane ingaba nayo ufile noma ngabe uthuthile, eveza leso sakhiwo segolide esadonsa ukunaka kwabacwaningi.
Ukulandelela kokufuduka noma ukuzama ukukhiqiza kabusha okuhlulekile?
Lapho lolu hlobo selutholakele, umbuzo wasala ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ngempela leso sakhiwo esihlukanisiwe. Enye yezinkolelo-mbono ososayensi abazicabangayo ukuthi i-cuticle imelela i- umzila oshiywe yi-anemone njengoba ihamba phansi kolwandle. Ngokusho kokubonwa okwenziwe kwezinye izinkambo, ezinye izibonelo zibonakala zikhipha ingxenye yezicubu ezazinamathele ngazo edwaleni, okwenza uhlobo oluthile lophawu oluqinile njengoba zishintsha indawo.
Okunye okungenzeka, okucashunwe yimithombo yezindaba ekhethekile njenge-Science Alert, ukuthi umhlaba ungase ube umphumela we- ukuzala okungaphelele okungenabo ucansiAma-anemone athile ayakwazi ukuzala ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-pedal laceration, lapho isilwane sishiya khona ingxenye yesisekelo saso njengoba ingxenye engenhla isuka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi "siqu" singakhula sibe umuntu omusha, ophelele.
Endabeni I-Relicanthus daphneaeAkukafakazelwa ngokuphelele ukuthi isebenzisa lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza kabusha. Umsebenzi wesayensi wokuqala, oshicilelwe kuseva yangaphambi kokuphrinta i-bioRxiv, uyavuma ukuthi incazelo yesimo somhlaba Kusalokhu kuvulekile ukuba kuphikiswane ngakho. Kungaba nje ingxenye yesikhumba esihlukanisiwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokufuduka, noma kungaba yinsalela yomzamo wokwenza i-cloning ohlulekile.
Okubonakala kusobala ukuthi isakhiwo asiyona into engabalulekile. Ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwaso kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezihlobene naso kusikisela ukuthi sisebenza njenge- ukugxila kwangempela komsebenzi we-microbialIzicubu ezibolayo zisebenza njengesisekelo samabhaktheriya nezinye izinto ezincane, okungenzeka ukuthi zinegalelo emijikelezweni ye-biogeochemical njengomjikelezo we-nitrogen kulezi zindawo zemvelo ezijulile.
Lolu hlobo lokutholakele lusikhumbuza ukuthi, olwandle olujulile, ngisho nezinsalela kanye nemikhondo eshiywe yizilwane kungadlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni. Kunokuba nje kube "imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo," ziyingxenye yenethiwekhi yokuxhumana okusaqondakala kancane.
I-golden orb isitshelani ngokuhlola ulwandle olujulile?
Ngale kwesifiso sokwazi ukuthi yayiyini i-golden orb, leli cala libonisa izinga lapho iphansi lolwandle lihlala lingahlolwa khona. Ngaphezulu kwamakhilomitha amathathu ngaphansi kobuso, lapho ingcindezi icindezela khona futhi ukukhanya kungekho khona, izinto eziningi eziphilayo nezakhiwo ziyatholakala. ayaziwa nhlobo yisayensiNgisho noma kunezimoto ezilawulwa kude ezithuthukisiwe, amakhamera aphezulu, kanye namathuluzi ofuzo asezingeni eliphezulu, akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukubiza lokho okubonayo.
UKaputeni uWilliam Mowitt, umqondisi obambele we-Ocean Exploration kwa-NOAA, ukufingqe lokhu ngokugcizelela ukuthi uhambo olujulile lolwandle luvame ukuhlangana nezimfihlakalo ezifana nolwe-golden orb, nokuthi kungaxazululwa kancane kancane kuphela ngamasu anjengokulandelana kwe-DNA. Wanezela, le misebenzi iyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi ulwandle nezinsiza zalo zinga... ukukhulisa ukukhula komnotho, ukuqinisa ezokuphepha futhi kusize ekulondolozweni kweplanethi.
Eqinisweni, okutholakele eNyakatho Pacific nakwezinye izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba kusiza ekuchazeni kabusha izici eziningi zebhayoloji yasolwandle: kusukela ekuhlukeni kwangempela kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla njenge-anemone nama-coral, kuya endleleni imiphakathi yamagciwane ezihlela ngayo ezakhiweni ezibonakala zingasebenzi. Njalo lapho i-ROV yehlela ezinkulungwaneni zamamitha ukujula, kuvela ithuba lokuhlangana nezinhlobo ezintsha, ukuziphatha okungalindelekile, noma ukwakheka okunjalo kwezinto eziphilayo okudidayo njengale mbulunga yegolide.
Ngenkathi amaqembu e-NOAA elungiselela uhambo olusha, njengalolo oluhleliwe ogwini lwaseHawaii, i-golden orb evela eGulf of Alaska isivele iyingxenye yeqoqo eSmithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. Lapho igcinwe njengenye ingxenye enkulu yengobo yomlando yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, kodwa futhi njengesibonelo esicacile semikhawulo yamanje yolwazi lwethu kanye nesidingo socwaningo oluqhubekayo.
Okwenzekile kuleli cala kubonisa ukuthi, ngisho noma umphumela uhilela uhlobo oluthile olwaziwayo, inqubo yokufika lapho ingaba yinde futhi ibe nzima ngokobuchwepheshe. Futhi ukuthi, olwandle olujulile, indilinga yegolide elula engamasentimitha ayishumi ingaphonsela inselelo abanye ochwepheshe abahle kakhulu iminyaka eminingi. izilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla kanye nezakhi zofuzo.
Ekugcineni, imfihlakalo ye-orb yegolide eyimfihlakalo etholakala phansi kolwandle iveziwe njengomzila we-anemone enkulu yolwandle olujulile, kodwa indaba idlula kakhulu ilebula le-taxonomic: ibonisa indlela ukuhlola ulwandle okuqhubeka ngayo, indlela ubuchwepheshe kanye nomsebenzi wokubambisana okuhlanganiswa ngayo ukuze kutholakale izakhiwo ezingenakwenzeka ukuzihlukanisa, nokuthi ukutholwa ngakunye, noma ngabe kuncane kangakanani, kusikhumbuza kanjani ukuthi kusekhona umhlaba omkhulu ofihliwe ngaphansi kobuso olindele ukuqondwa.