Abantu abaningi bazizwa besaba ngokumelene noshaka omkhulu omhlophe, nakuba ngokuvamile bengajwayele ukubahlasela. Ongoti boshaka bakusho lokho inyama yomuntu ayikhanuki kuboUbufakazi balokhu ukuthi, uma kwenzeka izigameko, oshaka bavamise ukuluma ababhukudi kanye kuphela futhi abaphindi: lokhu kulunywa kusebenza njenge test bite ukunambitha, ababuye bangaphindi ngoba abakutholi abakufunayo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ushaka unawo izinzwa eziphakeme kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaphutha abantu ngenxa yezimvu zamanzi noma ezinye izilwane eziyingxenye yokudla kwayo.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka kabanzi ngoshaka omhlophe omkhulu. Sizofunda ngebhayoloji yayo, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo, ukudla, nendlela yokuphila, ngolwazi olunwetshiwe nolubuyekeziwe. Ingabe ufuna ukwazi konke okuhlobene nalesi silwane esidume umhlaba wonke?
Izici eziyinhloko
Usayizi nesikhumba
Ngenhlanhla, kubantu abahlaselwa yilesi silwane, ngokuvamile akubizi ukuphila kwakhoUma ukulunywa ushaka kuba ukopha okunzima ukukuyeka, kuba yingozi kakhulu. Kulezi zimo, labo abaseduze nesisulu kufanele ithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, njengoba igazi elichitheke emanzini lingadonsa ezinye izilwane ezizingelayo.
Kucatshangelwa ushaka omkhulu omhlophe enye yezilwane ezinkulu ezizingelayo yezilwandle futhi ikhona ezindaweni eziningi zezilwandle zomhlaba. Uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ushaka omkhulu omhlophe" ngenxa yobukhulu bawo: ayiyeki ukukhula kukho konke ukuphila kwayo futhi abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesilisa. Umuntu omdala ngokuvamile ufinyelela phakathi 4 namamitha ayi-5, ukwazi ukweqa lobo bude ngamasampula ahlukile, nesisindo esisuka ku amakhulu amakhilogremu kuze kube ngamathani amabili kubantu abakhulu kunawo wonke.
Inomzimba i-aerodynamic torpedo-shaped enomsila onamandla oyivumela ukuthi isheshise futhi ibhukude ngesivinini amashumi amakhilomitha ngehora. I-dorsal fin yayo ihluke kakhulu futhi ibonakala lapho ibhukuda eduze nendawo. Ingemuva limpunga futhi isisu simhlophe: le phethini countercoloring ikufihla phezulu naphansi. Isikhumba sakho, kubi kakhulu, imbozwe amazinyo esikhumba anciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi avikele ezilonda nasezifweni.
Izindlu zomlomo wayo ezinkulu ezigobile imigqa eminingana yamazinyo angunxantathu, ahlukene, ngokushintshwa okuqhubekayo. Kukho konke ukuphila kwayo, ingasetshenziswa nxazonke amakhulu amazinyo, ezivuselelwa lapho ziphuka noma ziwa. Lawa mazinyo aphelele ukubamba, ukusika, nokuklebhula inyamazane enkulu.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa nephunga
Ngokuqondene nesistimu yezinzwa, ukuzwela kwakho kudlulele. Ibona ukudlidliza kumabanga amade ngomugqa osemaceleni bese ithola amasimu kagesi abuthakathaka kakhulu nge-ampullae ye-Lorenzini, eyisiza ukuthi iziqondise futhi ithole inyamazane ngaphandle kokuyibona. Inzwa yayo yokuhogela iyamangalisa: iyakwazi ukubona imikhondo yegazi emanzini amaningi futhi ulandele ama-gradients wephunga. Umbono uthuthukiswe kahle futhi udlala indima ebalulekile endleleni yokugcina kanye nayo ukuhlasela okucashe ngaphansi. Ayinayo i-membrane e-nictitating, kodwa ingaba zungeza amehlo akho ukuwavikela ngesikhathi sokulunywa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi ezinamathambo, ayinawo ukubhukuda isinye, ngakho idinga ukuhamba njalo ukuze igweme ukucwila futhi igcine amanzi ezungeza ezinqeni zayo. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba walo liyagcinwa ngenhla kancane kusuka emanzini ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwe-metabolic, okuyivumela ukuthi isebenze kangcono emanzini apholile napholile ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu.
Iqiniso lokuthi ubizwa ngokuthi "ushaka omhlophe" akubangelwa izibonelo ze-albino (nakuba amacala ebhaliwe), kodwa indawo yayo ye-ventral ecacile sekuvele kukhona ukwehluka kwephimbo kuzifanekiso zabantu abadala.
Ibanga nendawo yokuhlala
Lesi silwane sinokusabalaliswa ububanzi futhi cishe i-cosmopolitanIngahlala emanzini abandayo nasezingeni elipholile nangaphansi kwe-subtropical, nakuba igwema izindawo ezibucayi kakhulu. I-metabolism yayo ivumela ukuthi ihlale ifudumele kunendawo eyizungezile, kodwa ingafudumali ngokwanele ukuze ihlale unomphela emanzini aneqhwa.
Indawo ejwayeleke kakhulu itholakala ku izindawo zamashalofu ezwekazi, eduze nogu lapho ukuphila nokukhanya kuvame khona, nokufinyelela njalo ezilwaneni ezinjengezinhlanzi, ama-pinnipeds noma izimfudu. Ingakwazi futhi ukuphuma iye olwandle futhi itshuzele ekujuleni okukhulu ukuhlola izindawo ezinokuncintisana okuncane; ukutshuza okuseduze nekhilomitha futhi, ezimweni ezingavamile, kurekhodiwe ngisho nangaphezulu.
Zivame ukubonwa entshonalanga ye-Atlantic (iGulf of Mexico, ogwini olusempumalanga ye-United States, eCaribbean), eSouth Atlantic (kusuka eBrazil kuye eSouthern Cone), empumalanga yePacific (kusuka eBaja California kuya enyakatho nokusuka eMelika Ephakathi kuya eningizimu), entshonalanga yePacific (iziqhingi ezifana neHawaii, iFiji noma iNew Caledonia), kanye Australia, Tasmania naseNew ZealandE-Afrika zivamile e ENingizimu Afrika kanye nezindawo ezithonywe amachweba amakhulu (i-Congo, iVolta). EYurophu bangangena eMedithera futhi baqoshwe kuyo ECanary Islands naseCape Verde, kanye nogu olushisayo lwase-Atlantic.
Ukuziphatha, ukufuduka kanye nesivinini
Ushaka omhlophe ikakhulukazi eyedwa, nakuba kungase kuhambisane okwesikhashana ezindaweni ezinenala yokudla ephezulu. Iyethula ukunyakaza kwesizini phakathi kwezindawo zokudla ezisogwini kanye nezifunda ezijulile zolwandle lapho zihlangana khona ingxenye yonyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, enyakatho-mpumalanga yePacific, abantu abadala bahamba phakathi kogu nendawo enkulukazi yolwandle ebizwa ngokuthi "Great White Shark Cafe," lapho Bashintshana ngokujula futhi babhukude amazombezombe; ukukhwelana, ukuhlalisana, kanye nemisebenzi ehlakazekile yokufuna ukudla iyacatshangelwa.
Lokhu kufuduka kukhona ehlukene ngokocansi: Abesilisa bavame ukubuyela ogwini kusenesikhathi, kuyilapho abesifazane abaningi belula isikhathi sabo sokuhlala olwandle, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokumitha kanye nezindawo zokuzala ezingakaqondwa kahle. Imizila yabo ibanzi futhi ingabandakanya izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, ukuxhumanisa imiphakathi eyayibhekwa njengezizimele.
Ngokuqondene nokuhamba kwayo, ukuma kwayo kwe-fusiform kanye ne-caudal fin enamandla kuyayivumela ukuba ihambe sheshisa kanzima futhi ifinyelele isivinini esimangalisayo ngokuqhuma okufushane, okubalulekile ekuqamekeleni okuqondile kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Eduze kwendawo, ingaphuma emanzini ngokuhlaselwa okunamandla, okubizwa ngokuthi ukwephula.
Ukudla koshaka omhlophe
Uma lesi silwane sisincane sidla kakhulu inhlanzi, ingwane kanye nemisebe, kuhlanganise noshaka abancane. Njengoba ikhula futhi ifinyelela ebudaleni, ihlanganisa ekudleni kwayo izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle njengezimvu zamanzi, amabhubesi asolwandle kanye nezimvu zamanzi zezindlovu, kanye namahlengethwa nama-porpoise. Iphinde idle izimfudu zasolwandle, izinyoni zasolwandle kanye ne-tuna; bangasebenzisa ithuba ingcuba, njengezidumbu zomkhomo.
Indlela yokuzingela ilandelana: izibeka ngaphansi kwesilwane esizingelayo, inyuka iqonde phezulu futhi iyakumangaza. Umgomo wayo uwukwenza umonakalo obalulekile ngokulunywa kokuqala, okungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwegazi elikhulu noma ukukhubazeka kwamaphiko esilwane esizingelayo, okusishiye singakwazi ukuzivikela ekusetshenzisweni okulingana nokulunywa. Njengoba ingahlafuni, khipha izingcezu ezinkulu lokho kugwinya ngokuphelele.
Ukudideka nabatshuzi kanye nababhukudi kuvame ukubakhona kuhlobene ne-silhouette Kubukwa ngaphansi, kufana nophawu. Izehlakalo eziningi zilinganiselwe ekulunyweni okukodwa kokuhlola, ngemva kwalokho ushaka uyahoxa. Ezindaweni ezinemfucumfucu entantayo, ziye zatholakala eziswini. izinto ezingadliwa, into engathandeki kodwa eyenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukuzala
Oshaka abakhulu besilisa bafika e ukuvuthwa ngokocansi ngaphambi kwabesifazane. Njengoba lezi zamuva zithatha isikhathi eside ukuvuthwa, zichitha isikhathi esiningi ekukhuleni komzimba futhi ngenxa yalokho zivame ukuba zinkulu. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa, i-fin bites kwabesifazane, ngakho kuvamile ukubona izibazi; uma zisesikhathini sokukhwelana zingaba nolaka ikakhulukazi. Ukuzalanisa kanye nokuzalwa kwenzeka ngokungcono amanzi apholile.
Ukukhiqizwa kwayo i-ovoviviparous: Amaqanda ayavundiswa asale esibelethweni aze achanyuselwe. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa side, cishe unyaka. Udoti ngokuvamile kuncishisiwe (ngokuvamile ama-broods amathathu noma amane, anokwehluka); nakhu i-ophagia kanye ne-intrauterine cannibalism, lapho imibungu enamandla idla amaqanda noma imibungu ebuthakathaka.
Lapho izalwa, intsha ikala nxazonke imitha elilodwa noma ngaphezulu bese besuka kunina; akukho ukunakekelwa kwabazali. Kusukela ekuzalweni bakhona ozimele futhi nifune amanzi asogwini anothe ngezinhlanzi ongakhula kuwo. Ubude besikhathi sokuphila ngokwesiko bulinganiselwa kokumbalwa amashumi eminyaka, futhi ukuhlaziya kwanamuhla kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka khudlwana ngokuphawulekayo kwabanye abantu.
Indoda noshaka omhlophe
Le nhlanzi yesatshwa abantu ngenxa yodumo lwayo nangenxa yokuhlaselwa kwabantu abantweza emanzini, abatshuza, abagibele izikebhe noma ababhukudayo. Ukuhlasela okungaphendukiyo kuyivelakancane futhi, ezimweni eziningi, kungenxa yokudideka noma ukulunywa kokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe okuncane kakhulu okuchichimayo kunezinye izinhlobo ezihilelekile ezenzakalweni, njengengwe noma i-bull shark.
Nakuba umuntu eyedwa engakwazi ukubhekana noshaka omhlophe, ukudoba kwezemidlalo nokubamba amanetha ngephutha kuye kwenzeka abantu abanciphile ezifundeni ezahlukene. Njengesilwane esizingelayo, ushaka omkhulu omhlophe udlala a indima ebalulekile yezemvelo, ngakho ukuvikela kwayo kubalulekile.
Amathiphu we nciphisa izingozi olwandle:
- Gwema ukubhukuda ekuseni noma kuhwalala ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona ama-pinnipeds.
- Ungangeni emanzini nge ukopha izilonda noma uphathe izinhlanzi ezibanjwe zilenga.
- Ukubhukuda kuphelezelwa futhi ungasuki kusukela ogwini ngaphezu kwesidingo.
- Uma oshaka bebonwa noma bekhona umsebenzi wokuzingela (izinyoni, ukugxuma kwezinhlanzi), phuma emanzini ngomoya ophansi.
Ividiyo ahlobene:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNxMSgKMAx0
Isimo sokulondoloza, izinsongo kanye nezitha zemvelo
Ukuminyana kwabantu bakashaka omhlophe phansi nezinga layo lokuzala, i-lentaLokhu kwenza kube sengozini yengcindezi enjengokudoba ngokungemthetho, ukudoba ngokungemthetho, ukungcola (ukungeniswa kwepulasitiki) kanye nokwehla kwesinye isisulu semvelo. Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa njengohlobo olunjalo kudinga izindlela zokonga kanye nokuvikelwa kwezomthetho ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba.
Phakathi kwezitha zayo zemvelo, i i-orca, ezingadla izingane ngisho nabantu abadala ngokusebenzisa amasu ahlanganisiwe. Ukusebenzelana ne abanye oshaka izilwane ezindala futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, ubuzimu phakathi kwe-conspecifics. Nokho, isici esiyinhloko sokufa okungezona ezemvelo yi umsebenzi womuntu.
I-Morphophysiology kanye nesayensi yesayensi
Ushaka omkhulu omhlophe ukhombisa ukujwayela okumangalisayo: isikhumba sakhe nge ama-dermal denticles ithuthukisa i-hydrodynamics futhi isebenzisa umphumela wemvelo wokunqanda ukungcola, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi amagciwane azinze. Ezingeni le-physiological, izifundo zokuqhathanisa ziphakamisa a ukuzinza okukhulu kwe-genomic kanye nokucebisa izindlela zokulungisa i-DNA, i-apoptosis kanye nokulawulwa komjikelezo wamaseli, izici ezithakazelisayo ze-biomedical. Izinqubo zamangqamuzana nazo ziye zahlongozwa ezizoyichaza umuzwa obukhali wokuhogela, hhayi kuphela nge-anatomy yezinzwa (i-ampullae ye-Lorenzini, i-olfactory epithelium), kodwa ukongiwa kanye nokunothisa yemindeni yezakhi zofuzo ehilelekile ekutholeni izimpawu zamakhemikhali.
Nakuba ukuzalanisa abathunjwa isikhathi eside kubonakala kungenakugwemeka ngenxa yayo ukuziphatha kokuzulazula kanye nezidingo zendawo, leli qiniso liye laqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokumaka nokulandela umkhondo namuhla obusivumela ukuthi sakhe kabusha amaphethini afudukayo, zihlonze imigudu yezemvelo futhi zibeke eqhulwini ukongiwa kwezindawo ezibalulekile zokudla nezokuzalanisa.
Ukuthakasela okudumile nabezindaba kube inkemba esika nhlangothi zombili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, bekugqugquzela ukudoba kwezemidlalo esikhathini esidlule; ngakolunye, namuhla inesandla izinhlelo zesayensi yesakhamuzi, okuhlanganisa okubonwayo, izithombe ze-dorsal fin, nedatha ewusizo yokuhlonza umuntu ngamunye nokubalwa kwabantu okungahlanyisi.
Ushaka omkhulu omhlophe uhlanganisa i-apex predator kubalulekile empilweni kwezilwandle. Ukudla kwabo kuyashintsha ngokuya ngeminyaka, izinzwa zabo zihlukile, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwazo kubanzi kodwa kuhlukaniswe izikhungo ezixhunywe ukufuduka kwabantu amabanga amade. Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu okungajwayelekile, futhi idumela layo elibi alihambisani nokuziphatha kwayo kwangempela. Ukuyivikela kusho ukunciphisa ukuthwebula ngephutha, ukulondoloza inyamazane yayo kanye ukugcina imvelo yasogwini nezilwandle zisesimweni esihle: ngale ndlela kuphela izoqhubeka nokufeza indima yayo yezemvelo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, sizonciphisa izingxabano nabantu.