I-Aquaponics: ukuthi iyini, isebenza kanjani, izinzuzo kanye namaphrojekthi ezimboni

La ama-aquaponics Iwuhlelo oluhlanganisa izici zesilimo de peces yendlela yendabuko ye-aquaculture ne ukutshalwa kwe-hydroponicUhlelo lwe-hydroponic yilo lapho izitshalo zitshalwa ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-substrate; isetshenziselwa le njongo amanzi anezakhi ezincibilikisiweLe nqubo ikhuthaza a ibhalansi ye-symbiotic phakathi kwezitshalo, amagciwane, nezinhlanzi, lapho into ephilayo ngayinye inendima ebalulekile empilweni yalesi simiso.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela Iyini i-aquaponics? nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo eziyinhloko, ngaphezu kokujula kulo ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe, indlela yebhalansi, izimfuneko zokuhlungaukuphathwa kwezifo kanye nezibonelo ze amaphrojekthi ezimboni.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukuqamba kanye nokusimama ekuzaleni de peces kwezokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini: izitayela, izinselelo kanye nekusasa lomkhakha

Yini ama-aquaponics

Kuyinto a uhlelo oluzinzile ekwazi ukukhiqiza ngesikhathi esisodwa kokubili izitshalo nezinhlanzi, ukuhlanganisa i-aquaculture (ukuzalanisa izinto eziphila emanzini) kanye hydroponics (ukutshalwa kwezitshalo emanzini ngaphandle kwenhlabathi). Lezi zakhi ezimbili zibalulekile ekukhuliseni izilwane zasemanzini kanye nokutshala imifino ngokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kakhulu. amanzi ngendlela efaneleNgemfucuza ewumphumela wokuzalanisa de peces Amanzi anothiswa nge-nitrogenous compounds okuthi, ezinhlelweni ezivaliwe kanye ukujikeleza kabushaAngaguqulwa ngamabhaktheriya futhi asetshenziswe izitshalo.

Nakuba kungase kubangele amanzi anothile ngokungcola ezinobuthi ezinhlanzini Uma i-ammonia noma i-nitrite inqwabelana, iba yinhle kakhulu umthombo wezakhi zezitshalo ngemuva kwenqubo ye-nitrification. Le symbiosis ivumela vala umjikelezo wezakhiukunciphisa ukungcola kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusimama kwezitshalo. Ngokwenza kwanamuhla, okulandelayo kuyagqama: recirculating izinhlelo (i-RAS ku-aquaculture kanye ne-recirculating hydroponic systems) njengohlaka lwezobuchwepheshe oluqhuba i-aquaponics esikalini sasekhaya futhi industrial, ukuhlanganisa emisha kanye nokusimama ekuzaleni de peces.

Isebenza kanjani

I-Aquaponics isebenza ngenxa eminingi izingxenye noma amasistimu angaphansi asebenza ngendlela ehlelekile. Izinto eziyisisekelo zichazwe ngezansi futhi zanwetshwa ngemibandela yobuchwepheshe ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza:

• Ithangi lokuzala: indawo lapho izinhlanzi zidla futhi zikhuleIsebenza njengendawo yayo yokuhlala eyinhloko futhi kufanele ibe nokuhle ukungenisa umoyaUkunyakaza kwamanzi nokulawula izinga lokushisa ukuze kugwenywe ingcindezi futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuguqulwa kokuphakelayo.
• Ukususwa kwezinsimbi: iyunithi eklanyelwe ukuqeda ukudla okungadliwa futhi ama-sediments amahleKungase kuhlanganise amathangi okuhlalisa, izihlungi zemishini, noma izihlukanisi zesishingishane. Ukukhipha okuqinile kunciphisa i umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo okungase kube nomthelela ku-biofilter kanye nomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe.
• Isihlungi sezinto eziphilayo: zisekela lapho zithuthukiswa khona ama-bacterium nitifying eziguqula i-ammonium (NH4+/NH3) ibe yi-nitrite (NO2−) futhi, kamuva, ibe i-nitrate (NO3−), okuwuhlobo olufana nezitshalo futhi olungenabuthi obuncane ezinhlanzini.
• Izinhlelo ezingaphansi kwe-Hydroponic: izindawo ezikhulayo ngaphandle kwe-substrate lapho izitshalo amunce imisocoZingaba uhlobo imibhede ephakanyisiwe (itshe noma ubumba olunwetshiwe oluhambisana nokugeleza okuphakathi), NFT (isu lefilimu yezakhi) noma I-DWC (amathangi amanzi ajulile) ngokwenhloso yokukhiqiza kanye nendawo etholakalayo.
• Sump: ithangi lezinga eliphansi lelo qoqa amanzi emva kokulinywa bese uyithumela emuva, ngepompo, ethangini de pecesIsiza ukulawula umthamo ophelele, i ukuzinza kwe-hydraulic kanye nomthamo.

Inhliziyo yesistimu yi- umjikelezo we-nitrogenIzinhlanzi zikhipha i-ammonia, enobuthi ekugxilweni okuphezulu. Amagciwane ku-biofilter ayiguqula kuqala ibe i-nitrite (futhi inobuthi) bese iba yi-nitrate. ezisetshenziswa izitshaloIzitshalo zona, zikhipha le misoco emanzini, abuyela endaweni yokuhlanza amathangi futhi enomthamo ophansi we-nitrogen. Ukusekela lo mjikelezo kudinga i-oxygen encibilikile ephezului-pH emaphakathi, i-alkalinity ezinzile, kanye nezinga lokushisa lamanzi elifanele izinhlobo zezitshalo kanye de peces.

La ukuzinza kwesistimu Kuya ngebhalansi phakathi kwezinto ezintathu: i-biomass de peces, umthamo we-biofilter y ukufunwa kwezakhi zezitshaloUma noma iyiphi yalezi zici ingalingani, kuvela izinkinga okufanele zihlonzwe futhi zilungiswe:

• Ukungalingani ngenxa yokweqisa de peces (Icala A): uma i-biomass de peces Uma umthamo we-biofilter weqiwa, i-ammonia ne-nitrite izonqwabelana, okwandisa ubuthi bamanzi.
• Isihlungi sezinto eziphilayo esilingana kahle kodwa izitshalo ezimbalwa (Icala B)Uhlelo luyanqwabelana i-nitrate ukungadliwa izitshalo ezanele, uphawu lokungalingani ohlangothini lwezinhlanzi.
• Izitshalo eziningi nezinhlanzi ezimbalwa (Icala C)I-ammonia iyacutshungulwa, kodwa kuzoba nokushoda i-nitrate nezinye izakhi ukuze kukhule kahle izitshalo, kube nezimpawu zokushoda.
• Ukulingana okuhle (Ikesi D)Ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza yezinhlanzi kulungisa izidingo zomsoco zezitshalo kanye isihlungi se-bio Iguqula ngokuphelele izinhlanganisela ezinobuthi.

Ukuze ulinganise le bhalansi, umuntu uvakashela ku- isilinganiso sesitshalo nenhlanzi kanye nezinga lokuphakelayo. Njengereferensi yobuchwepheshe yamayunithi amancane:

• Ukuminyana kokutshala: imifino enamahlamvu, izitshalo ezingama-20-25/m²; izitshalo zezithelo (utamatisi, upelepele), izitshalo ezi-4-8/m².
• Ukudla kwansuku zonke ngem² ngayinye: amaqabunga aluhlaza, 40-50 g we-feed/m²/ngosuku; izihlahla zezithelo, 50–80 g of feed/m²/ngosuku.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanziPhakathi nesigaba sokukhula, inhlanzi idla cishe 1–2% wesisindo sakho isisindo somzimba nsuku zonke; lokhu kuvumela isilinganiso se-biomass edingekayo ukucubungula ukudla okuhleliwe.
• Ukuminyana kwamathangiKuzinhlelo ezilula, inani eliphezulu I-20 kg yezinhlanzi nge-1.000 LKudingeka ukuminyana okuphezulu i-aeration ethuthukisiwe kanye nokuhlunga okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngaphezu kwebhalansi yezinto eziphilayo, i- ukuhlungwa kwezinga Kwenza umehluko ekusebenzeni:

• Inani le-biofiltrationEmibhedeni yobumba/enwetshiwe, sebenzisa ilitha elingu-1 le-biofiltration ngegremu ngayinye yokuphakelayo nsuku zonke. Kuzinhlelo ze-NFT noma ze-DWC, sebenzisa cishe u-0,5 L ngegremu yokuphakelayo.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwemishiniIsihlungi esiqinile kufanele sibe nevolumu I-10-30% yethangi de peces ukugcina izinhlayiya ngaphandle kokuwa.
• Izinto ze-BiofilterOkukhudlwana i indawo ethile engaphezulu Lapho i-medium inezimbotshana, ikoloni yebhaktheriya isebenza kahle kakhulu; uma indawo engaphezulu nesilinganiso sevolumu iphansi, isihlungi se-biofilter kufanele sikhuphuke.

Yini edingekayo ukwenza ama-aquaponics

Ukuze ukwazi ukwenza i-aquaponics, udinga into eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu: i i-nitrificationI-Nitrification iyinhlangano ukuguqulwa kwe-aerobic i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrites bese iba yi-nitrate. Ama-nitrate anciphisa ubuthi bamanzi izinhlanzi futhi zisetshenziswa izitshalo ukuze umsoco. Izinhlanzi zihlala zikhipha i-ammonia njengomkhiqizo wazo i-metabolismNgakho-ke, i-biofilter esebenzayo ibalulekile.

Iningi lale ammonia kufanele libe kusetshenzwengoba ukugxila okuphezulu kungaba yingozi ezinhlanzini. I-Aquaponics isebenzisa ikhono le ama-bacterium nitifying ukuziguqula zibe izinhlanganisela ezinobuthi obuncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukunakekela i-oxygen encibilikile phezulu (ngokusebenzisa umoya), lawula i pH (okungcono phakathi kuka-6,6 no-7,2 ukuze kulinganiswe i-nitrification kanye nokutholakala kwezakhi), qinisekisa i-alkalinity ngokwanele futhi ulungise i lokushisa kusukela emanzini kuya ezinhlotsheni ezikhethiwe.

Ukuze wenze i-aquaponics udinga a uhlelo lwe-aquaponics ehlanganisa amasistimu angaphansi amabili amakhulu:

• Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zeHydroponic, omele usinki wezakhi futhi uzinze ikhwalithi yamanzi.
• Amasiko de peces emathangini ezinhlanzi ze-aquaculture, umthombo wezakhi kanye namaprotheni ezilwane ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Ezimweni eziningi kufanele yengezwe nge trace izakhi njenge-iron (chelated ukuze itholakale kakhulu), i-calcium, ne-potassium, njengoba ukudla kwezinhlanzi namanzi kungase kunganikezi amanani anele. Kuyancomeka futhi ukuba izinto zokuhlola ukukala i-ammonium/ammonia, i-nitrite, i-nitrate ne-pH, kanye namaphampu aphindaphindekayo aphindaphindekayo kanye namaphampu okungenisa umoya ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehluleka.

Ungayenza kanjani i-aquaponics ekhaya

Abantu abaningi bafuna ukwenza i-aquaponics ekhaya. Kufanele bazi ukuthi badinga izinto ezithile. izinto eziyisisekelo Ukuze wenze lokhu, lezi zinto zimi kanje:

• Ithebula lokulima
• Amathangi amabili amanzi
• ibhomu emthonjeni wamanzi
• Amanzi
• Izimila
• Inhlanzi
• Isiphon sanitary (insimbi yokugeleza kwesikhashana)
• U-Arlita (igezwe ngaphambilini)

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukubeka ithangi etafuleni lokukhula. Imbobo elingana nesicupho senhlanzeko ingabhotshwa futhi ibekwe phakathi kwetafula nethangi. Ithangi kufanele libekwe ngaphansi kwe-aquarium, bese ... ipipi lamanzi elizokhuphuka liye endaweni lapho izitshalo zizohamba khona. Okulandelayo, kufakwa ipayipi elinezimbobo vikela isiphon yenhlanganisela yobumba enwetshiwe. I-aggregate yobumba eyandisiwe kufanele ibe igezwe kahle ukugwema ukufiphaza uthuli emanzini.

Izitshalo zifakwa ematsheni obumba anwetshiwe futhi zigcwaliswe ngamanzi ukuze ziqale ukuhlunga. Izinhlanzi ngeke zethulwe kuze kudlule cishe amasonto ama-3.Uma uhlelo luhamba ngebhayisikili futhi kukhona ikholoni yebhaktheriya esebenzayo kusihlungi sezinto eziphilayo, kuyalulekwa ukuthi wengeze imithamo emincane yomthombo we-ammonia (okuphakelayo). de peces noma ammonia for aquariums) for ukulungiswa kwe-nitrificationUkubekezela ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngebhayisikili kuvimbela ama-spikes ayingozi emazingeni e-ammonia ne-nitrite, angalimaza impilo yasemanzini.

Ukuze kwandiswe impumelelo yasekhaya, izinhlanzi zisebenza kahle kakhulu. rustic njenge-tilapia, i-carp noma i-catfish, nezitshalo ze ukukhula okusheshayo njenge-ulethisi, i-basil, noma isipinashi. Ezinhlelweni ezinokugeleza kwezikhawu zisebenzisa i-bell-trap siphon, i izikhukhula & amanzi (izikhukhula kanye nokukhipha amanzi) ifaka umoya-mpilo ezimpandeni futhi isekele umphakathi wamabhaktheriya onamandla phakathi nendawo.

Kanye nesilinganiso sokuphakelayo kanye nokulinganisa kwe-biofilter, kukhona izindlela ezimbili ezilula lokho kusiza ukugcina ibhalansi:

• ukuhlola impilo de peces nezitshaloIzitshalo ezingakhuli kahle, amaqabunga aphuzi, noma izimpande ezingathuthukisiwe zibonisa ukushoda kwezakhi noma ukungalingani ngasehlangothini lwemifino. Izinhlanzi ezihefuzela phezulu, zizihlikihla, noma ezinezindawo ezibomvu emaphikweni, emehlweni, nasezinkalweni zazo kubonisa ukuqoqwa kwe-ammonium/nitrite.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-nitrogenuma i-ammonium noma i-nitrite iphezulu (> 1 mg/L), i-biofiltration ayanele futhi indawo kufanele yandiswe indawo yebhaktheriya noma unciphise i-biomass/ukondla.

La ukuphathwa kwezempilo kwezitshalo I-Aquaponics ihlukile kwezolimo ezivamile ngoba ihlanganisa izinhlanzi ezizwelayo namagciwane. Ezinye izinqubo ezinhle zihlanganisa:

Ukuvimbela nokuphathwa kwezifo

• RH: lawula ngokungenisa umoya oguquguqukayo (amafasitela nabalandeli) ukuze ukhiqize ukugeleza komoya ovundlile futhi uvimbele ukufingqa emaqabungeni.
• Ukuminyana kokutshalaUkuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu kunciphisa umoya wangaphakathi futhi Bandisa umswakama, ithanda isikhutha, ukubola nokubola.
• Ukukhetha okuhlukahlukene: khetha ama-cultivars amelana lapho zikhona; uma isifo siphindaphinda (isb., I-Pythium ku-ulethisi), ingashintshwa nezinhlobo ezimelana kakhulu. ukubekezela njenge-basil ngezikhathi ezibucayi.
• Ukuhlola kanye nokukhishwa ngaphandleHlola izitshalo njalo futhi khipha izicubu Abathintekayo ngokusola kancane. Lawula i-vector (izimpukane ezimhlophe, ama-aphid) kanye namathuluzi okubulala amagciwane ukugwema ukusabalalisa amagciwane.

Uma kwenzeka ukungenelela, i zokwelapha ezingaphili Kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokuqapha okukhulu futhi, okungcono, kuphela emaqabungeni ukugwema ukunqwabelana ohlelweni. Phakathi kwalabo abamukelwe ngokuqapha: ubumbausawoti wethusi noma isulfure, i-calcium sulfide ne-hydroxide, ne-potassium noma i-sodium bicarbonates. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- ukulawulwa kwe-biologic nama-agent afana I-Trichoderma spp., Ama-Ampelomyces spp. noma I-Bacillus subtilis Ingasetshenziswa emaqabunga noma ezindaweni zezimpande ukuze kuncishiswe isikhutha kanye nezifo zomhlabathi, ngisho nokujova imibhede yezimbewu ukuvikela kusenesikhathi.

Izinzuzo

Njengoba kulindelekile, lo mkhuba unezinzuzo ezinkulu ezemvelo, ezomnotho futhi ikhiqize. Ake sihlaziye ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo ze-aquaponics.

• Ukusebenza kungase kudlule ekulinyweni okuhlanzekile kwe-hydroponic kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini zendabuko, inqobo nje uma uhlelo lunjalo uzinzile kanye nosayizi omuhle.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuncane ngokuphindaphinda kwayo; ngokuyinhloko ithatha indawo yalokho okulahlekile ukuhwamuka nokuphefumulaNgaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, ukonga uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezisekelwe phansi kuphezulu kakhulu.
• Ukuncishiswa kukamanyolo Amaminerali kanye nemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo: Imetabolism yenhlanzi ngokwayo ikhiqiza umsoco; bamane balungiswe micronutrients ukuntula izakhamzimba ezifana nensimbi, i-calcium noma i-potassium uma kudingeka.
• Umthelela ophansi wezemvelo: ivimbela ukuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile emifuleni noma olwandle, inciphisa ukukhishwa kwesichazamazwiNgesikhathi esifanayo, ihambisa inhlabathi futhi inciphise yayo ukucekelwa phansi.
• Impilo kanye nekhwalithiIzinhlanzi zikhuliswa emanzini alawulwayo futhi izitshalo zithola izixazululo zezakhi. zemvelongaphandle kwesidingo sezibulala-zinambuzane ezinolaka noma ama-systemic fungicides.
• Ukukhiqiza okukabili esikhaleni esifanayo: imifino emifushane kanye namaprotheni ezilwane ezisezingeni eliphakeme, alungele izindawo zasemadolobheni noma izindawo ezinomhlaba olinganiselwe.
• Ukumelana nezinambuzane nezifo ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji yesistimu, ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kanye nokwenzeka kokulungisa ukuminyana kwezitshalo.
• Ukuphepha kokudlaIhlinzeka ngemifino emisha nezinhlanzi zendawo, ngokuncane Izinyawo zamanzi kanye nezokuthutha, ezisekela umnotho isiyingi.

Amaphrojekthi we-Industrial aquaponics

Iphrojekthi enkulu kunazo zonke ye-aquaponics yezimboni ise-China. Ihlanganisa amahektha angaphezu kwama-4 futhi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje obuhlanganiswe nezinto zendabuko ezifana i-bambooIsebenza njengenkundla yokuzijwayeza ukutshalwa kwerayisi emachibini ngezinhlanzi, okuvumela ukufunda kudluliselwe ezitshalweni zasemhlabeni futhi kubuyiselwe ngokwebhayoloji izakhi zomhlabathiLolu hlobo lwesinyathelo lubonisa ukuthi i-aquaponics ingakhula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukugxila ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwemisoco.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amapulazi asemadolobheni ophahleni lwezindlu kanye nezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa i-RAS neziteshi ze-hydroponic amanzi ajulileIvelu yayo ilele ekusondezeni umkhiqizo eduze nokusetshenziswa, ukunciphisa izindleko zezokuthutha, nokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo amandla avuselelekayo okokupholisa umoya nokumpompa. Izinhlelo nazo ziyakhuthazwa ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo enezindlu eziningi zokugcina izithombo, lapho abasebenzi beqeqeshwa khona kanye nokuqashwa okuzinzile kukhiqizwa ngamaketango atholakalayo.

Kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi ezimboni, ukhiye ulele kokuthi a umklamo omuhle we-hydraulicukushoda kwamandla, a isu le-biosecurity ukuqapha okuqinile, okuqhubekayo (i-oksijeni, i-ammonia, i-nitrite, i-pH, izinga lokushisa) kanye nohlelo emakethe ehlanganisa imikhiqizo ene-margin ephezulu (amakhambi anephunga elimnandi, amaqabunga ezingane) nezinhlanzi ezondlayo. Ukuhlanganisa imininingwane yokusebenza kuvumela ukulungisa amazinga okudla, ukuminyana kwesitoko, kanye nokugcwaliswa kwama-micronutrient ukuze kugcinwe ukudla. ibhalansi yohlelo kanye nenzuzo.

Nakho konke okungenhla, i-aquaponics ibekwe njengethuluzi kuyahlukahluka ukukhiqiza okuningi ngamanzi amancane, ukuvala imijikelezo yezakhamzimba kanye nokwehlukanisa imali engenayo, kusukela ezivandeni zasekhaya kuya ezinkundleni zezimboni ezinkulu, inqobo nje uma biology yohlelo futhi ilinganiswa ngokwemibandela yezobuchwepheshe.