El I-DNA Yemvelo (i-eDNA) iguqula indlela esicwaninga ngayo izimiso zemvelo zasolwandleNgenxa yale ndlela, manje sekungenzeka ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezidlule endaweni ethile ngaphandle kokudinga ukuzibona noma ukuzibamba. Kwanele ukuthatha isampula yamanzi, ukukhipha izakhi zofuzo ezikuyo, bese uyihlaziya ngamathuluzi anembile kakhulu.
Endabeni yolwandle, i-eDNA isibe yi- ithuluzi elisezingeni eliphezulu lokuqapha izilwane zasolwandle kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasolwandleIkakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu okunzima ukuzisebenzisa ngezindlela zendabuko. Kusukela emikhankasweni emikhulu yamazwe ngamazwe kuya emalabhorethri agxile ekuhlukahlukaneni kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, amaphrojekthi amaningi athembele kulobu buchwepheshe ukuthuthukisa ukulondolozwa nokuphathwa kwemvelo yasolwandle.
Iyini i-DNA yemvelo futhi itholakala kanjani olwandle?
Uma sikhuluma nge-eDNA sibhekisela ku- I-DNA eshiywa yizinto eziphilayo endaweni ezungezile ngokusebenzisa amangqamuzana esikhumba, indle, i-mucus, imfucumfucu yezicubu, ama-scales, noma ngisho nezingcezu ezincane kakhulu eziphuma ngesikhathi sokubhukuda. Lezi zinto zofuzo zihlala emanzini, enhlabathini, noma emoyeni isikhathi esithile futhi zingaqoqwa uma zithathwe isampula efanele.
Ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle, inqubo evame kakhulu ihlanganisa qoqa amalitha amaningana amanzi olwandle bese uwahluza ukugcina zonke lezo zinhlayiya zezinto eziphilayo. Izinto eziphilayo ezincane ezifana namabhaktheriya kanye ne-phytoplankton zivaleleke ezihlungini, kodwa futhi ziphinde zibe namanani amancane ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezincane. de pecesama-cetacean nezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezinomgogodla okuyoba nzima kakhulu ukuzibona ngamehlo enyama kuphela.
Uma izinto sezikuhlungi, inqubo iyaqala ukukhipha i-DNA elabhorethri bese uyikhulisa usebenzisa amasu e-molecular biologynjenge-PCR kanye ne-metabarcoding. Bese, ihlelwa ngokulandelana futhi iqhathaniswe nezizindalwazi zokubhekisela ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwengxenye ngayinye engeyayo.
Le ndlela inomphumela owodwa oyinhloko: Ikhwalithi nobubanzi bemininingwane yezakhi zofuzo kunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezingatholakala.Uma ukulandelana kohlobo kungabhalisiwe kulawo ma-database, lolo hlobo ngeke luvele emiphumeleni, noma ngabe lukhona ngempela ohlelweni lwe-ecosystem oluthathwe isampula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-eDNA inezici zayo ezikhethekile uma kukhulunywa ngokuyichaza: Ukuthola i-DNA yohlobo oluthile kusampula akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi isilwane sisesikhathini esifanele.Amanzi olwandle angathutha izinto zofuzo, ukungcoliswa kwezilwane kungase kwenzeke, futhi ngisho neminonjana yezilwane ezidla ezinye ingatholakala esiswini sezilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya idatha ye-eDNA ngaphakathi komongo wayo wolwandle kanye nowemvelo.
Izinzuzo ze-eDNA kunezindlela zokuthatha amasampula zendabuko
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yezemvelo kuthole indawo ebhokisini lamathuluzi emvelo yasolwandle ngoba kunikeza izinzuzo ezicacile kakhulu kunezindlela zokuthatha amasampula zakudala, njengokudoba ngodobo, ukubalwa kwabantu ngokubona noma ukubanjwa okuqondile kwezinto eziphilayo.
Enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iyi- indlela engahlaseliAkudingeki ukubamba, ukuphatha, noma ukulimaza izinto eziphilayo ukuze wazi ukuthi zikhona noma ukuthi zikhona. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho usebenza nezinhlobo ezivikelwe noma ezisongelwa, noma nezilwane ezinkulu njengezilwane ezincelisayo.
I-eDNA iphinde inikeze okuningi ukungakhethi hlangothi ekuhlonzeni izinhloboNakuba izindlela ezibonakalayo zithembele kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho nasekuqeqeshweni kwababukeli, ukwabela izinhlobo ngokulandelana kusekelwe ekuqhathanisweni nezizindalwazi zezakhi zofuzo. Nakuba lezi zindalwazi zisakhula futhi zithuthuka, inqubo inciphisa ukucwasa okuhlobene nobuchwepheshe be-taxonomic.
Enye inzuzo ebalulekile yikhono layo lokwenza thola izinhlobo ezingavamile, eziyimfihlakalo, noma ezingaqondakali ezingabonakali ekuthathweni kwesampula noma emanetheni okudoba. Izilwane ezingavamile ukuphuma, eziphuma ezikebheni, noma ezihamba emanzini ajulile zingashiya iminonjana eyanele ye-eDNA ukuze itholakale.
Ekugcineni, i-eDNA yenza kube lula ukuhlola izindawo okunzima ukuzifinyelelaLe ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ezindaweni ezikude nogu, izindawo ezijulile zolwandle, noma izindawo zokuhlala lapho izindlela zendabuko zingabiza kakhulu, zibe yingozi, noma zingasebenzi kahle. Ngokuhlela kahle amasampula, izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zingambozwa ngesikhathi esifushane nangezindleko ezilinganiselwe, okwenza kube yindlela ethembisayo kakhulu nengabizi kakhulu yokuqapha indawo yasolwandle.
Ucwaningo olubalulekile: ukuqapha ama-cetacean ane-eDNA olwandle oluvulekile
Umsebenzi owasungulwa yi- I-Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO, CSIC), kanye ne-Maritime Research Institute (IIM-CSIC)Lolu cwaningo, olushicilelwe kumagazini i-Marine Environmental Research, lubonise ngokucacile amandla e-DNA yezemvelo okutadisha izilwane zase-cetacean olwandle oluvulekile. Lugxile ekuqhathaniseni imiphumela etholwe nge-eDNA naleyo yokubalwa kwabantu okubonakalayo okujwayelekile.
Ithimba lesayensi lihlaziye ukuvumelana phakathi kwezindlela zombili ezikalini ezahlukene zesikhalakusukela ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu kuya ezikalini eziphakathi nendawo nezincane. Idatha ibonise ukuthi i-eDNA inamandla kakhulu ekuchazeni ukwehlukahlukana nokusatshalaliswa kwezilwane zasemanzini lapho zisebenza ezikalini eziphakathi nendawo, okuhambisana ngokusobala nolwazi oluqoqwe ngababukeli abasemkhunjini.
Elinye lamaphuzu agqamile kakhulu ocwaningweni ukuthi I-eDNA yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola izinhlobo ezazingabonwanga ngesikhathi somkhankasoPhakathi kwazo kwakukhona amarekhodi ama-orca, imikhomo ye-pilot enezinhluthulelo ezinde, kanye nemikhomo ye-True enezinhluthulelo, izinhlobo ezingabonakala kalula emibhalweni ebonakalayo ngenxa yokuziphatha kwazo, ubuningi bazo obuncane, noma amaphethini okuntywila.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphethini yokusatshalaliswa kwendawo etholakale kusetshenziswa i-eDNA ihambisane kakhulu nokubonwa kwe- Izinhlobo ze-cetacean ezivame kakhulu, njenge-fin whaleNgaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kunikeze ulwazi olusha mayelana nehlengethwa elinemigqa, uhlobo oluvame ukumelwa kancane kumarekhodi abonakalayo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kweqembu kanye nokuziphatha kwalo ebusweni.
Lobu bufakazi buholele ithimba, eliholwa nguMiguel Álvarez njengengxenye yethisisi yakhe yobudokotela, ukugqamisa i-eDNA njenge- ithuluzi eliyisihluthulelo elihambisanayo lokuqapha i-cetaceanUkusetshenziswa kwayo kuyathakazelisa ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezingavamile, ezingaqondakali noma okunzima ukuzibona, kuthuthukisa ulwazi lwesayensi mayelana nokuba khona kwazo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwazo kanye nokusekela amasu okuphatha nokulondoloza asebenza kahle kakhulu, njengoba kuqokonyiswe ngumcwaningi ophethe ucwaningo, uDkt. Paula Suárez.
Umkhankaso we-SCANS-IV: ukumbozwa kwesikhala okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili
Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-IEO kanye ne-IIM-CSIC lwenziwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe- Umkhankaso waseYurophu i-SCANS-IVLena ingenye yezinhlelo ezinkulu kakhulu ezizinikele ekuqapheni izilwane zasemanzini eNyakatho ye-Atlantic. Lo mkhankaso uhlose ukuthola izilinganiso ezinokwethenjelwa zobuningi nokusabalala kwalezi zilwane zasolwandle ezindaweni ezinkulu zolwandle.
Ngesikhathi se-SCANS-IV, okulandelayo kwaqoqwa Amasampula amanzi angu-258 eziteshini ezingu-129 asakazeke phezu kolwandle olungamakhilomitha-skwele angu-270.684Lokhu kwenza lo mzamo ube ngomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu efinyelelwe kuze kube manje ezifundweni ze-eDNA ezisetshenziswa kuma-cetacean. Isampula ngayinye yacutshungulwa ukuze kukhishwe futhi kuhlaziywe i-DNA yemvelo, eyabe isiqhathaniswa nedatha yokubona okubonakalayo.
Ubuningi bedatha eqoqwe buvumele ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe- ukufana phakathi kwamaphethini abonwe ababukeli nalawo ambulwe yi-eDNALe ndlela yokusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ibalulekile ekuqondeni izinga lapho zombili izindlela zihambisana khona nokuthi ngayinye inezela khona inani elikhulu, kokubili ezikalini zendawo enkulu kanye nasemazingeni endawo.
Lo msebenzi uxhaswe yi- i-Biodiversity Foundation ngephrojekthi ye-NuTEC (Ubuchwepheshe obusha bama-molecule kanye nokulawula okude kokuhlola inani lezilwane ezincelisayo)Izimali ze-Next Generation ezivela kwi-European Union zidluliselwe ngesivumelwano phakathi koMnyango Wezolimo, Ezokudoba Nokudla kanye ne-CSIC, kanye nephrojekthi ye-ESMARES 2, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqalisa ukuqapha amasu olwandle eSpain nge-IEO futhi zixhaswe yi-European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund (EMFF).
Lonke lolu hlelo lokuxhasa ngezimali kanye nokubambisana kwezikhungo kugqamisa intshisekelo yesu le-eDNA yokuphathwa okusimeme kolwandleukusiza ekuqiniseni ukubusa kwamazwe ngamazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izilwandle nezilwandle zivikelwe, ziphephile, futhi zihlanzekile lapho kubhekene ukungcola kwepulasitiki futhi iphathwa ngolwazi lwesayensi oluthuthuke kakhulu.
Lonke lolu hlelo lokuxhasa ngezimali kanye nokubambisana kwezikhungo kugqamisa intshisekelo yesu le-eDNA yokuphathwa okusimeme kolwandleukusiza ekuqiniseni ukubusa kwamazwe ngamazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izilwandle nezilwandle zivikelwe, ziphephile, futhi zihlanzekile zilawulwa ngolwazi lwesayensi oluthuthuke kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-DNA yezemvelo ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala
Nakuba ama-cetacean ayisibonelo esiphawulekayo, i-DNA yemvelo ine- izinhlobo eziningi zezicelo ekuqapheni imveloLe ndlela isetshenziswe ezindaweni zasolwandle, zamanzi ahlanzekile, kanye nezasemhlabeni. Amalabhorethri ahlukahlukene kanye nezinkampani ezikhethekile zithuthukise amaphrojekthi okwandisa izinzuzo zayo ezimweni ezihlukene kakhulu.
Omunye wemigqa enamandla kakhulu yi- ukunqunywa kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayoNgokusebenzisa i-eDNA metabarcoding, uhlobo "lwesithombe" sezinhlobo ezikhona endaweni ethile lungatholakala, kuhlonzwe amaqembu aphelele e-taxonomic ngokuhlaziywa okukodwa. Lokhu kuyasiza ekuhloleni impilo ye-ecosystem, ukuthola izinguquko ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo, kanye nokufunda imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Esinye isicelo esibalulekile yilesi ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kwezinhlobo ezingavamile nezihlaselayoNgokubona ukuba khona kwazo ezigabeni zokuqala kakhulu, i-eDNA ivumela ukusebenza kwezinyathelo zokuphatha ngaphambi kokuba lezi zinhlobo zisabalale futhi zibangele imiphumela ebalulekile kwezemvelo nakwezomnotho. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Eurofins Cavendish zithuthukise izinqubo ezithile zokuhlonza lezi zinhlobo emanzini, okwenza kube lula ukuphendula ngokushesha ekuhlaselweni kwezinto eziphilayo okungenzeka.
I-eDNA nayo isetshenziswa ukutadisha ukudla kwezinhlobo eziningi ngokusekelwe endle yazoNgokuhlaziya i-DNA equkethwe kulezi zinsalela, kungenzeka ukwakha kabusha ngokuningiliziwe lokho okudliwe yizilwane, okusiza ekuqondeni kangcono ama-food web, ukusebenzisana kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane, kanye nezinguquko ezingaba khona ekutholakaleni kwezinsiza zokudla ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle.
Okokugcina, ukusetshenziswa kwe-eDNA ku- ukubalwa kwezinkomba zebhayoloji zakudalanjenge-IBMWP (inkomba ye-benthic macroinvertebrate) noma i-IPS (inkomba ye-diatom), ezizivumelanisa nomongo wama-molecule. Lolu hlobo locwaningo luhlose ukuqinisekisa izinga lapho izinkomba ezisekelwe ku-eDNA zingathatha khona indawo noma zigcwalise izindlela zendabuko zokuthatha amasampula omzimba zezilwane ezincane noma i-microalgae, okuthola isivinini kanye nokumbozwa kwendawo.
I-Eurofins Cavendish kanye nokwanda kwe-ecology yama-molecule esetshenziswayo
Ensimini esetshenziswayo, izinkampani ezifana I-Eurofins Cavendish izibeke njengabaholi ekuhlaziyweni kwe-DNA yemvelo ukuze kutholakale izinhlobo kanye nezifundo zokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngo-2023, inkampani yethule ilabhorethri ye-molecule ecology egxile kakhulu kwi-eDNA, ikakhulukazi eqondiswe emvelweni yasemanzini.
Lezi zinhlobo zama-laboratory zinikeza Izixazululo ezenzelwe abacwaningi, izinhlangano zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuphathwa komphakathiIzinsizakalo zabo zisukela ekuklameni imikhankaso yokuthatha amasampula kanye nokwenza ukuhlaziywa kwama-molecule kuya ekuchazeni imiphumela kanye nokulungiselela imibiko ewusizo ekuhleleni ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo noma ekuhlolweni komthelela emvelweni.
Enye yamandla ala maqembu yikhono lawo indlela eqinile nesekelwe ebufakaziniLokhu kusekelwa yizinqubo ezijwayelekile kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile. Lokhu kuholela emiphumeleni ethembekile, eyisisekelo sokwenza izinqumo ekuphathweni kwemvelo, ukuqapha izinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuklama izinqubomgomo zokuvikela imvelo yasolwandle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Eurofins Cavendish kanye nabanye abadlali embonini banegalelo ku- Thuthukisa futhi uthuthukise izindlela ezintsha ze-eDNAukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene (amanzi olwandle, amanzi ahlanzekile, inhlabathi, umoya) kanye namaqembu ahlukene e-taxonomic. Ngale ndlela, le ndlela iya ngokuya inembile, isebenza kahle, futhi ifinyeleleka kalula kubasebenzisi abaningi abakhula njalo.
Kuzinhlangano ezinentshisekelo yokusebenzisa lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya, ukubambisana nama-laboratory akhethekile kumele indlela esheshayo yokufaka izakhi zofuzo zemvelo kumaphrojekthi abongaphandle kwesidingo sokwakha ingqalasizinda eyinkimbinkimbi yabo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula kokubili izinhlangano ezincane kanye nezikhungo ezinkulu ukusizakala nge-eDNA.
Indima yokufinyelela umphakathi: ukuqonda i-eDNA ngale kwelebhu
Ukwanda okusheshayo kwe-eDNA kuhambisane nomzamo omkhulu ku- ukufinyelela kwesayensi kanye nemfundoIsibonelo esisodwa umsebenzi we-NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), esungule uchungechunge lwamavidiyo emfundo anesihloko esithi "Ukuhlola i-DNA Yemvelo," atholakala kuwebhusayithi yayo kanye nesiteshi sayo se-YouTube.
Lolu chungechunge luchaza lokhu ngendlela elula. Iyini i-DNA yemvelo, ithathwa kanjani isampula, futhi isetshenziselwani?Kusetshenziswa ulwandle njengendawo eyinhloko, ubuchwepheshe bokuthatha amasampula obuthuthukiswe e-AOML buyaboniswa, imisebenzi yokukhipha i-DNA esebenzayo iyethulwa, futhi kuboniswa ukusetshenziswa okuhlobene nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, izinhlobo ezihlaselayo, kanye nezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Lo msebenzi uhilele ukubamba iqhaza kwe abafundi abaphothule iziqu, njengoMegan Deehan waseRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science eNyuvesi yaseMiami.abaphothule ukuqeqeshwa kwezokuxhumana kwesayensi e-AOML, kanye nososayensi abavela ku-NOAA kanye ne-Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS). Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo zisiza ukuletha i-molecular biology eduze komphakathi jikelele, othisha, kanye nabacwaningi besikhathi esizayo.
Ukuqonda kahle izisekelo ze-eDNA akugcini nje ngokuvusa imisebenzi yesayensi, kodwa futhi... Abaphathi, ochwepheshe, kanye nezakhamuzi baqonda kangcono amathuba kanye nokulinganiselwa kwaleli thuluziLokhu kugwema ukulindela okungenakwenzeka futhi kukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa okunesibopho nokwaziswa kahle ekuphathweni kwemvelo yasolwandle.
Ingxoxo phakathi kwama-laboratory, abaphathi, izinkampani kanye nomphakathi kubalulekile Izinqumo zokulondolozwa nokuphathwa kolwandle kufanele zisekelwe kudatha eqinile kanye nasezindleleni ezifanele icala ngalinye, futhi i-eDNA ihlelwa njengenye yezinsika zaleyo ndlela entsha esekelwe ebufakazini.
Konke okungenhla kubonisa ukuthi I-DNA yemvelo isibe ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuqapha imvelo yasolwandle, enekhono lokugcwalisa ngamandla izindlela zendabuko, ithuthukise ukutholakala kwezinhlobo okunzima ukuzibona, yandise ukumbozwa kwendawo kokuthathwa kwamasampula futhi inikeze ulwazi olubalulekile lokulondolozwa nokuphathwa okusimeme kolwandle, uma nje luhambisana nezizindalwazi ezinhle zokubhekisela, izinqubo eziqinile kanye nokuchazwa ngokucophelela kwemiphumela kumongo wazo wezemvelo nowolwandle.
