Ehlobo lika-2023, umuntu ongamazi “i-orb yegolide” phansi kolwandle Kwadida ososayensi e-U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Lokho okwakubonakala sengathi yiqanda elingenzeka, isiponji esingaziwa, noma ngisho nento "engaziwa" kuye kwembulwa, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwemibili yomsebenzi, ukuthi kuyizinsalela ze-anemone enkulu yolwandle olujulile.
Ukutholwa, okwenziwe okungaphezu kwalokho Ukujula kwamamitha angu-3.000 eGulf of AlaskaSekuyisifundo sendlela ukuhlola olwandle kwanamuhla okuhlanganisa ngayo amarobhothi, i-biology yendabuko, namathuluzi athuthukile ofuzo ukuze kutholakale uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo, kuze kube manje, ezingakahlukaniswa ngendlela ecacile.
I-orb yegolide ebumnyameni beGulf of Alaska
Into yavela ngokungalindelekile ezikrinini zemishini eyayisesikebheni socwaningo. I-Okeanos Explorer kusuka ku-NOAA. Amakhamera emoto eqhutshwa kude i-Deep Discoverer (D2) agxile esigaxeni esincane segolide, esingaba amasentimitha ayishumi ububanzi, esixhunywe kahle edwaleni phansi kolwandle, sikhanyiswe yizibani ze-ROV njengokungathi yinto engafanele ngokuphelele endaweni egcwele ukuhwalala kanye nodaka.
Ubuso be-orb babubukeka bubushelelezi, bunokwakheka okunemicu futhi imbobo encane eveze ingaphakathiLesi sigameko, esasakazwa bukhoma yi-NOAA, sabangela ukuphawula okuzenzekelayo eqenjini lesayensi: abanye babecabanga ukuthi kungaba yi-egg capsule, abanye bakhothamela esiponjini; kwakukhona ngisho nalabo ababhekisela ekuqaleni kwefilimu ethusayo uma, lapho beyithinta, "kuvela okuthile ngaphakathi".
Ithimba lanquma ukuthi ngeke likwazi ukumkhomba lapho ayekhona. Qoqa isampula usebenzisa ingalo kanye nethuluzi lokumunca ye-ROV. Uma isivikelwe, yalethwa obala futhi kamuva yathunyelwa eSmithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, lapho kwaqala khona uphenyo lokuthi, naphezu kwazo zonke izimo, lwaluzohlala iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umbuzo oyisisekelo wawulula kodwa kunzima ukuwuphendula: Luhlobo luni lwesidalwa olungaba ngolwalo? leso sikwele segolide esingajwayelekile esingangeni kalula kunoma yisiphi isigaba esaziwayo?
Izinkomba zokuqala: isakhiwo esinezintambo esigcwele amangqamuzana ahlabayo
Ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwelabhorethri kwembule okuthile okudidayo: i-orb ayibonisanga lutho ukwakheka komzimba okuvamile kwesilwane esipheleleAkukho zitho zomzimba ezichaziwe noma isakhiwo somzimba esibonakalayo esasibonakala, kodwa kunalokho kwakuyinto enemicu futhi ehlukaniswe ngezigaba, eyakhiwe izendlalelo eziningi ezihambisanayo.
Lapho behlola ubuso bayo ngokuningiliziwe, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi kukhona amaseli ahlabayoafana nalawo asetshenziswa ama-anemone nama-coral ukuze abambe izisulu futhi azivikele. Lawa maseli, aziwa ngokuthi ama-cnidocytes, ayimpawu ama-cnidarians, iqembu lezilwane elihlanganisa ne-jellyfish.
Uchwepheshe we-NOAA u-Abigail Reft ukhombe la maseli njengalawa ama-spirocystuhlobo oluthile lwe-cnidocyte oluvela kuphela ekilasini le-Hexacorallia. Lokhu okutholakele kwavumela i-orb ukuthi ibekwe eqenjini elithile lezilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla, kodwa kwakunganele ukwazi ukuthi iyisakhiwo sini noma ukuthi ingase ibe ngeyaluphi uhlobo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi abavela kwi-NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service kanye neSmithsonian baqala ukusebenzisa amasu okuhlaziya izakhi zofuzo. Umqondo kwakuwukuthola “Ama-barcode” e-DNA kusuka kusampula bese uziqhathanisa nezizindalwazi zokubhekisela ukuze ubone ukuthi ziyahambisana yini nanoma yisiphi isidalwa esaziwayo.
Kodwa-ke, leyo mizamo yokuqala yaveza imiphumela engaphelele. Izinto zaziqukethe i-DNA evela kuma-microorganisms amaningi ahlobene nezicubu, okwadala "umsindo" okwenza kwaba nzima ukuxhumanisa isampula nohlobo oluthile. Ukuhlonza, okuvame ukuxazululwa kwezinye izimo ngezinqubo ezijwayelekile, kwaba yimpicabadala lapha.
Uma inqubo inganele: kusukela ku-DNA engaphelele kuya ku-genome ephelele
U-Allen Collins, isazi sezilwane kanye nomqondisi we-NOAA Fisheries National Systematics Laboratory eSmithsonian, uvumile ukuthi ulindele ukuxazulula leli cala esebenzisa amathuluzi avamile. Basebenza ngamasampula angamakhulu nsuku zonke.Futhi ngokuvamile, izindlela zelebhu ezijwayelekile zinikeza izimpendulo ezisheshayo mayelana nemvelaphi yezicubu eziqoqwe ohambweni.
Kodwa kulokhu kwakwehlukile. I-orb yegolide yayifuna imizamo ethile kanye nokubambisana kochwepheshe ku-morphology, izakhi zofuzo, i-ecology yolwandle olujulile, kanye ne-bioinformatics. Ingxube ye-DNA yemvelo, izinsalela zezinye izinto eziphilayo, kanye nesimo esingavamile sezicubu kwasho ukuthi ukuhlaziywa okungaphelele akuhambisani kahle nanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezazifundwe ngaphambili.
Njengoba bebhekene nokuntuleka kwemiphumela eqinisekile, ithimba likhethe ukuthatha isinyathelo esengeziwe futhi lasebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-genome yonkeLe ndlela, ebiza kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kunezivivinyo ze-DNA ezivamile, ivumela cishe zonke izinto zofuzo ezikusampula ukuthi zifundwe, ihlinzeka ngemephu enemininingwane engaqhathaniswa nama-genome okubhekiselwa kuwo.
Ngemva kwezigaba eziningana zokucubungula umshini kanye nokuhlaziywa kwekhompyutha, idatha yaqala ukukhomba ohlangothini olucacile: i-DNA ye-orb yayingeyesilwane ngokungenakuphikwa futhi yabonisa cishe ukufana okuphelele kwezakhi zofuzo nge-genome ebhekisele kuyo I-Relicanthus daphneae, i-anemone enkulu yolwandle olujulile eyachazwa okokuqala ngo-2006.
Ukuze kuqiniswe lesi siphetho, abacwaningi baphinde bahlola i- Izibonelo eziqoqwe ngo-2021 ngesikhathi sohambo lwe-Schmidt Oceanographic Institute. Ucwaningo lwe-genome ye-mitochondrial yaleyo sampula lubonise ukuthi yayifana kakhulu nezakhi zofuzo naleyo etholakala ku-golden orb, ngaleyo ndlela ivala umbuthano wokuqhathaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo.
I-Relicanthus daphneae, i-anemone enkulu ephula isikhunta
Izinhlobo I-Relicanthus daphneae Akuyona nje noma iyiphi i-anemone. Ingafinyelela cishe amasentimitha angu-30 ububanzi phakathi nendawo futhi iphile ekujuleni okusukela kumamitha angu-1.600 kuya kwangu-4.000, ezindaweni lapho ingcindezi inkulu khona, ukukhanya kungekho nhlobo, futhi amazinga okushisa aseduze nokubanda.
Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo, iphawuleka ngama-tentacles ayo, angadlula amamitha amabili ubude, kanye nesethi ye- izici zebhayoloji ezingahambisani kahle ezigabeni zakudala zama-anemone nama-coral. Kusukela encazelweni yawo, ukuhlukaniswa kwawo okuqondile ngaphakathi kwesihlahla sokuziphendukela kwemvelo sama-cnidarians kunikeze ochwepheshe izinkinga ezingaphezu kweyodwa.
Eqinisweni, ubuhlobo boqobo I-Relicanthus daphneae Ubuhlobo bayo namanye ama-anemone busalokhu buphikisana. Izici zayo zesimo somzimba kanye nezakhi zofuzo zisikisela ukuxhumana namaqembu ahlukene, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhambisana ngokugcwele namaphethini ajwayelekile, okwenza kube isiqephu esingakhululekile ezinhlelweni zendabuko ze-zoology yasolwandle.
Lo mongo usiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani i-golden orb yenza izinto zibe nzima kangaka. Kuze kube yilapho ukuhlaziywa kuqediwe, akukho lutho olwaluvumela... ukuxhumanisa ngqo leyo mbulunga yegolide enesitho somzimba esijwayelekile R. daphneae noma ngezakhiwo ezichazwe kwamanye ama-anemone.
Isihluthulelo, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka, kwakuwukubukeza izinto ezindala ngamehlo amasha: ngokubuyela emuva ezibonelweni eziqoqwe eminyakeni edlule nokuzibuka ngemininingwane eminingi, kwaqala ukuvela izinkomba ezixhumanisa umhlaba nesakhiwo esithile salolu hlobo.
I-orb yegolide njenge-cuticle enama-laminated amaningi ye-anemone
Lapho kuhlolwa kabusha isampula egciniwe I-Relicanthus daphneae, ososayensi bathole izingcezu zesikhumba segolide esinezingqimba eziningi ezungeze isisekelo sesilwane. Leyo cuticle, eyakhiwe yizingqimba eziningana ezincane ezihambisanayo, yayinokwakheka okuhambisana nezicubu ze-orb eyimfihlakalo eqoqwe ngo-2023.
Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sasimboze indawo lapho i-anemone izinamathisela khona ku-substrateisebenza njengohlobo lwesembozo sangaphandle. Ingxenye yayo eyinhloko kungaba yi-chitin, i-polymer efanayo ephikisanayo etholakala emagobolondweni ezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla noma ezindongeni zamaseli ezinye isikhunta.
Ngokutadisha amasampula aphilayo e- R. daphneaeKutholakale ukuthi, lapho i-anemone ihamba phansi kolwandle, ingakwazi shiya ingxenye yaleyo cuticleOkusho ukuthi, isilwane siyahamba, kodwa isembozo sangaphandle sesisekelo saso sihlala sinamathele emadwaleni, lapho sihlala khona isikhashana ngaphambi kokubola noma ukungcwatshwa yinhlabathi.
Ngokusekelwe kulokho, umbono oyinhloko ukuthi i-orb yegolide etholwe yi-Deep Discoverer izohambisana isisekelo sesikhumba esihlukanisiwe kusuka ku-anemone eyayingasekho kuleyo ndawo. Imbobo encane ebonakalayo ebusweni ingahlobene nendawo lapho izicubu zahlukana khona nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Nakuba lokhu kuhumusha kuhambisana nokubonwa kwesimo somzimba kanye nedatha yezakhi zofuzo, abalobi bocwaningo ngokwabo bayavuma ukuthi isimo esiqondile somhlaba Kuyaqhubeka nokudala impikiswano. Amathuba ezinqubo ezengeziwe zezinto eziphilayo ezihlobene nalesi sakhiwo ezingakachazwa awakwazi ukulahlwa ngokuphelele.
Ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo noma ukuzama ukuzala okungafanele kwenziwe ngokocansi kuhlulekile?
Ngaphezu kwenkolelo-mbono ye-cuticle esele, ososayensi bacabangela okunye okungenzeka okuhambisanayo: ukuthi i-orb imelela i- uhlobo olungaphelele lokuzala okungenabo ucansiEzinye izinhlobo zama-anemone ziyakwazi ukuzala ngezinqubo ezifana "nokusika kwe-pedal", lapho ingxenye yesisekelo se-polyp ishiywa khona bese kamuva iveza umuntu omusha.
Kulezi zimo, i-anemone ishiya ingxenye yezicubu endaweni engaphansi komhlaba kuyilapho ingxenye esele yesilwane ibhukuda. Leyo ngxenye ingavuselela izakhiwo ezingekho futhi ibe yi-polyp entsha, inqubo eyenzeka Yandisa inani labantu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhulelwa.Kuyindlela eyaziwayo emaqenjini amaningana ama-cnidarians, nakuba ingakabhalwanga ngokucacile ku- I-Relicanthus daphneae.
Abanye abacwaningi bayazibuza ukuthi i-golden orb ingahlotshaniswa yini ne- ukuzama ukuklebhula ama-pedal okungakaqedwa, noma ngohlobo olufanayo lokusabalala okungenabo ubulili kulolu hlobo olungakachazwa ngokuningiliziwe. Nokho, okwamanje, ubufakazi obuqondile bokuqinisekisa lokhu abukho.
Okusobala kakhulu ukuthi i-cuticle ehlukanisiwe ine indima efanele yezemvelo uma isishiywe phansi kolwandle. Inani lama-microorganisms atholakala ebusweni bayo lisikisela ukuthi isebenza njengendawo encane yokugxila emisebenzini yama-microorganism, lapho izicubu ezibolayo zisebenza njengokusekela kanye nomthombo wamandla wezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ezincane kakhulu.
Ngale ndlela, lokho ekuqaleni okungase kubhekwe njengemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo kuba yimfucuza elula indawo yokuhlala encane yokuphila okuncane kakhuluukufaka isandla ezinqubweni ezifana nokuvuselelwa kwezakhamzimba kanye nomjikelezo we-nitrogen ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle.
Icala elibonisa imikhawulo kanye namathuba okuhlola olwandle olujulile
Uhambo lwe-golden orb, kusukela ekutholakaleni kwayo ngo-2023 kuya ekuhlonzweni kwayo njenge izinsalela ze-anemone enkuluLokhu kubonisa ezinye zezinselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlola olwandle olujulile. Ngisho noma kunezimoto ezisebenza kude, amakhamera aphezulu, kanye nama-laboratory ahlonyiswe ngobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, phansi kolwandle kusalokhu kuyindawo egcwele izinto ezingaziwa.
Ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-3.000, ingcindezi iyacindezela, ubumnyama bucishe bube buphelele, futhi izimo zomzimba zihluke kakhulu kunezamanzi angajulile noma izindawo ezisogwini lwaseYurophu. Kulowo mongo, yonke into engavamile evela ezithombeni ze-ROV ingaba yi- iphazili yesayensi yebanga elide.
UKaputeni uWilliam Mowitt, umqondisi osebenzayo wohlelo lwe-NOAA lwe-Ocean Exploration, ugcizelela ukuthi amathuluzi anjengokulandelana kwe-DNA okuthuthukisiwe asivumela ukuthi sixazulule izimfihlakalo ezazingaphendulwa eminyakeni embalwa edluleKodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukutholwa ngakunye okusha kuvula eminye imibuzo mayelana nokuthi izimiso zemvelo ezingaphansi komhlaba zihlelwe futhi zithuthuke kanjani.
Okwamanje, umkhumbi wocwaningo i-Okeanos Explorer uyaqhubeka nokulungiselela uhambo olusha, njengalolo oluhlelwe emanzini aseduze neHawaii, ngenhloso yokumapha izindawo zolwandle ezingakafundwa kahle. IYurophu, ikakhulukazi amaqembu ocwaningo lwasolwandle avela emazweni anjengeSpain, iFrance neJalimane, alandela eduze lezi zinguquko, kusukela izindlela ezithuthukisiwe Amaphrojekthi e-NOAA asebenza nasezifundweni eNyakatho ye-Atlantic noma eMedithera ejulile.
Umthelela wamacala anjenge-golden orb udlulela ngale kwendaba elula. Uqokomisa izinga isayensi yezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle kanye izinhlelo zesimanje Kakade bathembele ezindleleni ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa ukubuka okuqondile, ukuhlaziywa kwezicubu, ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo lonke, kanye nezizindalwazi ezinkulu ezabelwana ngazo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngemva kwale nqubo ende, i-orb eyimfihlakalo ebonwa eGulf of Alaska ayibe isasebenza. “iqanda legolide” ngaphandle kwencazelo ukuze ibe yingxenye yendaba ye-anemone enkulu esaphethe izimfihlo eziningi. Leli cala seliyisibonelo esisebenzayo sendlela ukuhlola okujulile okusebenza ngayo namuhla nokuthi kungani, naphezu kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ulwandle olujulile luhlala lungenye yezinto ezinkulu ezingaziwa kule planethi.
