Iningi labantu liyabesaba oshaka abamhlophe abakhulu, yize bengavamile ukuhlasela. Ochwepheshe boshaka bathi inyama yomuntu ayibakhangi . Ubufakazi balokhu ukuthi, lapho kwenzeka izehlakalo, oshaka bavame ukuluma ababhukudi kanye kuphela futhi abaphindi ukuhlasela: lokho kuluma kusebenza njengokulunywa kokuhlola , abangabe besakuphinda uma bengakutholi abakufunayo. Kukholakala ukuthi oshaka banezinzwa ezibukhali kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi bacabanga ukuthi abantu bayizinja noma ezinye izilwane eziyingxenye yokudla kwabo.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ngokujulile ushaka omhlophe omkhulu. Sizofunda ngebhayoloji yawo, ukusatshalaliswa kwawo, ukudla kwawo, nendlela yawo yokuphila, ngolwazi olwandisiwe nolusesikhathini. Ufuna ukwazi konke ngalesi silwane esidumile emhlabeni wonke?
Izici eziyinhloko
Usayizi nesikhumba
Ngenhlanhla, ukulunywa oshaka akuvamile ukubulala . Kuba yingozi kakhulu uma ukulunywa kuholela ekuphumeni kwegazi okungalawuleki. Kulezi zimo, labo abaseduze nesisulu kumele bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha , njengoba igazi elichitheke emanzini lingadonsela ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane.
Ushaka omkhulu omhlophe ubhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezilwandle futhi ukhona olwandle oluningi emhlabeni. Uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ushaka omkhulu omhlophe" ngenxa yobukhulu bawo: uyaqhubeka nokukhula impilo yawo yonke , kanti abesifazane bavame ukuba mkhulu kunabesilisa. Umuntu omdala uvame ukufinyelela phakathi kwamamitha angu-4 no-5 ubude, yize izinhlobo ezingavamile zingadlula lokhu, futhi zinesisindo esisukela emakhilogremu angamakhulu kuya cishe ematanini amabili kubantu abakhulu.
Inomzimba oqondile, omise okwe-torpedo onomsila onamandla ovumela ukuthi isheshise futhi ibhukude ngesivinini samakhilomitha angamashumi ngehora . Iphiko layo langemuva lihlukile kakhulu futhi lingabonakala uma libhukuda eduze kobuso. Umhlane walo umpunga kanti isisu salo simhlophe: le ndlela yokufihla umthunzi iyalifihla phezulu naphansi. Isikhumba salo esiqinile simbozwe ngama-dermal denticles anciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi avikele ekulimaleni nasekuthelelekeni.
Umlomo wayo omkhulu, ogobile unemigqa eminingana yamazinyo angunxantathu, aqinile ahlala eshintshwa. Kuyo yonke impilo yayo, ingasebenzisa amazinyo angamakhulu , avuselelwa njengoba ephuka noma ewa. Lawa mazinyo afanelekela ukubamba, ukusika, nokuklebhula inyamazane enkulu.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa nephunga
Ngokuphathelene nesimiso sayo sezinzwa, ukuzwela kwayo kukhulu kakhulu . Ibona ukudlidliza okukude kakhulu ngomugqa wayo osemaceleni futhi ibona amasimu kagesi abuthakathaka kakhulu nge-ampullae yayo ye-Lorenzini, eyisiza ukuthi iziqondise futhi ithole isisulu ngisho noma ingasiboni. Umuzwa wayo wokuhogela uyamangalisa: ingathola iminonjana yegazi emanzini amaningi futhi ilandele iphunga. Amehlo ayo athuthukile kahle futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekusondeleni kwayo kokugcina kanye nokuhlasela kwayo okuqhamuka ngaphansi . Ayinawo ulwelwesi oluhlabayo, kodwa ingaphendula amehlo ayo ukuze iwavikele ngesikhathi sokuluma.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi ezinamathambo, ayinaso isinyi sokubhukuda , ngakho-ke idinga ukuhamba njalo ukuze igweme ukucwila futhi ivumele amanzi ajikeleze phezu kwamagill ayo. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba wayo ligcinwa lingaphezulu kancane kwelamanzi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwe-metabolic, okuvumela ukuthi ichume emanzini afudumele futhi apholile ngaphandle kokuhlala ezindaweni ezibandayo kakhulu.
Iqiniso lokuthi ibizwa ngokuthi "ushaka omhlophe" alibangelwa yizinhlobo ze-albino (nakuba amacala ebhaliwe), kodwa ngenxa yendawo yayo ekhanyayo yesisu kanye nokwehluka kwethoni ezinhlotsheni ezindala.
Ibanga nendawo yokuhlala
Lesi silwane sisabalele kakhulu futhi cishe sihlala ezindaweni eziningi . Singaphila emanzini abandayo, afudumele, nangaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo, yize sigwema izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwaso emzimbeni kuvumela ukuthi sigcine izinga lokushisa lifudumele kancane kunezindawo ezisizungezile, kodwa singafudumali ngokwanele ukuthi sihlale emanzini abandayo unomphela.
Indawo yokuhlala evame kakhulu itholakala ezindaweni ezisemashalofini ezwekazi , eduze nogu lapho ukuphila nokukhanya kutholakala khona kakhulu, kanye nokufinyelela njalo ezinyamazaneni njengezinhlanzi, ama-pinniped, noma izimfudu. Ingahamba futhi iye kude olwandle futhi igxumele ekujuleni okukhulu ukuze ihlole izindawo ezingaphansi kokuncintisana okuncane; ukugxumela okucishe kube yikhilomitha elilodwa kuye kwaqoshwa, futhi ngokumangalisayo, kujule nakakhulu.
Zivame ukubonwa entshonalanga ye-Atlantic (iGulf of Mexico, ogwini olusempumalanga ye-United States, eCaribbean), eSouth Atlantic (kusukela eBrazil kuya eSouthern Cone), empumalanga yePacific (kusukela eBaja California enyakatho kanye naseMelika Ephakathi eningizimu), entshonalanga yePacific (ama-archipelagos afana neHawaii, iFiji, neNew Caledonia), kanye nase -Australia, eTasmania, naseNew Zealand . E-Afrika, zivamile eNingizimu Afrika nasezindaweni ezithonywe yimilomo emikhulu yemifula (eCongo, eVolta). EYurophu, zingangena eMedithera futhi ziqoshwe eziQhingini zaseCanary naseCape Verde , kanye nasezigwini zase-Atlantic ezifudumele.
Ukuziphatha, ukufuduka kanye nesivinini
I-great white shark ihlala yodwa , yize ingase ihlangane okwesikhashana ezindaweni ezinokudla okuningi. Ibonisa ukunyakaza kwesizini phakathi kwezindawo zokudla zasogwini kanye nezindawo zolwandle olujulile lapho ihlangana khona ingxenye yonyaka. Enyakatho-mpumalanga yePacific, isibonelo, abantu abadala bahamba phakathi kolwandle kanye nesifunda esikhulu solwandle esibizwa ngokuthi "i-Great White Shark Cafe," lapho beshintshana khona phakathi kokuntywila okujulile nokubhukuda okuzigoba ; ukukhwelana, ukuzijabulisa, kanye nokufuna ukudla konke kuyingxenye yemisebenzi yabo.
Lokhu kufuduka kuyahlukaniswa ngokobulili : abesilisa bavame ukubuyela ogwini kusenesikhathi, kuyilapho abesifazane abaningi bandisa isikhathi sabo olwandle, okungenzeka ukuthi bahlotshaniswa nokukhulelwa kanye nezindawo zokubeletha ezingakaqondakali kahle. Imizila yabo mikhulu futhi ingahlanganisa izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha , ixhumanisa imiphakathi eyayibhekwa njengezimele ngaphambilini.
Ngokuphathelene nokuhamba kwayo, isimo sayo se-fusiform kanye nephiko layo lomsila elinamandla liyivumela ukuthi isheshise ngokushesha futhi ifinyelele isivinini esimangalisayo ngokuqhuma okufushane, okubalulekile ekuhlaselweni kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Eduze kwamanzi, ingagxuma iphume emanzini ngokuhlasela okunamandla kakhulu, ukuziphatha okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuphula umthetho.
Ukudla koshaka omhlophe
Lapho isencane, lesi silwane sidla kakhulu izinhlanzi, i-squid, kanye nemisebe , okuhlanganisa noshaka abancane. Njengoba sikhula futhi sikhula, sifaka izilwane zasolwandle ezincelisayo njengezimvu zamanzi, amabhubesi olwandle, kanye nezimvu zamanzi zendlovu ekudleni kwaso, kanye namahlengethwa nama-porpoise. Siphinde sidle izimfudu zasolwandle, izinyoni zasolwandle, kanye ne-tuna ; ngokunenzuzo, singase sidle inyama efile , njengezidumbu zemikhomo.
Indlela yokuzingela iwukuqamekela: izibeka ngaphansi kwesisulu, ikhuphuke iqonde phezulu , bese isimangaza. Inhloso yayo ukwenza umonakalo omkhulu ngokuluma kokuqala, okungabangela ukulahlekelwa igazi elikhulu noma ukukhubazeka kwamaphiko esisulu, okusishiya singenakuzivikela ukuze sidliwe ukulunywa. Njengoba singahlafuni, sidabula izingcezu ezinkulu esizigwinya sonke.
Ukudideka ngabashwibi nababhukudi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwakheka koshaka , okufana ne-seal uma ukubukwa kusuka ngezansi. Izigameko eziningi zikhawulelwe ekulumeni okukodwa okuhlolayo, ngemva kwalokho ushaka uyabuyela emuva. Ezindaweni ezinemfucumfucu entantayo, kutholakale izinto ezingadliwayo esiswini sazo - izinto ezingathandeki kodwa ezenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukuzala
Oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe besilisa bafinyelela ukuvuthwa kobulili ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunezinsikazi. Abesifazane, bethatha isikhathi eside ukuvuthwa, banikela isikhathi esiningi ekukhuleni komzimba ngakho-ke bavame ukuba makhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuzalana, izimpawu zokulunywa zivame ukubonakala emaphikweni ezinsikazi, ngakho-ke ukuba nezibazi akuvamile; bangaba nolaka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzalana. Ukuzalana nokuzala kwenzeka ikakhulukazi emanzini afudumele.
Ukuzala kwazo ku- ovoviviparous : amaqanda ayavundiswa futhi ahlala esibelethweni kuze kube yilapho echamisela. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa side, cishe unyaka. Amaqanda ngokuvamile amancane (ngokuvamile amaphuphu amathathu noma amane, anezinhlobo ezahlukene); ukuchama kwe-oophagy kanye nokudla i-intrauterine kwenzeka, lapho ama-embryo anamandla edla amaqanda noma ama-embryo abuthakathaka.
Lapho zizalwa, izinjana zilinganisa cishe imitha elilodwa noma ngaphezulu bese zibhukuda zisuka kunina; akukho ukunakekelwa kwabazali. Kusukela zizalwa, zizimele futhi zifuna amanzi asogwini acebile ngezinhlanzi ukuze zikhulele kuwo. Isikhathi sokuphila besilokhu silinganiselwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka , futhi ukuhlaziywa kwanamuhla kusikisela ukuthi singaba isikhathi eside kakhulu kwabanye abantu.
Indoda noshaka omhlophe
Le nhlanzi iyesatshwa abantu ngenxa yedumela layo kanye nokuhlaselwa kwabantu abagibela emanzini, abacwila emanzini, abagwedla ngesikebhe, noma ababhukuda. Ukuhlaselwa okungacasuliwe akuvamile futhi, ezimweni eziningi, kubangelwa ukungaziwa kahle noma ukulunywa ngokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe abavamile kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo ezihilelekile ezigamekweni, njenge-tiger shark noma i-bull shark.
Nakuba umuntu oyedwa engenakubhekana noshaka omkhulu omhlophe, ukudoba ngemidlalo kanye nokubamba amanetha ngokungafanele kuye kwaqeda inani labantu ezindaweni ezahlukene. Njengesilwane esidla ezinye izilwane, ushaka omkhulu omhlophe udlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni , okwenza ukuvikelwa kwawo kube yinto ebalulekile.
Amathiphu okunciphisa izingozi olwandle:
- Gwema ukubhukuda ekuseni noma kuhwalala ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona ama-pinnipeds.
- Ungangeni emanzini nge ukopha izilonda noma uphathe izinhlanzi ezibanjwe zilenga.
- Ukubhukuda kuphelezelwa futhi ungasuki kusukela ogwini ngaphezu kwesidingo.
- Uma oshaka bebonwa noma bekhona umsebenzi wokuzingela (izinyoni, ukugxuma kwezinhlanzi), phuma emanzini ngomoya ophansi.
Ividiyo ehlobene :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNxMSgKMAx0
Isimo sokulondoloza, izinsongo kanye nezitha zemvelo
I-great white shark inesibalo esincane sabantu kanye nesilinganiso sokuzala esihamba kancane . Lokhu kuyenza ibe sengozini yokucindezeleka okufana nokubanjwa ngengozi, ukudoba ngokungemthetho, ukungcola (ukugwinya ipulasitiki), kanye nokuncipha kwezinye zezilwane zayo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ibhekwa njengohlobo oludinga izinyathelo zokulondolozwa kanye nokuvikelwa ngokomthetho ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
Phakathi kwezitha zayo zemvelo, i -orca ivelele , engabamba izingane ngisho nabantu abadala ngamasu ahlelekile. Ukuxhumana nabanye oshaka abakhulu nakho kuye kwabhalwa phansi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ukudla abantu phakathi kwamalungu ohlobo olufanayo. Kodwa-ke, imbangela enkulu yokufa okungeyona yemvelo umsebenzi wabantu.
I-Morphophysiology kanye nesayensi yesayensi
I-great white shark ikhombisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okumangalisayo: isikhumba sayo, esimbozwe ama-dermal denticles , sithuthukisa i-hydrodynamics futhi sinikeza umphumela wemvelo wokulwa nokungcola, okuvimbela ukungena kwamagciwane. Ezingeni le-physiological, izifundo zokuqhathanisa ziphakamisa ukuzinza okuphezulu kwe-genomic kanye nokucebisa ezindleleni zokulungisa i-DNA, i-apoptosis, kanye nokulawulwa komjikelezo weseli - izici ezithakazelisa ngezokwelapha. Izindlela zama-molecular nazo ziphakanyisiwe ukuchaza umuzwa wayo obukhali wokunuka , hhayi kuphela nge-anatomy yayo yezinzwa (ama-ampullae eLorenzini, i-olfactory epithelium), kodwa futhi nangokulondolozwa kanye nokucebisa imindeni yezakhi zofuzo ehilelekile ekutholeni izimpawu zamakhemikhali.
Nakuba ukuzalanisa izilwane isikhathi eside kuye kwabonakala kungenakwenzeka ngenxa yokuziphatha kwazo kokuzulazula kanye nezidingo zendawo, leli qiniso liye laqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokumaka nokulandelela obusivumela ukuthi sakhe kabusha amaphethini okufuduka , sithole imihubhe yemvelo, futhi sibeke phambili ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ezibalulekile zokudla nokuzalanisa.
Intshisekelo ethandwayo kanye nabezindaba ibilokhu iyinkemba esika nhlangothi zombili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, yathuthukisa ukudoba kwezemidlalo esikhathini esidlule; ngakolunye uhlangothi, namuhla inikela ezinhlelweni zesayensi yezakhamuzi , ezifaka okubonwayo, izithombe zamaphiko angemuva kanye nedatha ewusizo yokuhlonza umuntu ngamunye kanye nokubalwa kwabantu okungahlaseli.
Ushaka omhlophe omkhulu umelela isilwane esidla ezinye izilwane esiyinhloko esibalulekile empilweni yolwandle. Ukudla kwaso kuyashintsha ngokuguga, izinzwa zaso zihlukile, futhi ukusabalala kwaso kubanzi kodwa kuhlukaniswe ngezindawo zokusebenza ezixhunywe ukufuduka okude. Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu akuvamile , futhi idumela laso elibi alibonisi ukuziphatha kwaso kwangempela. Ukusivikela kuhilela ukunciphisa ukubanjwa okungazelelwe, ukulondoloza isisulu saso, kanye nokugcina imvelo enempilo yasogwini kanye nolwandle: ngale ndlela kuphela lapho sizoqhubeka nokufeza indima yaso yemvelo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, sinciphise izingxabano nabantu.